Download - LEADERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
LEADERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
workers
peasants
bourgeoisie
Patriotic capitalists
• stars are evenly spread and all point back to the larger star
FACTS & FIGURES• CONTINENT? - Asia
• POPULATION? – over 1 billion, most populated in the world
• GOV’T? – Communist (capital is Beijing)
• RELIGIONS? – Taoist, Buddhist, Christian, Muslim(officially atheist)
• HOW OLD? – One of the oldest civilizations in the world
GEOGRAPHY
WEST• Rugged, forbidding terrain
• Himalayas close the SW part of the country
EAST• Borders the Pacific Ocean
• Fertile river valleys and plains
• Good place for life to flourish, unlike the west
MOUNTAINS
Mts. Cover 1/3 of the country, mostly in the west
MAJOR RIVERS
1. Yellow River
2. Yangtze River
ARABLE LAND- Land between these
two rivers is very fertile
- Only about 10% of China’s land is arable (compared to U.S.?) 10%
CLIMATE• Very diverse
climate ranging from tropical in the south to subarctic in the north
• Melting snow and monsoon seasons provide fertile farming areas
• Civilization dates back more than 6,000 years
• Lived in isolation from the rest of the world, called their homeland Zhong Guo (Middle Kingdom)
• Isolation created a unique culture and strong sense of “nationalism”
REST OF THE WORLD
CHINA
REASONS FOR ISOLATION …
1.Mountains in the South and West
2.Deserts
3. Ocean to the East
MTS.DESERTS
SHANG DYNASTY
• First dynasty discovered with written records
• Ruled from 1750 b.c. – 1400 b.c
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE SHANG
PERIOD
Priests scratched symbols (characters) on bones
WRITING
BRONZE
OBJECTS
IVORY STATUES
ORGANIZED/PLANNED CITIES
PHILOSOPHY
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
PHILOSOPHY IS….
the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF LIFE?
HOW DID WE GET HERE AND WHY ARE WE HERE?
WHAT IS HAPPINESS?
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT?
WHAT MORALS/VALUES SHOULD WE LIVE BY?
CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES
• During the late Zhou period scholars sought solutions to problems:a. Political breakdownb. Social disorders
• Efforts led to new philosophies that focused on :a. life in this world b. how this life should be lived (not
great emphasis on the afterlife)
BUDDHISM
DAOISM
CONFUCIANISMKONGFUZI (Confucius)
• Born in 551 b.c.
• Taught that “social harmony” and “good gov’t” would return to China if people lived according to ethics – good conduct and moral judgment
• Emphasized duty and humanity
• Golden rule “Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you”
CONFUCIANISM cont.
5 RELATIONSHIPS
• Confucius stressed the importance of moral behavior in 5 basic relationships
5 RELATIONSHIPS
1
RULER &
SUBJECT
5 RELATIONSHIPS
2
Parent&
Child
5 RELATIONSHIPS
3
Husband&
Wife
5 RELATIONSHIPS
4
Old&
Young
5 RELATIONSHIPS
5
Friend&
Friend
CONFUCIANISM cont.• He cared most about family
relationships and a child’s respect for parents (filial piety)– Building block for a healthy
society
• Analects – teachings were written down into this book
• Greatly influenced Chinese society/politics
FAMILY
• Every member knew their place and role
• Hierarchy – organization based on separate levels of importance
FAMILY ORGANIZATIONOLDEST MALE (father)
Oldest Son
Mother
Oldest daughter
FAMILY RULES
• Very strict rules governed the family
• Nobody wanted to bring shame on the family name
• Expected to pay respect to dead ancestors (ancestor worship)
“Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject; let the father be a father and the son a son”
---- Confucius
DAOISM
LAOZI• Lived in the 500s b.c.
• Stressed living in harmony with nature
• Followers believed people should give up worldly ambitions and turn to nature and the dao
DAOISM cont.
• Dao – universal force that guides all the things
• Focus on nature greatly emphasized in Chinese art
DAOISM cont.
Yin and Yang• two opposing forces
present in all nature (everything has both)
• Yin – cool, dark, female
• Yang – warm, light, male
CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES
CONFUCIANISM• World needs to be
improved, looked to the past
• Emphasizes duty, rules, hierarchy, ethics (morality), filial piety,humanity
• People should be active
DAOISM• Emphasizes nature and the dao
• People should live in harmony with nature, not try to change the world
• Maintain balance of yin/yang
• People should be passive/inactive
BUDDHISM
• Entered China during the end of the Han dynasty
• Emphasis on personal salvation and nirvana was appealing
• Widely accepted by the 400s a.d.
CHANGE IN CHINACONFLICT WITH THE WEST, THE END OF THE DYNASTIES & THE BIRTH OF A NEW NATION
IMPERIALISM IN ASIA
• During the 1800s many European countries wanted control of Asian territory for many reasons, especially for trade but also for:
– Prestige– Resources– Spread Christianity– Control trade routes– Military power (bases in the
area give them an advantage)
IMPERIALISM cont.• China had become weaker during
the rule of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)
• U.S. and European powers (Great Britain, Spain, Portugal…) were trying to establish a sphere of influence – area where they had exclusive trading rights
• This would eventually lead to the “opening up” of China and drastically changed the course of Chinese history
INFLUENCE
MAJOR EVENTS IN THE 1800s/EARLY 1900s
OPIUM WAR
BOXER REBELLION
REVOLUTION OF 1911
OPIUM WAR
• British started using opium as cash payment for goods
• 1839 – Chinese gov’t tried to get them to stop, didn’t work
• War broke out and the British easily won
OPIUM WAR cont.
Treaty of Nanking• “Unequal treaty” that
gave G.B.:1. Payment for war
losses2. Control of Hong
Kong3. Extraterritoriality –
right to live under their own laws and courts
BOXER REBELLION
• Anti-foreign feelings led to creation of secret societies (remove foreign influence)
• Righteous and Harmonious Fists was one of them (Boxers)
BOXER REBELLION cont.
• 1900 – Boxers carried out attacks against foreigners and Chinese Christians
• Western countries & Japan sent a combined force to end the uprising
REVOLUTION OF 1911
• After the Boxer Rebellion the last dynasty, Qing, struggled to hold on to power
• Many Chinese believed the time had come to end the rule of dynasties in China
REVOLUTION OF 1911 cont.
• Leader was Sun Yat-sen
• Goal was to modernize China based on 3 principles:1. Nationalism2. Democracy3. Livelihood
• 1912 – Sun is named first president of the new Chinese Republic (end of dynasties)
TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA
1912• Sun Yat-Sen becomes first
president of new Republic of China
• Sun creates the Guomindang – Nationalist Party
• 2 months later he is ousted by Yuan Shigai (becomes a dictator)
TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA
1916
• Yuan Shigai dies
• China slips into chaos
• Warlords (local military leaders) divide the country amongst themselves
TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA
1923
• With the aid of the USSR & Chiang Kai-shek, the Guomindang army grew in strength
TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA
1926-1928• Chiang leads army to
victory over warlords
• G. sets up a gov’t in Nanjing in 1928
CAPITALISM V. COMMUNISMCapitalism – economic system in which private individuals and
businesses carry on the production and exchange of goods and services
Communism - a system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is shared equally by the community and all property is owned by the community, not individuals
CAPITALISM• Property is privately owned by
individuals
• Individuals/companies control production and exchange of goods and services
• Greater emphasis on individualism and self-interest; people are free to pursue their own self-interests and seek maximum gain/profit
• Much less government involvement/control of the economy
• Different classes
COMMUNISM• Property is owned/shared by the
community (no private ownership)
• Community/government controls the production and exchange of goods and services (ex. Determines prices and salaries)
• De-emphasizes individualism and self-interest, greater emphasis on the community (“the greater good”)
• Great deal of government involvement/control of the economy
• One class
CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1930s-1940s)
NATIONALISTS
• Led by Chiang Kai-shek
• Supported by the U.S.
COMMUNISTS
• Led by Mao Zedong
• Supported by the Soviet Union
RIVALRY WITH THE COMMUNISTS• Communists - a group that
originally supported Chiang but eventually broke away and became his enemy
• Mao Zedong – leader of the Communist Party
• From 1927-1934 he trained an army to fight Chiang
COMMUNISTS & PEASANTS
Communists gained support of peasants by overthrowing local landlords and giving
land to peasants
PEOPLE’S LIBERATON ARMY (PLA)
THE LONG MARCH
1934 – Red Army was in danger of being crushed
-went on a 6,000 mile march (16 miles/day)
-100,000 started, only 8,000 survived
- unified/strengthened the Red Army
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/longmarc.htm
CHINESE CIVIL WAR
• By 1949 Mao’s forces defeated Chiang’s Nationalist forces
• Created the People’s Republic of China (Beijing)
• Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan (Republic of China – capital at Taipei)
TAIWAN
HISTORY• Since 1949 both the Nationalists & Communists believe they
rightfully control it
• 1988 – moved towards democracy as political parties were allowed to challenge the Nationalists
• 1997 – Lee Teng-hui won the first democratic presidential election
• Future is uncertain
CHINA UNDER MAO• Mao set up a Communist society
and had complete control of the gov’t
• He began 2 programs to improve the country
• Communist Party tried to remake the country according to their ideas and any opposition was rejected
• 2 programs to do this (Great Leap Forward & Cultural Revolution)
GREAT LEAP FORWARD
• Economic plan (created in 1958)
• Created communes – gov’t controlled units/communities- emphasized human labor over technology- people were assigned jobs- good of all was stressed over individual needs
• It was a complete and total disaster – Food shortages, mismanagement, peasant resistance – At least 20 MILLION died of starvation
CULTURAL REVOLUTION• Social Plan (launched in 1966 to reignite
Mao’s communist goals)
• Red Guards – groups/gangs of young people who attacked anybody who opposed Mao and the Communist revolutionary ideas (teachers, writers, politicians, artists)
• Complete and total disaster – Schools closed, factory production
dropped– Violence spread, people feared to
express their own ideas/beliefs– Tens of thousands died and millions
thrown in jail before it was ended (1976)
CHINA AFTER MAO
• Mao died in 1976
• Deng Xiaoping - became the new leader
FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRY
SCIENCE
DEFENSE
DENG’S DILEMMA
Political Freedom
ECONOMICFREEDOM
TIANANMEN SQUARE
• June of 1989 – 100,000 people in Beijing rallied for democracy
• Troops/tanks sent in (thousands killed)
• Damaged Chinese image abroad
HU JINTAO – PRESIDENT OF CHINA
ISSUES FACING MODERN CHINA
• Food (think of the video we watched, Food is Heaven)
• Population (overpopulation, once child policy, gender imbalance….)
• Technology (blogs, smart phones….)• Capitalism working in a Communist system• Pollution from industrialization (think of India)