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R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments
Part II: Survey of Common Colorants
Ronnen Levinson (contact author)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90R2000Berkeley, CA 94720
[email protected]. 510.486.7494
Paul BerdahlLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1 Cyclotron Road, MS 70R0108BBerkeley, CA 94720
[email protected]. 510.486.5278
Hashem AkbariLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90R2000Berkeley, CA 94720H [email protected]. 510.486.4287
December 21, 2004
Abstract
Various pigments are characterized by determination of parameters S (backscattering) and K
(absorption) as functions of wavelength in the solar spectral range of 300 to 2500 nm. Measured
values of S for generic titanium dioxide (rutile) white pigment are in rough agreement with
values computed from the Mie theory, supplemented by a simple multiple scattering model.
Pigments in widespread use are examined, with particular emphasis on those that may be useful
for formulating non-white materials that can reflect the near-infrared (NIR) portion of sunlight,
such as the complex inorganic color pigments (mixed metal oxides). These materials remain
cooler in sunlight than comparable NIR-absorbing colors. NIR-absorptive pigments are to be
avoided. High NIR reflectance can be produced by a reflective metal substrate, a NIR-reflective
underlayer, and/or by the use of a pigment that scatters strongly in the NIR.
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R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
1 Introduction
A companion article [1] presented a theoretical framework and experimental procedure that can
be used to determine the Kubelka-Munk backscattering and absorption coefficients of a pigmented
film. The current article applies this model to each of 87 predominantly single-pigment films, with
special attention paid to characterizing the near-infrared (NIR) properties that determine whether
a pigment is “hot” or “cool.” These pigments include (but are not limited to) inorganic colorants
conventionally used for architectural purposes, such as titanium dioxide white and iron oxide black;
spectrally selective organics, such as dioxazine purple; and spectrally selective inorganics developed
for cool applications, such as selective blacks that are mixed oxides of chromium and iron.
Several pigment handbooks [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] provide valuable supplemental information on the
properties, synthesis methods, and applications of many of the pigments characterized in this
study. Naturally, as far as optical properties are concerned, these references provide data mainly
in the visible spectral range (an exception is [5]).
2 Pigment Classification
For convenience in presentation, the pigments were grouped by color “family” (e.g., green) and
then categorized by chemistry (e.g., chromium oxide green). Some families span two colors (e.g.,
black/brown) because it is difficult to consistently identify color based on pigment name and color
index (convention for identifying colorants [7]). For example, a dark pigment may be marketed as
“black,” but carry a “pigment brown” color index designation and exhibit red tones more charac-
teristic of brown than of black. The following list shows in parentheses a mnemonic single-letter
abbreviation assigned to each color family, and in braces the population of each color family and pig-
ment category. Pigment categories are presented in the order of simpler inorganics, more complex
inorganics, and then finally organics. Each member of a color family is assigned an identification
code Xnn, where X is the color family abbreviation and nn is a serial number. For example, the
11 members of the green color family (“G”) have identification codes G01 through G11. The same
pigment may be present in more than one pigmented film. For example, our survey includes four
titanium dioxide white films (W01-W04). However, the concentration of pigment, pigment particle
size, and/or source of the pigment (manufacturer) may vary from film to film.
1. White (“W”) {4}
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(a) titanium dioxide white {4}
2. Black/Brown (“B”) {21}
(a) carbon black {2}
(b) other non-selective black {2}
(c) chromium iron oxide selective black {7}
(d) other selective black {1}
(e) iron oxide brown {3}
(f) other brown {6}
3. Blue/Purple (“U”) {14}
(a) cobalt aluminate blue {4}
(b) cobalt chromite blue {5}
(c) iron blue {1}
(d) ultramarine blue {1}
(e) phthalocyanine blue {2}
(f) dioxazine purple {1}
4. Green (“G”) {11}
(a) chromium oxide green {2}
(b) modified chromium oxide green {1}
(c) cobalt chromite green {3}
(d) cobalt titanate green {3}
(e) phthalocyanine green {2}
5. Red/Orange (“R”) {9}
(a) iron oxide red {4}
(b) cadmium orange {1}
(c) organic red {4}
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6. Yellow (“Y”) {14}
(a) iron oxide yellow {1}
(b) cadmium yellow {1}
(c) chrome yellow {1}
(d) chrome titanate yellow {4}
(e) nickel titanate yellow {4}
(f) strontium chromate yellow + titanium dioxide {1}
(g) Hansa yellow {1}
(h) diarylide yellow {1}
7. Pearlescent (“P”) {14}
(a) mica + titanium dioxide {9}
(b) mica + titanium dioxide + iron oxide {5}
3 Pigment Properties by Color and Category
Table 1 summarizes some relevant bulk properties of the pigmented films in each category, such
as NIR reflectances over black and white backgrounds. The measured and computed spectral
properties of each pigmented film are shown in Fig. 1. Each film has a column of charts of the
type presented in the companion article [1] with the omission of the chart of ancillary parameters
(diffuse fractions and interface reflectances). Color images of the films are shown in Fig. 2.
When examining spectral optical properties, it is worth noting that most of the NIR radiation
in sunlight arrives at the shorter NIR wavelengths. Of the 52% of solar energy delivered in the NIR
spectrum (700 - 2500 nm), 50% lies within 700 - 1000 nm; 30% lies within 1000 - 1500 nm; and
20% lies within 1500 - 2500 nm [1]. We refer to the 700 - 1000 nm region containing half the NIR
solar energy (and a quarter of the total solar energy) as the “short” NIR.
In the discussions below, black and white backgrounds are assumed to be opaque, with observed
NIR reflectances of 0.04 and 0.87, respectively. Note that in the absence of the air-film interface,
the continuous refractive index (CRI) NIR reflectances of the black and white backgrounds are 0.00
and 0.94, respectively.
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3.1 White
All four whites were titanium dioxide (TiO2) rutile. Other white pigments (not characterized in
this study) include zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, antimony oxide, zirconium oxide, zirconium silicate
(zircon), and the anatase phase of TiO2.
TiO2 rutile is a strongly scattering, weakly absorbing, stable, inert, nontoxic, inexpensive, and
hence extremely popular white pigment [2]. TiO2 whites W01 - W04 exhibit similar curves of
strong backscattering and weak absorption in the visible and NIR, except for drops in backscattering
around 1500 nm seen for W03 and W04. These last two samples are undiluted and 12:1 diluted
versions of the same artist color. These four films demonstrate how strongly the NIR reflectance
of a white film depends on film thickness—the over-black NIR reflectance of the 26 µm, 15% PVC
W01 is 0.64, while that of 13-µm, 23% PVC W03 is only 0.43. The backscattering curves indicate
that increased pigment loading will not necessarily improve the NIR reflectance of a thin (TiO2)
white film.
Of the available white pigments, the rutile phase of TiO2 has the highest refractive index in the
visible (about 2.7) and therefore has the strongest visible light scattering power at the optimum
particle size of about 0.2 µm. Its angle-weighted scattering coefficient s is estimated from the Mie
scattering theory to be about 12 µm−1 for the center of the visible spectrum at 550 nm, assuming
0.22 µm diameter particles suspended in a clear binder with refractive index 1.5 [8, 9]. Based on
the same method as [8], one of us [10, Fig. 1 and Eq. (1)] has obtained angle-weighted scattering
coefficient s ≈ 10.4 µm−1 at 550 nm, using slightly different values for the refractive index of TiO2.
Thus there is good general agreement among different authors on this basic result from the Mie
theory.
The question arises, what is the relation between the Mie theory result for s and the Kubelka-
Munk backscattering coefficient S? Palmer et al. [8] give an equation for the film reflectance of
a non-absorbing layer as R = (sfδ)/(2 + sfδ), where f is the pigment volume concentration and
δ is the film thickness. The corresponding Kubelka-Munk equation is R = Sδ/(1 + Sδ), which
suggests that S should be identified with 12fs. For clarification, we consider the special case of
isotropic scattering, and examine the limit of weak scattering. Then s is just the total scattering
cross section. In this limit the result of Palmer et al. is exact if the incident radiation is a normally
incident collimated beam; half the scattering is into the forward hemisphere, and half into the
backward hemisphere. However, we are more interested in the reflectance for completely diffuse
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radiation, which is twice as large in this limit. Thus we identify S with fs. Superimposed on the
backscattering curves for samples W01 - W04 are additional Mie-theory estimates for backscattering
coefficient S as a function of wavelength, based on Ref. [10, Fig. 1 and Eq. (1)]. The measurements
and theoretical estimates are in reasonable, but not precise, agreement.
At the longer infrared wavelengths, the measured backscattering declines more slowly than
the theoretical values. (The theoretical values are approaching a Rayleigh regime in which S is
proportional to the inverse fourth power of wavelength.) A plausible reason is the clumping of
pigment particles. It is known that such clumping can raise the near-infrared reflectance [11].
Physically, the light scattering is due to the difference between the refractive index of the rutile
particles (2.7) and that of the surrounding transparent medium (1.5). At high pigment volume
concentrations, the presence of numerous nearby rutile particles raises the effective refractive index
of the surrounding medium, and thereby reduces the efficiency of scattering. This fall in scattering
efficiency is termed pigment crowding [12].
Rutile is a direct bandgap semiconductor and therefore has a very abrupt transition from
low absorption to high absorption that occurs at 400 nm, the boundary between the visible and
ultraviolet regions. For wavelengths below 400 nm (photon energies above 3.1 eV), the absorption is
so strong that our data saturate, except in the case of the highly dilute (2% PVC) sample W04. At
wavelengths above 400 nm, absorption is weak; most of the spectral features may be attributed to
the binders used. One of the three white pigments (W01) does have a slightly less abrupt transition
at 400 nm—there is an absorption “tail” near the band edge. This type of behavior is likely due
to impurities in the TiO2.
The sharp rise in absorptance near 300 nm shown for some films such as W04 is an artifact due
to the use of a polyester substrate.
3.2 Black/Brown
3.2.1 Carbon Black, Other Non-Selective Black
Carbon black, bone black (10% carbon black + 84% calcium phosphate), copper chromite black
(Cu Cr2 O4), and synthetic iron oxide black (Fe3O4 magnetite) (B01 - B04) are weakly scattering
pigments with strong absorption across the entire solar spectrum. Carbon black B01 is the most
strongly absorbing, but all four are “hot” pigments.
Most non-selective blacks are metallic in nature, with free electrons permitting many different
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allowed electronic transitions and therefore broad absorption spectra. Carbon black is a semi-metal
that has many free electrons, but not as many as present in highly conductive metals. Both the
iron oxide (magnetite) and copper chromite blacks are (electrically conducting) metals.
3.2.2 Chromium Iron Oxide Selective Black
Chromium iron oxide selective blacks (B05 - B11) are mixed metal oxides (chromium green-black
hematite, chromium green-black hematite modified, chromium iron oxide, or chromium iron nickel
black spinel) formulated to have NIR reflectance significantly higher than carbon and other non-
selective blacks. Some, such as chromium green-black hematite B06, appear more brown than
black. While these pigments have good scattering in the NIR, with a backscattering coefficient
at 1000 nm about half that of TiO2 white, they are also quite absorbing (K ≈ 50 mm−1) in the
short NIR. These pigments are visibly hiding (opaque to visible radiation) and NIR transmitting,
so use of a white background improves their NIR reflectances without significantly changing their
appearances.
Pure chromium oxide green (Cr2O3), pigment green 17, has the hematite crystal structure and
will be discussed further together with other green pigments. When some of the chromium atoms
are replaced by iron, a dark brownish black with the same crystal structure is obtained—i.e., a
traditional cool black pigment (e.g., B06-B11; B05 differs because it contains nickel and has a spinel
structure). It is sometimes designated as Cr-Fe hematite [13] or chromium green-black hematite
[14], and has been used to formulate infrared-reflective vinyl siding since about 1984 [15]. A number
of modern recipes for modified versions of this basic cool black incorporate minor amounts of a
variety of other metal oxides. One example is the use of a mixture of 93.5 g of chromium oxide,
0.94 g of iron oxide, 2.38 g of aluminum oxide, and 1.88 g of titanium oxide [16]. The mixture
is calcined at about 1100◦C to form hematite-structure crystallites of the resulting mixed metal
oxide.
3.2.3 Organic Selective Black
Perylene black (B12) is a weakly scattering, dyelike organic pigment that absorbs strongly in the
visible and very weakly in the NIR. Its sharp absorption decrease at 700 nm gives this pigment
a jet black appearance and an exceptionally high NIR reflectance (0.85) when applied over white.
Perylene pigments exhibit excellent lightfastness and weatherfastness, but their basic compound
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(dianhydride of tetracarboxylic acid) may or may not be fast to alkali; references [4] and [2] disagree
on the latter point.
3.2.4 Iron Oxide Brown
Iron oxide browns (B13 - B15) such as burnt sienna, raw sienna, and raw umber exhibit strong
absorption in part of the visible spectrum and low absorption in the NIR. These can provide
effective cool brown coatings if given a white background, though this will make some (e.g., burnt
sienna B13) appear reddish. These browns are “natural” and can be expected to contain various
impurities.
3.2.5 Other Brown
Other browns characterized (B16 - B21) include iron titanium (Fe-Ti) brown spinel, manganese
antimony titanium buff rutile, and zinc iron chromite brown spinel. These mixed-metal oxides
have strong absorption in most or all of the visible spectrum, plus weak absorption and modest
scattering in the NIR. A white undercoating improves the NIR reflectance of all browns, but brings
out red tones in iron titanium brown spinels B16 and B17.
The cool Fe-Ti browns (B16 - B18) have spinel crystal structure and basic formula Fe2TiO4
[14, 17]. Despite the presence of Fe2+ ions, the infrared absorption of this material is weak. (In
many materials, the Fe2+ ion is associated with infrared absorption [18, 19]; see also our data for
Fe3O4. The current data demonstrate that the absorption spectra also depend on the environment
of the Fe2+ ion.) We also note that while B17 and B18 are nominally the same material, the details
of the absorption are different.
We have not yet characterized a synthetic iron oxide hydrate brown (e.g., FeOOH).
3.3 Blue/Purple
3.3.1 Cobalt Aluminate Blue, Cobalt Chromite Blue
Cobalt aluminate blue (nominally CoAl2O4, but usually deficient in Co [3]; U01 - U05) and cobalt
chromite blue (Co[Al,Cr]2O4; U06 - U09) derive their appearances from modest scattering (S ≈
30 mm−1) in the blue (400 - 500 nm) and strong absorption (K ≈ 150 mm−1) in rest of the visible
spectrum. They have very low absorption in the short NIR, but exhibit an undesirable absorption
band in 1200 - 1600 nm range, which contains 17% of the NIR energy. A white background
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dramatically increases NIR reflectance but makes some (e.g., cobalt aluminum blue spinel U02)
much lighter in color.
3.3.2 Iron Blue
Iron (a.k.a. Prussian or Milori) blue (U10) is a weakly scattering pigment with strong absorption
in the visible and short NIR, and weak absorption at longer wavelengths. It appears black and
has little NIR reflectance over a black background, but looks blue and has achieves a modest NIR
reflectance (0.25) over a white background. It is not ideal for cool coating formulation.
3.3.3 Ultramarine Blue
Ultramarine blue (U11), a complex silicate of sodium and aluminum with sulfur, is a weakly scat-
tering pigment with some absorption in the short NIR. If sparingly used, it can impart absorption
in the yellow spectral region without introducing a great deal of NIR absorption. This is a durable
inorganic pigment with some sensitivity to acid [2].
While most colored inorganic pigments contain a transition metal such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, and
Co, ultramarine blue is unusual. It is a mixed oxide of Na, Si, and Al, with a small amount of
sulfur (Na7.5Si6Al6O24S4.5). The metal oxide skeleton forms an open clathrate sodalite structure
that stabilizes S−3 ions in cages to form the chromophores [3, section 3.5] [20]. Thus isolated S3
molecules with an attached unpaired electron cause the light absorption in the 500-700 nm range,
producing the blue color. The refractive index of ultramarine blue is not very different from the
typical matrix value of 1.5 [3, section 3.5], so the pigment causes little scattering.
3.3.4 Phthalocyanine Blue
Copper phthalocyanine blue (U12 - U13) is a weakly scattering, dyelike pigment with strong
absorption in the 500 - 800 nm range and weak absorption in the rest of the visible and NIR.
Phthalo blue appears black and has minimal NIR reflectance over a black background, but looks
blue and achieves a high NIR reflectance (0.63) over a white background (U12). It is durable and
lightfast, but as an organic pigment it is less chemically stable than (high temperature) calcined
mixed metal oxides such as the cobalt aluminates and chromites. General information on the
structure and properties of phthalocyanines is available in [21]. The refractive index varies with
wavelength, and exceeds 2 in the short wavelength part of the infrared spectrum [22]. Therefore
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the weak scattering we observe in our samples indicates that the particle size is quite small. The
pigment handbook indicates a typical particle diameter of 120 nm [2], which is consistent with our
data.
3.3.5 Dioxazine Purple
Dioxazine purple (U14) is an organic optically similar to phthalo blue, but even more absorbing in
the visible and less absorbing in the NIR. It is nearly ideal for formulation of dark NIR-transparent
layers, but is subject to the chemical stability considerations noted above for phthalo blue.
3.4 Green
3.4.1 Chromium Oxide Green, Modified Chromium Oxide Green
Chromium oxide green Cr2O3 (G01 - G02) exhibits strong scattering alternating with strong
absorption across the visible spectrum, and strong scattering and mild absorption in the NIR.
Since the pigment is almost opaque in the visible, a thin layer of chromium oxide green over a white
background yields a medium-green coating with good NIR reflectance (0.57 for 12-µm thick film
G02). The modified chromium oxide green (G03) is mostly chromium oxide, with small amounts
of iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and aluminum oxide [16]. A layer of the modified chromium oxide
green over a white background produces a medium green with excellent NIR reflectance (0.71).
Cr2O3 green is often mentioned as an infrared-reflective pigment that is useful for simulating
the high infrared reflectance of chlorophyll in plant leaves. Indeed, a high IR reflectance is observed.
However, our data for sample films G01 and G02 do show that there is a broadband absorption of
about 10 mm−1 in the infrared. While our measurements of absorptance coefficient are not precise
for low absorptances, this value is clearly distinct from zero. Pure Cr2O3, fired in air, tends to
become slightly rich in oxygen, which results in p-type semiconducting behavior [23, 24]. Thus it
is possible that the broadband IR absorption of Cr2O3 is due to free carrier absorption by mobile
holes. Ref. [23] also reports that doping with Al can reduce the p-type conductivity in Cr2O3, so
it seems likely that doping with Al and/or certain other metals can also reduce the IR absorption.
The modified chromium oxide green G03 is similar to G01 and G02 Cr2O3. However its green
reflectance peak at 550 nm is somewhat smaller and its infrared absorption is clearly much smaller
than those of samples G01 and G02.
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3.4.2 Cobalt Chromite Green
Cobalt chromite green (G04 - G06) is similar to cobalt chromite blue, and is commonly used for
military camouflage.
3.4.3 Cobalt Titanate Green
Cobalt titanate green (G07 - G09) is similar to cobalt chromite green, but scatters more strongly
across the entire solar spectrum and has a pronounced absorption trough around 500 nm. A white
background makes cobalt teal G07 very NIR reflective (0.72) but also appear light blue (hence, the
name teal). The other two cobalt titanate greens (G08, G09) have respectable NIR reflectances
(0.47, 0.37) over white and appear medium green.
3.4.4 Phthalocyanine Green
Phthalocyanine green (G10 - G11) is similar to phthalocyanine blue, but absorbs more strongly
in the short NIR. Hence, the NIR reflectance of a thin phthalo green film over white (G04), while
respectable, is only 70% of that achieved by a thin layer of phthalo blue over white (0.45 vs. 0.63).
Note also that the error in predicted reflectance over white for G05 is large, as discussed in the
companion article [1].
3.5 Red/Orange
3.5.1 Iron Oxide Red
Iron oxide red (R01 - R04) derives its appearance from weak scattering and very strong absorption
in the 400 - 600 nm band. One of the iron oxide reds (R01) exhibits moderate absorption across
the NIR that may be due to doping of the Fe2O3 hematite crystals with impurities or result from
broadband absorbing impurity phases such as Fe3O4; it is not a cool pigment. However, the
remaining three iron oxide reds weakly absorb in the NIR and present both a dark red appearance
and good NIR reflectance (0.53 - 0.67) over a white background. R02 also has a respectable NIR
reflectance (0.38) over a black background, and has backscattering S comparable with TiO2 white
in the NIR.
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3.5.2 Cadmium Orange
Cadmium orange (R05) has weak scattering and very strong absorption in the 400 - 600 nm band,
followed by strong scattering and virtually no absorption at longer wavelengths. Applied over a
white background, it appears bright orange and has very high NIR reflectance (0.87)—essentially
the same as that of the white background. Cadmium orange (and cadmium yellow, below) are
Cd(S,Se) direct bandgap semiconductors. They exhibit sharp transitions between absorbing and
non-absorbing regions, and have high refractive indices (e.g., 2.5 for CdS) that lead to large scat-
tering coefficients. However, sensitivity to acid and the toxicity of cadmium limit their applications.
3.5.3 Organic Red
Organic red pigments (R06 - R09) such as acra burnt orange, acra red, monastral red, and naphthol
red light have weak scattering and strong (sometimes very strong) absorption up to 600 nm, followed
by very weak absorption and moderate-to-weak scattering at longer wavelengths. As a result they
yield a medium-red color and a very high NIR reflectance (0.82 - 0.87) when applied over a white
background. Masstones of acra burnt orange, acra red, and naphthol red light are all lightfast;
their tints are slightly less so [2].
3.6 Yellow
3.6.1 Iron Oxide Yellow
Iron oxide yellow FeOOH (Y01) is a brownish yellow similar to iron oxide red. It appears tan and
has a high NIR reflectance (0.70) when applied over a white background.
3.6.2 Cadmium Yellow
Cadmium yellow (Y02) is similar to cadmium orange. It appears bright yellow and has very high
NIR reflectance (0.87) over white.
3.6.3 Chrome Yellow
Chrome yellow PbCrO4 (Y03) is optically similar to cadmium yellow but exhibits a more gradual
reduction in absorptance. It appears bright yellow and achieves a high NIR reflectance (0.82) over
white. In some applications, the presence of lead and/or the Cr(VI) ion impose limitations.
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3.6.4 Chrome Titanate Yellow
Chrome titanate yellow (Y04 - Y07) is similar to chrome yellow, but scatters more strongly in the
NIR. Its scattering coefficient can exceed 100 mm−1 in the short NIR, suggesting that this pigment
might be used in place of titanium white to provide a background of high NIR reflectance. Over a
black background, chrome titanate yellow appears brown to green and has moderate to high NIR
reflectance (0.26 - 0.62). Over white, it appears orange to yellow and has very high NIR reflectance
(0.80 - 0.86). Y07 over black produces a medium brown with NIR reflectance 0.62.
The data for Y04 and Y05 illustrate how the scattering coefficient S varies with particle size
(manufacturer data). For smaller particles, the decrease in S with increasing wavelength is more
dramatic.
3.6.5 Nickel Titanate Yellow
Nickel titanate yellow (Y08 - Y11) is similar to chrome titanate yellow. Note that these compounds
usually also contain antimony in their formulation. Over white, it appears a muted yellow and yields
very high NIR reflectance (0.77-0.85); over black, it appears yellowish green and achieves high NIR
reflectance (0.42 - 0.64). Y11 is a particularly good candidate to use over black.
3.6.6 Strontium Chromate Yellow + Titanium Dioxide
Strontium chromate yellow (solids mass fraction 11%) mixed with titanium dioxide (solids mass
fraction 9%) in a paint primer (Y12) appears greenish brown over a black background, and pale
yellow over a white background. It has very low absorption (order 1 mm−1) and strong scattering
(order 100 mm−1) at 1000 nm, giving it a good NIR reflectance over black (0.38) and a very high
NIR reflectance over white (0.86).
3.6.7 Hansa Yellow, Diarylide Yellow
Hansa yellow (Y13) and diarylide yellow (Y14) are weakly scattering, dyelike organic pigments
with high absorption below 500 nm and very weak absorption elsewhere. Over white, they appear
bright yellow and orange-yellow, respectively, and yield very high NIR reflectance (0.87).
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3.7 Pearlescents
3.7.1 Mica + Titanium Dioxide
Mica flakes coated with titanium dioxide (P01 - P09) exhibit strong scattering and weak ab-
sorption, producing their colors (e.g., gold, blue, green, orange, red, violet, or bright white) via
thin-film interference. Some have scattering coefficients exceeding 100 mm−1 in the near infrared.
Over white, they appear white and have very high NIR reflectance (0.88 - 0.90); over black, they
achieve their named colors and have high NIR reflectance (0.35 - 0.54). The NIR reflectance of a
pearlescent film over an opaque white background can exceed that of the background.
3.7.2 Mica + Titanium Dioxide + Iron Oxide
Mica flakes coated with titanium dioxide and iron oxide (P10 - P14) are in most cases similar
to mica flakes coated with only titanium dioxide, but are more absorbing, less scattering, darker,
and somewhat less reflecting in the NIR. The exception is rich bronze P10, which has very high
absorption and would not make a suitable cool pigment.
3.8 Aluminum + Iron Oxide + Silicon Oxide
While not characterized in the current study, the solar spectral reflectances of single-layer (iron
oxide Fe2O3) or double layer (Fe2O3 on silicon dioxide SiO2) interference coatings on aluminum
flakes are presented in Refs. [25, 26].
3.9 Cool and Hot Pigments
A simple way to evaluate the utility of a coating for “cool” applications is to consider its NIR
absorptance and NIR transmittance. If the NIR absorptance is low, the pigment is cool. However, a
cool pigment that has high NIR transmittance will require an NIR-reflective background (typically
white or metallic) to produce an NIR-reflecting coating. Charts of the NIR absorptance and
transmittance of the members of each color family are shown in Fig. 3. An ideal cool pigment
would appear near the lower left corner of the chart, indicating that it is weakly absorbing, weakly
transmitting, and thus strongly reflecting in the NIR. Pigments appearing higher on the left side of
the chart will form a cool coating if given an NIR-reflective background. Use of pigments appearing
toward the right side of the chart (i.e., those with strong NIR absorption) should be avoided in
cool applications. It should be noted that these charts do not provide perfect comparisons of
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 14/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
“cool” performance because they show the NIR properties of films of varying thickness (10 - 37
µm) and visible hiding (visible transmittance 0 - 0.43 for non-pearlescents, and 0.02 - 0.54 for the
pearlescents). Black-filled circles indicate visible transmittance less than 0.1; gray-filled circles,
between 0.1 and 0.3; and white-filled circles, above 0.3.
There are cool films in the white, yellow, brown/black, red/orange, blue/purple, and pearlescent
families with NIR absorptance less than 0.1. These films have moderate to high NIR transmittance
(0.25 - 0.85), indicating than they would require an NIR-reflective background to perform well.
There are also other slightly less cool black/brown, blue/purple, green, red/orange, yellow and
pearlescent films with NIR absorptance less than 0.2. These have somewhat lower NIR transmit-
tances (0.20 - 0.70), but are still far from NIR-opaque. A handful of pearlescent, blue/purple, green
and red/orange films, along with half a dozen brown/black films, have NIR absorptances exceeding
0.5 and may considered warm. A few nonselective blacks with NIR absorptance approaching unity
may be considered hot.
Other useful metrics for “coolness” are NIR reflectances over white and black backgrounds (Ta-
ble 1). Over a white background, the coolest pigments—i.e., those with NIR reflectances of at least
0.7—include members of the pearlescent, white, yellow, black/brown, red/orange, and blue/purple
color families: mica coated w/titanium dioxide (0.88-0.90), titanium dioxide white (0.87), cadmium
yellow (0.87), cadmium orange (0.87), Hansa yellow (0.87), diarylide yellow (0.87), organic selective
black (0.85), organic red (0.83-0.87), dioxazine purple (0.82), chrome titanate yellow (0.80-0.86),
nickel titanate yellow (0.77-0.85), modified chromium oxide green (0.71), and iron oxide yellow
(0.70). Other pigments with NIR reflectances of at least 0.5 include members of the blue/purple,
black/brown, and green color families: cobalt aluminum blue (0.61-0.70), cobalt chromite blue
(0.54-0.70), phthalo blue (0.55-0.63), cobalt chromite green (0.58-0.64), ultramarine blue (0.52),
chromium oxide green (0.50-0.57), and other brown (0.50-0.74). Over a black background, the
coolest pigments—in this case, those with NIR reflectances of at least 0.3—include members of
the white, yellow, pearlescent, and green color families: titanium dioxide white (0.43-0.65), nickel
titanate yellow (0.42-0.64), mica coated w/titanium dioxide (0.31-0.54), and chromium oxide green
(0.33-0.40).
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 15/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
4 Conclusions
Our characterizations of the solar spectral optical properties of 87 predominately single-pigment
paint films with thicknesses ranging from 10 to 37 µm have identified cool pigments in the white, yel-
low, brown/black, red/orange, blue/purple, and pearlescent color groupings with NIR absorptances
less than 0.1, as well as other pigments in the black/brown, blue/purple, green, red/orange, yellow
and pearlescent groupings with NIR absorptances less than 0.2. Most are NIR transmitting and
require an NIR-reflecting background to form a cool coating. Over an opaque white background,
some pigments in the pearlescent, white, yellow, red/orange, green, and blue/purple families offer
NIR reflectances of at least 0.7, while other pigments in the blue/purple, black/brown, and green
color families have NIR reflectances of at least 0.5. A few members of the white, yellow, pearlescent,
and green color families have NIR scattering sufficiently strong to yield NIR reflectances of at least
0.3 (and up to 0.64) over a black background.
Use of pigments with NIR absorptances approaching unity (e.g., nonselective blacks) should
be minimized in cool coatings, as might be the use of certain pearlescent, blue/purple, green and
red/orange, and brown/black pigments with NIR absorptances exceeding 0.5.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the California Energy Commission (CEC) through its Public Interest
Energy Research Program (PIER), by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD)
program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and by the Assistant Secretary for
Renewable Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. The authors wish to thank CEC
Commissioner Arthur Rosenfeld and PIER program project managers Nancy Jenkins and Chris
Scruton for their support and advice. Special thanks go also to Mark Levine, director of the
Environmental Energy Technologies Division at LBNL, and Stephen Wiel, head of the Energy
Analysis Department at LBNL, for their encouragement and support in the initiation of this project.
We also wish to thank the following people for their assistance: Kevin Stone and Melvin Pomerantz,
LBNL; Michelle Vondran, John Buchko, and Robert Scichili, BASF Corporation; Richard Abrams,
Robert Blonski, Ivan Joyce, Ken Loye, and Ray Wing, Ferro Corporation; Tom Steger and Jeffrey
Nixon, Shepherd Color Company; and Robert Anderson, Liquitex Artist Materials.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 16/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
References
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pigments, Part I: model for deriving scattering and absorption coefficients from transmittance
and reflectance measurements. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells (accepted), 2004.
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[4] Willy Herbst and Klaus Hunger. Industrial Organic Pigments. VCH, 1993.
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26 2002.
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[14] Dry Color Manufacturer’s Association (DCMA). Classification and chemical description of
the complex inorganic color pigments. Dry Color Manufacturer’s Association, P.O. Box 20839,
Alexandria, VA 22320, 1991.
[15] E. B. Rabinovitch and J. W. Summers. Infrared reflecting vinyl polymer compositions. U.S.
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[16] Terrence R. Sliwinski, Richard A. Pipoly, and Robert P. Blonski. Infrared reflective color
pigment. U.S. Patent 6,174,360 B1, Jan 16 2001.
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[18] L.B. Glebov and E.N. Boulos. Absorption of iron and water in the Na2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2
glasses, II. Selection of intrinsic, ferric, and ferrous spectra in the visible and UV regions. J.
Non-Crystalline Solids, 242:49–62, 1998.
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Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998.
[22] S. Wilbrandt O. Stenzel A. Stendal, U. Beckers and C. von Borczyskowski. The linear optical
constants of thin phthalocyanine and fullerite films from the near infrared to the UV spectral
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[23] D. de Cogan and G.A. Lonergan. Electrical conduction in Fe2O3 and Cr2O3. Solid State
Communications, 15:1517–1519, 1974.
[24] Hamnett Goodenough. Landolt-Bornstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in
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[25] G.B. Smith, A. Gentle, P. Swift, A. Earp, and N. Mronga. Coloured paints based on coated
flakes of metal as the pigment, for enhanced solar reflectance and cooler interiors: description
and theory. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 79(2):163–177, 2003.
[26] G.B. Smith, A. Gentle, P. Swift, A. Earp, and N. Mronga. Coloured paints based on iron oxide
and solicon oxide coated flakes of aluminium as the pigment, for energy efficient paint: optical
and thermal experiements. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 79(2):179–197, 2003.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 19/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
Cat
egor
yR
OW
nir
RO
Bnir
Tvis
δ(µm
)Film
Codes
tita
nium
diox
ide
whi
te0.
87-0
.88
0.24
-0.6
50.
10-0
.42
17-2
9W
01-W
04ca
rbon
blac
k0.
05-0
.06
0.04
-0.0
40.
03-0
.07
16-1
9B
01-B
02ot
her
non-
sele
ctiv
ebl
ack
0.04
-0.0
50.
04-0
.05
0.00
-0.0
720
-24
B03
-B04
chro
miu
mir
onox
ide
sele
ctiv
ebl
ack
0.23
-0.4
80.
11-0
.35
0.00
-0.1
519
-26
B05
-B11
orga
nic
sele
ctiv
ebl
ack
0.85
0.10
0.01
23B
12ir
onox
ide
brow
n0.
47-0
.61
0.06
-0.2
70.
03-0
.24
14-2
6B
13-B
15ot
her
brow
n0.
50-0
.74
0.22
-0.4
00.
01-0
.24
17-2
8B
16-B
21co
balt
alum
inat
ebl
ue0.
62-0
.71
0.09
-0.2
00.
16-0
.28
16-2
3U
01-U
05co
balt
chro
mit
ebl
ue0.
55-0
.70
0.10
-0.2
50.
05-0
.28
16-2
6U
06-U
09ir
onbl
ue0.
250.
050.
2712
U10
ultr
amar
ine
blue
0.52
0.05
0.20
23U
11ph
thal
ocya
nine
blue
0.55
-0.6
30.
06-0
.08
0.21
-0.2
214
-26
U12
-U13
diox
azin
epu
rple
0.82
0.05
0.21
10U
14ch
rom
ium
oxid
egr
een
0.50
-0.5
70.
33-0
.40
0.00
-0.0
112
-26
G01
-G02
mod
ified
chro
miu
mox
ide
gree
n0.
710.
220.
2223
G03
coba
ltch
rom
ite
gree
n0.
58-0
.64
0.14
-0.1
80.
17-0
.28
13-2
3G
04-G
06co
balt
tita
nate
gree
n0.
37-0
.73
0.21
-0.3
00.
04-0
.22
10-2
4G
07-G
09ph
thal
ocya
nine
gree
n0.
42-0
.45
0.06
-0.0
70.
10-0
.20
13-2
5G
10-G
11ir
onox
ide
red
0.31
-0.6
70.
19-0
.38
0.00
-0.0
813
-26
R01
-R04
cadm
ium
oran
ge0.
870.
260.
1810
R05
orga
nic
red
0.83
-0.8
70.
06-0
.14
0.15
-0.3
211
-27
R06
-R09
iron
oxid
eye
llow
0.70
0.21
0.16
19Y
01ca
dmiu
mye
llow
0.87
0.29
0.25
11Y
02ch
rom
eye
llow
0.83
0.34
0.18
24Y
03ch
rom
eti
tana
teye
llow
0.80
-0.8
60.
26-0
.62
0.05
-0.2
317
-26
Y04
-Y07
nick
elti
tana
teye
llow
0.77
-0.8
70.
22-0
.64
0.09
-0.5
117
-27
Y08
-Y11
stro
ntiu
mch
rom
ate
yello
w+
tita
nium
diox
ide
0.86
0.38
0.21
19Y
12H
ansa
yello
w0.
870.
060.
4311
Y13
diar
ylid
eye
llow
0.87
0.08
0.35
12Y
14m
ica
+ti
tani
umdi
oxid
e0.
88-0
.90
0.35
-0.5
40.
31-0
.54
17-3
7P
01-P
09m
ica
+ti
tani
umdi
oxid
e+
iron
oxid
e0.
27-0
.85
0.25
-0.4
40.
02-0
.42
20-2
4P
10-P
14
Tab
le1:
Ran
ges
ofN
IRre
flect
ance
over
whi
te(R
OW
nir),
NIR
refle
ctan
ceov
erbl
ack
(RO
Wnir),
visi
ble
tran
smit
tanc
e(T
vis)
,an
dth
ickn
ess
(δ)
mea
sure
dfo
rpi
gmen
ted
film
sin
each
pigm
ent
cate
gory
.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 20/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.73
,u=
0.13
,v=
0.83
,n=
0.71
)tr
a. (
s=0.
17,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
10,n
=0.
25)
abs.
(s=
0.09
,u=
0.87
,v=
0.07
,n=
0.04
)
29 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
●
●
●
●
●
●S
est
imat
ed fr
om M
ie th
eory
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.69
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
27 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
26 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.88
, nb
=0.
65
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[W01
]
Inor
gani
c O
xide
Whi
te
Ishi
hara
Tip
aque
CR
−90
(PW
6)
15%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
1A,1
B)
{tita
nium
dio
xide
whi
te}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.65
,u=
0.13
,v=
0.77
,n=
0.60
)tr
a. (
s=0.
28,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
21,n
=0.
38)
abs.
(s=
0.06
,u=
0.87
,v=
0.02
,n=
0.02
)
18 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)●
●
●
●
●
●S
est
imat
ed fr
om M
ie th
eory
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.78
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
16 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
16 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.88
, nb
=0.
49
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[W02
]
Tita
nium
Dio
xide
Whi
te
Tita
nium
Dio
xide
(P
W 6
)
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(1C
,1D
)
{tita
nium
dio
xide
whi
te}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.73
,u=
0.13
,v=
0.85
,n=
0.68
)tr
a. (
s=0.
20,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
11,n
=0.
28)
abs.
(s=
0.08
,u=
0.87
,v=
0.04
,n=
0.04
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
●
●
●
●
●
●S
est
imat
ed fr
om M
ie th
eory
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.83
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
25 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
26 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.88
, nb
=0.
61
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
02
[W03
]
Tita
nium
Whi
te (
i)
Tita
nium
Dio
xide
(P
W 6
)
23%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
1E,1
F)
{tita
nium
dio
xide
whi
te}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.46
,u=
0.13
,v=
0.55
,n=
0.41
)tr
a. (
s=0.
48,u
=0.
06,v
=0.
42,n
=0.
57)
abs.
(s=
0.07
,u=
0.81
,v=
0.03
,n=
0.02
)
17 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
●
●
●
●
●
●S
est
imat
ed fr
om M
ie th
eory
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.80
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
19 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.87
, nb
=0.
24
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[W04
]
Tita
nium
Whi
te (
ii)
Tita
nium
Dio
xide
(P
W 6
)
2% P
VC
; im
ages
(1G
,1H
)
{tita
nium
dio
xide
whi
te}
Figure 1: (i/xxi) Measurements and model calculations for 87 predominately single-pigment films. Shown from topto bottom are (I) measured reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance of film with void background; (II) Kubelka-Munkbackscattering and absorption coefficients S and K, and non-spectral forward scattering ratio σ; and (III) measured andcomputed film reflectances over white [w] and black [b] backgrounds, along with measured NIR reflectance n and RMS error χ.Also listed are pigment identification code; paint name; pigment name; pigment volume concentration (PVC); pigment particlesize, if known; and location of images in Fig. 2.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 21/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.04
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.04
,n=
0.04
)tr
a. (
s=0.
09,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
03,n
=0.
15)
abs.
(s=
0.87
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.93
,n=
0.81
)
19 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.99
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
18 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.05
, nb
=0.
04
χ w=
0.01
, χb
=0.
00
[B01
]
Car
bon
Bla
ck
Am
orph
ous
Car
bon
Bla
ck (
PB
k 7)
0.5%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
2A,2
B)
{car
bon
blac
k}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.04
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.04
,n=
0.04
)tr
a. (
s=0.
15,u
=0.
03,v
=0.
07,n
=0.
22)
abs.
(s=
0.81
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.89
,n=
0.73
)
16 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.97
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
16 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
16 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.06
, nb
=0.
04
χ w=
0.00
, χb
=0.
00
[B02
]
Ivor
y B
lack
Am
orph
ous
Cha
rred
−Bon
e C
arbo
n (P
Bk
9)
18%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
2C,2
D)
{car
bon
blac
k}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.05
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.04
,n=
0.05
)tr
a. (
s=0.
00,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
00,n
=0.
01)
abs.
(s=
0.95
,u=
0.96
,v=
0.96
,n=
0.94
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.93
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
25 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
24 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.05
, nb
=0.
05
χ w=
0.00
, χb
=0.
00
[B03
]
Cop
per
Chr
omite
Bla
ck
She
pher
d B
lack
1D
(P
Bk
28)
7% P
VC
; im
ages
(2E
,2F
)
{oth
er n
on−s
elec
tive
blac
k}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.04
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.04
,n=
0.04
)tr
a. (
s=0.
07,u
=0.
07,v
=0.
07,n
=0.
08)
abs.
(s=
0.89
,u=
0.89
,v=
0.89
,n=
0.89
)
20 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.98
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
20 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
19 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.04
, nb
=0.
04
χ w=
0.00
, χb
=0.
00
[B04
]
Mar
s B
lack
Syn
thet
ic B
lack
Iron
Oxi
de (
PB
k 11
)
4% P
VC
; im
ages
(2G
,2H
)
{oth
er n
on−s
elec
tive
blac
k}
Figure 1: (ii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 22/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.10
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.15
)tr
a. (
s=0.
18,u
=0.
11,v
=0.
10,n
=0.
26)
abs.
(s=
0.71
,u=
0.84
,v=
0.86
,n=
0.59
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.83
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
21 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.23
, nb
=0.
11
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[B05
]
Chr
ome
Iron
Nic
kel B
lack
Spi
nel
She
pher
d B
lack
376
(P
Bk
30)
3% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
9 µm
; im
ages
(3A
,3B
)
{chr
omiu
m ir
on o
xide
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.16
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.26
)tr
a. (
s=0.
26,u
=0.
16,v
=0.
15,n
=0.
35)
abs.
(s=
0.58
,u=
0.79
,v=
0.80
,n=
0.39
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.81
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.40
, nb
=0.
17
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
00
[B06
]
Chr
omiu
m G
reen
−Bla
ck H
emat
ite
She
pher
d B
lack
10C
909
(PG
17)
3% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
1 µm
; im
ages
(3C
,3D
)
{chr
omiu
m ir
on o
xide
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.23
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.06
,n=
0.38
)tr
a. (
s=0.
08,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
00,n
=0.
16)
abs.
(s=
0.69
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.94
,n=
0.45
)
19 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.78
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
20 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.46
, nb
=0.
35
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[B07
]
Chr
omiu
m G
reen
−Bla
ck H
emat
ite M
odifi
ed (
i)
Fer
ro B
lack
V−7
97
7% P
VC
; im
ages
(3E
,3F
)
{chr
omiu
m ir
on o
xide
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.18
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.31
)tr
a. (
s=0.
09,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
01,n
=0.
17)
abs.
(s=
0.72
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.94
,n=
0.52
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.76
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
27 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
28 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.37
, nb
=0.
28
χ w=
0.01
, χb
=0.
00
[B08
]
Chr
omiu
m G
reen
−Bla
ck H
emat
ite M
odifi
ed (
ii)
Fer
ro B
lack
V−7
99
7% P
VC
; im
ages
(3G
,3H
)
{chr
omiu
m ir
on o
xide
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
Figure 1: (iii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 23/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.18
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.29
)tr
a. (
s=0.
17,u
=0.
05,v
=0.
05,n
=0.
29)
abs.
(s=
0.65
,u=
0.90
,v=
0.90
,n=
0.42
)
20 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.87
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
19 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.43
, nb
=0.
17
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
05
[B09
]
Chr
omiu
m G
reen
−Bla
ck H
emat
ite M
odifi
ed (
iii)
Fer
ro B
lack
V−7
99
6% P
VC
; im
ages
(4A
,4B
)
{chr
omiu
m ir
on o
xide
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.22
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.06
,n=
0.37
)tr
a. (
s=0.
08,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
00,n
=0.
16)
abs.
(s=
0.70
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.94
,n=
0.47
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.85
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
27 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
24 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.42
, nb
=0.
33
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[B10
]
Chr
omiu
m Ir
on O
xide
(i)
She
pher
d B
lack
411
(P
Br
29)
7% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
6 µm
; im
ages
(4C
,4D
)
{chr
omiu
m ir
on o
xide
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.19
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.06
,n=
0.31
)tr
a. (
s=0.
20,u
=0.
05,v
=0.
05,n
=0.
35)
abs.
(s=
0.61
,u=
0.90
,v=
0.90
,n=
0.34
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.81
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
24 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.48
, nb
=0.
22
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[B11
]
Chr
omiu
m Ir
on O
xide
(ii)
She
pher
d B
lack
411
(P
Br
29)
3% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
6 µm
; im
ages
(4E
,4F
)
{chr
omiu
m ir
on o
xide
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.13
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.21
)tr
a. (
s=0.
39,u
=0.
03,v
=0.
01,n
=0.
74)
abs.
(s=
0.48
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.93
,n=
0.05
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.75
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
20 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
19 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.85
, nb
=0.
10
χ w=
0.05
, χb
=0.
01
[B12
]
Per
ylen
e B
lack
BA
SF
Pal
ioge
n B
lack
L00
86 (
PB
32)
6% P
VC
; im
ages
(4G
,4H
)
{org
anic
sel
ectiv
e bl
ack}
Figure 1: (iv/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 24/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.17
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.10
,n=
0.24
)tr
a. (
s=0.
37,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
14,n
=0.
60)
abs.
(s=
0.46
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.76
,n=
0.16
)
16 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.83
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
18 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
17 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.61
, nb
=0.
12
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[B13
]
Bur
nt S
ienn
a
Cal
cine
d N
atur
al Ir
on O
xide
(P
Br
7)
13%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
5A,5
B)
{iron
oxi
de b
row
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.25
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.16
,n=
0.34
)tr
a. (
s=0.
18,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
03,n
=0.
32)
abs.
(s=
0.57
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.81
,n=
0.34
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.80
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
28 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
29 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.47
, nb
=0.
27
χ w=
0.01
, χb
=0.
01
[B14
]
Raw
Sie
nna
Nat
ural
Iron
Oxi
de (
PB
r 7)
20%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
5C,5
D)
{iron
oxi
de b
row
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.10
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.07
,n=
0.13
)tr
a. (
s=0.
45,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
24,n
=0.
67)
abs.
(s=
0.45
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.69
,n=
0.20
)
14 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.86
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
14 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
15 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.47
, nb
=0.
06
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[B15
]
Raw
Um
ber
Nat
ural
Iron
Oxi
de w
/Man
gane
se (
PB
r 7)
11%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
5E,5
F)
{iron
oxi
de b
row
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.32
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.25
,n=
0.41
)tr
a. (
s=0.
36,u
=0.
05,v
=0.
24,n
=0.
49)
abs.
(s=
0.31
,u=
0.89
,v=
0.51
,n=
0.09
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.80
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
24 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.74
, nb
=0.
27
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[B16
]
Iron
Tita
nium
Bro
wn
Spi
nel (
i)
She
pher
d B
row
n 15
6 (P
Bk
12)
5% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
9 µm
; im
ages
(5G
,5H
)
{oth
er b
row
n}
Figure 1: (v/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 25/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.27
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.16
,n=
0.38
)tr
a. (
s=0.
29,u
=0.
09,v
=0.
19,n
=0.
40)
abs.
(s=
0.43
,u=
0.86
,v=
0.65
,n=
0.21
)
25 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.81
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.61
, nb
=0.
26
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[B17
]
Iron
Tita
nium
Bro
wn
Spi
nel (
ii)
She
pher
d B
row
n 8
(PB
k 12
)
5% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
2 µm
; im
ages
(6A
,6B
)
{oth
er b
row
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.36
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.26
,n=
0.48
)tr
a. (
s=0.
23,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
12,n
=0.
35)
abs.
(s=
0.41
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.63
,n=
0.17
)
28 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.65
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
26 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
27 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.68
, nb
=0.
40
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[B18
]
Iron
Tita
nium
Bro
wn
Spi
nel (
iii)
She
pher
d G
olde
n B
row
n 19
(P
Bk
12)
9% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
2 µm
; im
ages
(6C
,6D
)
{oth
er b
row
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.26
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.11
,n=
0.40
)tr
a. (
s=0.
27,u
=0.
06,v
=0.
09,n
=0.
43)
abs.
(s=
0.48
,u=
0.88
,v=
0.79
,n=
0.17
)
17 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.83
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
20 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.65
, nb
=0.
27
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
02
[B19
]
Man
gane
se A
ntim
ony
Tita
nium
Buf
f Rut
ile
Fer
ro C
hest
nut B
row
n V
−103
64 (
PY
164
)
3% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
4 µm
; im
ages
(6E
,6F
)
{oth
er b
row
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.22
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.09
,n=
0.35
)tr
a. (
s=0.
17,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
01,n
=0.
32)
abs.
(s=
0.60
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.89
,n=
0.33
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.81
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
21 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.50
, nb
=0.
27
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[B20
]
Zin
c Ir
on C
hrom
ite B
row
n S
pine
l (i)
She
pher
d B
row
n 12
(P
Br
33)
4% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
5 µm
; im
ages
(6G
,6H
)
{oth
er b
row
n}
Figure 1: (vi/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 26/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.25
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.13
,n=
0.36
)tr
a. (
s=0.
31,u
=0.
08,v
=0.
17,n
=0.
45)
abs.
(s=
0.44
,u=
0.87
,v=
0.69
,n=
0.19
)
21 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.84
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.61
, nb
=0.
22
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[B21
]
Zin
c Ir
on C
hrom
ite B
row
n S
pine
l (ii)
She
pher
d B
row
n 15
7 (P
Br
33)
5% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
1 µm
; im
ages
(7A
,7B
)
{oth
er b
row
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.20
,v=
0.15
,n=
0.23
)tr
a. (
s=0.
43,u
=0.
28,v
=0.
26,n
=0.
60)
abs.
(s=
0.37
,u=
0.53
,v=
0.59
,n=
0.17
)
16 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.82
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
24 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.64
, nb
=0.
11
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
02
[U01
]
Cob
alt A
lum
inat
e B
lue
Spi
nel (
i)
Fer
ro B
lue
V−9
250
(PB
28)
9% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
6 µm
; im
ages
(7C
,7D
)
{cob
alt a
lum
inat
e bl
ue}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.18
,u=
0.17
,v=
0.15
,n=
0.21
)tr
a. (
s=0.
45,u
=0.
24,v
=0.
27,n
=0.
63)
abs.
(s=
0.37
,u=
0.59
,v=
0.59
,n=
0.16
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.83
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.65
, nb
=0.
09
χ w=
0.01
, χb
=0.
01
[U02
]
Cob
alt A
lum
inat
e B
lue
Spi
nel (
ii)
She
pher
d B
lue
385
(PB
28)
9% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
4 µm
; im
ages
(7E
,7F
)
{cob
alt a
lum
inat
e bl
ue}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.28
,u=
0.07
,v=
0.21
,n=
0.35
)tr
a. (
s=0.
38,u
=0.
11,v
=0.
28,n
=0.
48)
abs.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.83
,v=
0.51
,n=
0.17
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.83
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.71
, nb
=0.
20
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[U03
]
Cob
alt A
lum
inat
e B
lue
Spi
nel (
iii)
She
pher
d B
lue
424
(PB
28)
6% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
4 µm
; im
ages
(7G
,7H
)
{cob
alt a
lum
inat
e bl
ue}
Figure 1: (vii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 27/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.20
,v=
0.16
,n=
0.23
)tr
a. (
s=0.
41,u
=0.
17,v
=0.
22,n
=0.
58)
abs.
(s=
0.40
,u=
0.63
,v=
0.62
,n=
0.19
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.78
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
24 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.62
, nb
=0.
12
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[U04
]
Cob
alt A
lum
inum
Blu
e
She
pher
d A
rtic
Blu
e 3A
(P
B 2
8)
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(8A
,8B
)
{cob
alt a
lum
inat
e bl
ue}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.21
,u=
0.17
,v=
0.15
,n=
0.26
)tr
a. (
s=0.
34,u
=0.
11,v
=0.
16,n
=0.
51)
abs.
(s=
0.45
,u=
0.72
,v=
0.69
,n=
0.23
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.86
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.62
, nb
=0.
12
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[U05
]
Cob
alt B
lue
Oxi
des
of C
obal
t and
Alu
min
um (
PB
28)
14%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
8C,8
D)
{cob
alt a
lum
inat
e bl
ue}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.26
,u=
0.29
,v=
0.19
,n=
0.32
)tr
a. (
s=0.
33,u
=0.
17,v
=0.
16,n
=0.
49)
abs.
(s=
0.40
,u=
0.54
,v=
0.65
,n=
0.19
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.85
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.68
, nb
=0.
18
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[U06
]
Cer
ulea
n B
lue
Cob
alt C
hrom
ite (
PB
36)
13%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
8E,8
F)
{cob
alt c
hrom
ite b
lue}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.23
,u=
0.16
,v=
0.13
,n=
0.33
)tr
a. (
s=0.
21,u
=0.
03,v
=0.
05,n
=0.
36)
abs.
(s=
0.56
,u=
0.81
,v=
0.82
,n=
0.32
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.71
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
26 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.55
, nb
=0.
25
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[U07
]
Cob
alt C
hrom
ite B
lue
She
pher
d B
lue
190−
A (
PB
36)
8% P
VC
; im
ages
(8G
,8H
)
{cob
alt c
hrom
ite b
lue}
Figure 1: (viii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 28/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.19
,u=
0.14
,v=
0.12
,n=
0.26
)tr
a. (
s=0.
38,u
=0.
17,v
=0.
20,n
=0.
55)
abs.
(s=
0.43
,u=
0.68
,v=
0.68
,n=
0.19
)
16 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.86
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
17 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
15 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.64
, nb
=0.
12
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[U08
]
Cob
alt C
hrom
ite B
lue−
Gre
en S
pine
l (i)
Fer
ro B
lue
V−9
248
(PB
36)
4% P
VC
; im
ages
(9A
,9B
)
{cob
alt c
hrom
ite b
lue}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.20
,v=
0.15
,n=
0.24
)tr
a. (
s=0.
46,u
=0.
26,v
=0.
28,n
=0.
63)
abs.
(s=
0.34
,u=
0.54
,v=
0.57
,n=
0.13
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.84
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.70
, nb
=0.
10
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[U09
]
Cob
alt C
hrom
ite B
lue−
Gre
en S
pine
l (ii)
She
pher
d B
lue
212
(PB
36)
4% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
6 µm
; im
ages
(9C
,9D
)
{cob
alt c
hrom
ite b
lue}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.09
,u=
0.07
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.13
)tr
a. (
s=0.
46,u
=0.
39,v
=0.
20,n
=0.
68)
abs.
(s=
0.45
,u=
0.54
,v=
0.75
,n=
0.19
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.85
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.52
, nb
=0.
05
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[U10
]
Fre
nch
Ultr
amar
ine
Blu
e
Com
plex
Sili
cate
of N
a an
d A
l with
S (
PB
29)
24%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
9E,9
F)
{ultr
amar
ine
blue
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.09
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.06
,n=
0.13
)tr
a. (
s=0.
44,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
21,n
=0.
68)
abs.
(s=
0.47
,u=
0.94
,v=
0.74
,n=
0.20
)
14 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.78
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
13 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
14 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.63
, nb
=0.
08
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[U11
]
Pht
halo
Blu
e (i)
Cop
per
Pht
halo
cyan
ine
(PB
15)
18%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
9G,9
H)
{pht
halo
cyan
ine
blue
}
Figure 1: (ix/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 29/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.08
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.10
)tr
a. (
s=0.
44,u
=0.
02,v
=0.
22,n
=0.
66)
abs.
(s=
0.48
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.72
,n=
0.23
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.82
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.55
, nb
=0.
06
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
00
[U12
]
Pht
halo
Blu
e (ii
)
Toy
o Li
onel
BF
−282
01 (
PB
15)
5% P
VC
; im
ages
(10
A,1
0B)
{pht
halo
cyan
ine
blue
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.08
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.10
)tr
a. (
s=0.
55,u
=0.
16,v
=0.
21,n
=0.
87)
abs.
(s=
0.37
,u=
0.79
,v=
0.74
,n=
0.03
)
10 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.37
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
11 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
12 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.82
, nb
=0.
05
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[U13
]
Dio
xazi
ne P
urpl
e
Car
bazo
le D
ioxa
zine
(P
V 2
3 R
S)
13%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
10C
,10D
)
{dio
xazi
ne p
urpl
e}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.06
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.08
)tr
a. (
s=0.
32,u
=0.
36,v
=0.
27,n
=0.
37)
abs.
(s=
0.61
,u=
0.58
,v=
0.68
,n=
0.55
)
12 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.87
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
12 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
11 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.25
, nb
=0.
05
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[U14
]
Pru
ssia
n B
lue
Milo
ri B
lue
(PB
27)
12%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
22E
,22F
)
{iron
blu
e}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.29
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.14
,n=
0.45
)tr
a. (
s=0.
10,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
00,n
=0.
20)
abs.
(s=
0.60
,u=
0.94
,v=
0.86
,n=
0.36
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.79
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
26 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
24 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.50
, nb
=0.
40
χ w=
0.01
, χb
=0.
00
[G01
]
Chr
ome
Gre
en
Bay
er G
N−M
Chr
ome
Oxi
de G
reen
(P
G 1
7)
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(10
E,1
0F)
{chr
omiu
m o
xide
gre
en}
Figure 1: (x/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 30/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.28
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.12
,n=
0.43
)tr
a. (
s=0.
18,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
01,n
=0.
34)
abs.
(s=
0.54
,u=
0.94
,v=
0.87
,n=
0.24
)
12 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.83
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
13 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
12 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.57
, nb
=0.
33
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[G02
]
Chr
omiu
m O
xide
Gre
en
Anh
ydro
us C
hrom
ium
Ses
quio
xide
(P
G 1
7)
16%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
10G
,10H
)
{chr
omiu
m o
xide
gre
en}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.22
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.07
,n=
0.36
)tr
a. (
s=0.
37,u
=0.
18,v
=0.
22,n
=0.
51)
abs.
(s=
0.41
,u=
0.76
,v=
0.71
,n=
0.13
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.79
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.71
, nb
=0.
22
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[G03
]
Chr
omiu
m G
reen
−Bla
ck M
odifi
ed
Fer
ro C
amou
flage
Gre
en V
−126
50
5% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
1 µm
; im
ages
(11
A,1
1B)
{mod
ified
chr
omiu
m o
xide
gre
en}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.21
,u=
0.12
,v=
0.13
,n=
0.30
)tr
a. (
s=0.
36,u
=0.
15,v
=0.
21,n
=0.
51)
abs.
(s=
0.42
,u=
0.73
,v=
0.67
,n=
0.19
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.79
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.64
, nb
=0.
17
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[G04
]
Cob
alt C
hrom
ite B
lue−
Gre
en S
pine
l (iii
)
She
pher
d G
reen
187
B (
PB
36)
4% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
2 µm
; im
ages
(11
C,1
1D)
{cob
alt c
hrom
ite g
reen
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.18
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.07
,n=
0.28
)tr
a. (
s=0.
41,u
=0.
22,v
=0.
28,n
=0.
54)
abs.
(s=
0.41
,u=
0.72
,v=
0.64
,n=
0.18
)
13 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.82
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
14 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
14 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.64
, nb
=0.
14
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[G05
]
Cob
alt C
hrom
ite G
reen
Spi
nel (
i)
Fer
ro C
amou
flage
Gre
en V
−126
00 (
PG
26)
5% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
8 µm
; im
ages
(11
E,1
1F)
{cob
alt c
hrom
ite g
reen
}
Figure 1: (xi/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 31/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.19
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.07
,n=
0.30
)tr
a. (
s=0.
30,u
=0.
11,v
=0.
17,n
=0.
43)
abs.
(s=
0.51
,u=
0.83
,v=
0.76
,n=
0.27
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.82
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.58
, nb
=0.
18
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[G06
]
Cob
alt C
hrom
ite G
reen
Spi
nel (
ii)
She
pher
d G
reen
179
(P
G 2
6)
7% P
VC
; im
ages
(11
G,1
1H)
{cob
alt c
hrom
ite g
reen
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.33
,u=
0.07
,v=
0.26
,n=
0.41
)tr
a. (
s=0.
32,u
=0.
04,v
=0.
22,n
=0.
43)
abs.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.89
,v=
0.52
,n=
0.16
)
10 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.84
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
11 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
14 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.73
, nb
=0.
30
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
02
[G07
]
Cob
alt T
eal
Ligh
t Gre
en O
xide
(P
G 5
0)
10%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
12A
,12B
)
{cob
alt t
itana
te g
reen
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.22
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.13
,n=
0.31
)tr
a. (
s=0.
22,u
=0.
02,v
=0.
09,n
=0.
34)
abs.
(s=
0.56
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.78
,n=
0.35
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.84
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.47
, nb
=0.
21
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[G08
]
Cob
alt T
itana
te G
reen
Spi
nel (
i)
She
pher
d G
reen
223
(P
G 5
0)
5% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
8 µm
; im
ages
(12
C,1
2D)
{cob
alt t
itana
te g
reen
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.11
,n=
0.29
)tr
a. (
s=0.
14,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
04,n
=0.
23)
abs.
(s=
0.67
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.85
,n=
0.49
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.70
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
25 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
24 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.37
, nb
=0.
26
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[G09
]
Cob
alt T
itana
te G
reen
Spi
nel (
ii)
She
pher
d S
herw
ood
Gre
en 5
(P
G 5
0)
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(12
E,1
2F)
{cob
alt t
itana
te g
reen
}
Figure 1: (xii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 32/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.08
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.10
)tr
a. (
s=0.
38,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
20,n
=0.
55)
abs.
(s=
0.55
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.74
,n=
0.35
)
13 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.86
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
12 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
12 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.45
, nb
=0.
06
χ w=
0.06
, χb
=0.
01
[G10
]
Pht
halo
Gre
en (
i)
Chl
orin
ated
Cop
per
Pht
halo
cyan
ine
(PG
7)
13%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
12G
,12H
)
{pht
halo
cyan
ine
gree
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.08
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.12
)tr
a. (
s=0.
27,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
10,n
=0.
45)
abs.
(s=
0.64
,u=
0.96
,v=
0.85
,n=
0.44
)
25 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.81
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
25 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.42
, nb
=0.
07
χ w=
0.10
, χb
=0.
01
[G11
]
Pht
halo
Gre
en (
ii)
Cla
riant
GT
−674
−D E
ndur
opht
hal G
reen
B (
PG
7)
4% P
VC
; im
ages
(13
A,1
3B)
{pht
halo
cyan
ine
gree
n}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.10
,n=
0.29
)tr
a. (
s=0.
06,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
00,n
=0.
12)
abs.
(s=
0.74
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.89
,n=
0.59
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.71
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
24 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.31
, nb
=0.
28
χ w=
0.01
, χb
=0.
01
[R01
]
Red
Iron
Oxi
de (
i)
Bay
er B
ayfe
rrox
662
2 Ir
on O
xide
(P
R 1
01)
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(13
C,1
3D)
{iron
oxi
de r
ed}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.29
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.14
,n=
0.43
)tr
a. (
s=0.
12,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
00,n
=0.
24)
abs.
(s=
0.59
,u=
0.96
,v=
0.85
,n=
0.33
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.73
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
28 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
24 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.53
, nb
=0.
38
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[R02
]
Red
Iron
Oxi
de (
ii)
Ele
men
tis R
O−3
097
(PR
101
)
8% P
VC
; im
ages
(13
E,1
3F)
{iron
oxi
de r
ed}
Figure 1: (xiii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 33/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.24
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.15
,n=
0.33
)tr
a. (
s=0.
31,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
08,n
=0.
54)
abs.
(s=
0.45
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.77
,n=
0.13
)
13 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.82
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
13 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
13 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.67
, nb
=0.
19
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[R03
]
Red
Iron
Oxi
de (
iii)
Fer
ro R
ed V
−138
10 (
PR
101
)
3% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
27 µ
m; i
mag
es (
13G
,13H
)
{iron
oxi
de r
ed}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.25
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.15
,n=
0.36
)tr
a. (
s=0.
25,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
04,n
=0.
45)
abs.
(s=
0.50
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.81
,n=
0.19
)
16 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.78
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
16 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
17 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.62
, nb
=0.
26
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[R04
]
Red
Oxi
de
Syn
thet
ic R
ed Ir
on O
xide
(P
R 1
01)
13%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
14A
,14B
)
{iron
oxi
de r
ed}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.29
,n=
0.44
)tr
a. (
s=0.
36,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
18,n
=0.
54)
abs.
(s=
0.29
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.53
,n=
0.02
)
10 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.80
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
11 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
10 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.87
, nb
=0.
26
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[R05
]
Cad
miu
m O
rang
e
Cad
miu
m O
rang
e (P
O 2
0)
14%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
14C
,14D
)
{cad
miu
m o
rang
e}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.10
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.07
,n=
0.12
)tr
a. (
s=0.
56,u
=0.
02,v
=0.
26,n
=0.
86)
abs.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.67
,n=
0.02
)
11 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.86
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
11 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
12 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.83
, nb
=0.
06
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[R06
]
Acr
a B
urnt
Ora
nge
Qui
nacr
idon
e (P
R 2
06)
24%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
14E
,14F
)
{org
anic
red
}
Figure 1: (xiv/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 34/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.12
,u=
0.07
,v=
0.10
,n=
0.13
)tr
a. (
s=0.
58,u
=0.
04,v
=0.
32,n
=0.
85)
abs.
(s=
0.30
,u=
0.89
,v=
0.58
,n=
0.02
)
27 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.82
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
24 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.85
, nb
=0.
06
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[R07
]
Acr
a R
ed
Qui
nacr
idon
e R
ed G
amm
a (P
R 2
09)
13%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
14G
,14H
)
{org
anic
red
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.22
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.16
,n=
0.29
)tr
a. (
s=0.
41,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
15,n
=0.
67)
abs.
(s=
0.37
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.69
,n=
0.04
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.74
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
25 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.86
, nb
=0.
14
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[R08
]
Mon
astr
al R
ed
Cib
a G
eigy
Mon
astr
al N
RT
−742
−D S
carle
t (P
V 1
9)
6% P
VC
; im
ages
(15
A,1
5B)
{org
anic
red
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.18
,n=
0.22
)tr
a. (
s=0.
47,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
18,n
=0.
76)
abs.
(s=
0.33
,u=
0.94
,v=
0.64
,n=
0.01
)
13 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.71
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
11 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
13 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.87
, nb
=0.
12
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[R09
]
Nap
htho
l Red
Lig
ht
Nap
htho
l AS
−OL
(PR
9)
36%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
15C
,15D
)
{org
anic
red
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.29
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.26
,n=
0.33
)tr
a. (
s=0.
35,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
16,n
=0.
54)
abs.
(s=
0.37
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.58
,n=
0.13
)
19 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.79
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
20 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.70
, nb
=0.
21
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[Y01
]
Yel
low
Oxi
de
Syn
thet
ic H
ydra
ted
Iron
Oxi
de (
PY
42)
16%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
15E
,15F
)
{iron
oxi
de y
ello
w}
Figure 1: (xv/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 35/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.42
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.42
,n=
0.46
)tr
a. (
s=0.
38,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
25,n
=0.
52)
abs.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.95
,v=
0.34
,n=
0.02
)
11 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.79
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
11 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
10 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.87
, nb
=0.
29
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[Y02
]
Cad
miu
m Y
ello
w L
ight
Cad
miu
m Y
ello
w (
PY
35)
15%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
15G
,15H
)
{cad
miu
m y
ello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.41
,u=
0.04
,v=
0.39
,n=
0.45
)tr
a. (
s=0.
33,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
18,n
=0.
49)
abs.
(s=
0.26
,u=
0.96
,v=
0.43
,n=
0.05
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.72
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
30 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.83
, nb
=0.
34
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[Y03
]
Chr
ome
Yel
low
Dom
inio
n C
olor
Kro
lor
KY
−781
−D (
PY
34)
10%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
16A
,16B
)
{chr
ome
yello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.41
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.31
,n=
0.53
)tr
a. (
s=0.
30,u
=0.
02,v
=0.
19,n
=0.
42)
abs.
(s=
0.29
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.50
,n=
0.06
)
17 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.77
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
21 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.82
, nb
=0.
46
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[Y04
]
Chr
ome
Ant
imon
y T
itani
um B
uff R
utile
(i)
Fer
ro A
utum
n G
old
V−1
0415
(P
Br
24)
6% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
3 µm
; im
ages
(16
C,1
6D)
{chr
ome
titan
ate
yello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.38
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.34
,n=
0.44
)tr
a. (
s=0.
37,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
23,n
=0.
52)
abs.
(s=
0.25
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.43
,n=
0.04
)
18 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.81
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
17 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.86
, nb
=0.
26
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
01
[Y05
]
Chr
ome
Ant
imon
y T
itani
um B
uff R
utile
(ii)
Fer
ro B
right
Gol
den
Yel
low
V−1
0411
(P
Br
24)
3% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
5 µm
; im
ages
(16
E,1
6F)
{chr
ome
titan
ate
yello
w}
Figure 1: (xvi/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 36/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.48
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.39
,n=
0.60
)tr
a. (
s=0.
22,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
09,n
=0.
34)
abs.
(s=
0.30
,u=
0.94
,v=
0.52
,n=
0.06
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.79
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
24 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.84
, nb
=0.
51
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[Y06
]
Chr
ome
Ant
imon
y T
itani
um B
uff R
utile
(iii
)
She
pher
d Y
ello
w 1
93 (
PB
r 24
)
7% P
VC
; im
ages
(16
G,1
6H)
{chr
ome
titan
ate
yello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.50
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.37
,n=
0.66
)tr
a. (
s=0.
14,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
05,n
=0.
24)
abs.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.94
,v=
0.58
,n=
0.10
)
26 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.72
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
26 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
27 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.80
, nb
=0.
62
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[Y07
]
Chr
ome
Tita
nate
Yel
low
Ishi
hara
Tip
aque
TY
−300
(P
Br
24)
12%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
17A
,17B
)
{chr
ome
titan
ate
yello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.33
,n=
0.40
)tr
a. (
s=0.
53,u
=0.
22,v
=0.
51,n
=0.
58)
abs.
(s=
0.12
,u=
0.72
,v=
0.16
,n=
0.03
)
17 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.78
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
17 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
17 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.87
, nb
=0.
22
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[Y08
]
Nic
kel A
ntim
ony
Tita
nium
Yel
low
Rut
ile (
i)
Fer
ro Y
ello
w V
−941
5 (P
Y 4
2)
3% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
2 µm
; im
ages
(17
C,1
7D)
{nic
kel t
itana
te y
ello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.49
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.45
,n=
0.56
)tr
a. (
s=0.
31,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
24,n
=0.
40)
abs.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.31
,n=
0.04
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.77
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.85
, nb
=0.
43
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[Y09
]
Nic
kel A
ntim
ony
Tita
nium
Yel
low
Rut
ile (
ii)
Fer
ro Y
ello
w V
−941
6 (P
Y 5
3)
5% P
VC
; siz
e 0.
8 µm
; im
ages
(17
E,1
7F)
{nic
kel t
itana
te y
ello
w}
Figure 1: (xvii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 37/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.48
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.46
,n=
0.54
)tr
a. (
s=0.
32,u
=0.
01,v
=0.
28,n
=0.
38)
abs.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.93
,v=
0.26
,n=
0.08
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.71
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
23 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.81
, nb
=0.
45
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
02
[Y10
]
Nic
kel A
ntim
ony
Tita
nium
Yel
low
Rut
ile (
iii)
She
pher
d Y
ello
w 1
95 (
PY
53)
7% P
VC
; siz
e 1.
2 µm
; im
ages
(17
G,1
7H)
{nic
kel t
itana
te y
ello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.62
,u=
0.06
,v=
0.61
,n=
0.68
)tr
a. (
s=0.
15,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
09,n
=0.
22)
abs.
(s=
0.23
,u=
0.94
,v=
0.30
,n=
0.11
)
27 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.62
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
24 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.77
, nb
=0.
64
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[Y11
]
Nic
kel T
itana
te Y
ello
w
Ishi
hara
Tip
aque
TY
−50
(PY
53)
15%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
18A
,18B
)
{nic
kel t
itana
te y
ello
w}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.51
,u=
0.09
,v=
0.54
,n=
0.53
)tr
a. (
s=0.
32,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
21,n
=0.
44)
abs.
(s=
0.17
,u=
0.91
,v=
0.25
,n=
0.03
)
19 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.80
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
18 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
18 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.86
, nb
=0.
38
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
02
[Y12
]
Prim
er
Str
ontiu
m C
hrom
ate
Yel
low
+ T
itani
um D
ioxi
de
23%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
18C
,18D
)
{str
ontiu
m c
hrom
ate
yello
w +
tita
nium
dio
xide
}I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.17
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.21
,n=
0.14
)tr
a. (
s=0.
63,u
=0.
05,v
=0.
43,n
=0.
84)
abs.
(s=
0.21
,u=
0.91
,v=
0.36
,n=
0.02
)
11 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.80
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
12 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
11 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.87
, nb
=0.
06
χ w=
0.05
, χb
=0.
01
[Y13
]
Yel
low
Med
ium
Azo
Ary
lide
Yel
low
5G
X (
PY
74
LF)
23%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
18E
,18F
)
{Han
sa y
ello
w}
Figure 1: (xviii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 38/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.20
,u=
0.05
,v=
0.21
,n=
0.20
)tr
a. (
s=0.
57,u
=0.
07,v
=0.
35,n
=0.
79)
abs.
(s=
0.24
,u=
0.89
,v=
0.43
,n=
0.01
)
12 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.81
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
13 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
11 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.87
, nb
=0.
08
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[Y14
]
Yel
low
Ora
nge
Azo
Dia
rylid
e Y
ello
w (
PY
83
HR
70)
25%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
18G
,18H
)
{dia
rylid
e ye
llow
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.44
,u=
0.20
,v=
0.42
,n=
0.47
)tr
a. (
s=0.
48,u
=0.
15,v
=0.
50,n
=0.
51)
abs.
(s=
0.08
,u=
0.64
,v=
0.08
,n=
0.02
)
20 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.44
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.88
, nb
=0.
41
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
01
[P01
]
Brig
ht G
old
(Pea
rlesc
ent)
Eng
elha
rd E
xter
ior
Mea
rlin
239X
Brig
ht G
old
8% P
VC
; im
ages
(19
A,1
9B)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.48
,u=
0.29
,v=
0.58
,n=
0.41
)tr
a. (
s=0.
41,u
=0.
09,v
=0.
31,n
=0.
53)
abs.
(s=
0.11
,u=
0.62
,v=
0.11
,n=
0.06
)
23 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.10
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
25 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.88
, nb
=0.
36
χ w=
0.10
, χb
=0.
00
[P02
]
Brig
ht W
hite
(P
earle
scen
t)
Eng
elha
rd E
xter
ior
Mea
rlin
139X
Brig
ht W
hite
11%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
19C
,19D
)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.45
,u=
0.16
,v=
0.41
,n=
0.51
)tr
a. (
s=0.
48,u
=0.
08,v
=0.
54,n
=0.
47)
abs.
(s=
0.07
,u=
0.76
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.02
)
17 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.46
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
18 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
19 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.90
, nb
=0.
46
χ w=
0.05
, χb
=0.
03
[P03
]
Inte
rfer
ence
Blu
e
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(19
E,1
9F)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
Figure 1: (xix/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 39/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.45
,u=
0.24
,v=
0.44
,n=
0.47
)tr
a. (
s=0.
50,u
=0.
17,v
=0.
53,n
=0.
51)
abs.
(s=
0.05
,u=
0.59
,v=
0.03
,n=
0.02
)
21 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.43
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
25 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.89
, nb
=0.
45
χ w=
0.06
, χb
=0.
02
[P04
]
Inte
rfer
ence
Gol
d
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
6% P
VC
; im
ages
(19
G,1
9H)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.52
,u=
0.18
,v=
0.56
,n=
0.52
)tr
a. (
s=0.
39,u
=0.
02,v
=0.
36,n
=0.
46)
abs.
(s=
0.09
,u=
0.80
,v=
0.09
,n=
0.02
)
37 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.33
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
31 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
31 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.90
, nb
=0.
42
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
02
[P05
]
Inte
rfer
ence
Gre
en
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(20
A,2
0B)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.48
,u=
0.28
,v=
0.42
,n=
0.54
)tr
a. (
s=0.
45,u
=0.
06,v
=0.
53,n
=0.
43)
abs.
(s=
0.07
,u=
0.66
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.03
)
17 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.47
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
17 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
17 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.89
, nb
=0.
49
χ w=
0.05
, χb
=0.
03
[P06
]
Inte
rfer
ence
Ora
nge
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(20
C,2
0D)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.49
,u=
0.27
,v=
0.43
,n=
0.57
)tr
a. (
s=0.
44,u
=0.
06,v
=0.
53,n
=0.
41)
abs.
(s=
0.06
,u=
0.68
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.02
)
19 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.20
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
19 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.90
, nb
=0.
54
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
03
[P07
]
Inte
rfer
ence
Red
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(20
E,2
0F)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
Figure 1: (xx/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 40/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.47
,u=
0.23
,v=
0.41
,n=
0.55
)tr
a. (
s=0.
46,u
=0.
07,v
=0.
54,n
=0.
43)
abs.
(s=
0.07
,u=
0.70
,v=
0.05
,n=
0.02
)
18 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.55
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
19 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.90
, nb
=0.
48
χ w=
0.05
, χb
=0.
02
[P08
]
Inte
rfer
ence
Vio
let
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
9% P
VC
; im
ages
(20
G,2
0H)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.47
,u=
0.28
,v=
0.58
,n=
0.39
)tr
a. (
s=0.
46,u
=0.
05,v
=0.
36,n
=0.
57)
abs.
(s=
0.08
,u=
0.68
,v=
0.06
,n=
0.04
)
21 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.47
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.88
, nb
=0.
35
χ w=
0.08
, χb
=0.
01
[P09
]
Irid
esce
nt W
hite
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
10%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
21A
,21B
)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.41
,u=
0.19
,v=
0.36
,n=
0.47
)tr
a. (
s=0.
43,u
=0.
08,v
=0.
42,n
=0.
47)
abs.
(s=
0.16
,u=
0.72
,v=
0.21
,n=
0.05
)
20 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.26
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
20 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.85
, nb
=0.
43
χ w=
0.05
, χb
=0.
00
[P10
]
Bra
ss (
Pea
rlesc
ent)
Eng
elha
rd E
xter
ior
Mea
rlin
2329
X B
rass
8% P
VC
; im
ages
(21
C,2
1D)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
+ ir
on o
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.11
,v=
0.32
,n=
0.40
)tr
a. (
s=0.
32,u
=0.
03,v
=0.
13,n
=0.
50)
abs.
(s=
0.34
,u=
0.86
,v=
0.55
,n=
0.11
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.11
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
23 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.71
, nb
=0.
36
χ w=
0.04
, χb
=0.
00
[P11
]
Brig
ht B
ronz
e (P
earle
scen
t)
Eng
elha
rd E
xter
ior
Mea
rlin
249X
Brig
ht B
ronz
e
11%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
21E
,21F
)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
+ ir
on o
xide
}
Figure 1: (xxi/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 41/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
I. Observed Film Property
00.20.40.60.81
ref.
(s=
0.35
,u=
0.10
,v=
0.24
,n=
0.47
)tr
a. (
s=0.
24,u
=0.
02,v
=0.
11,n
=0.
37)
abs.
(s=
0.40
,u=
0.88
,v=
0.65
,n=
0.15
)
24 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
10−1
100
101
102
103
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.27
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
00.20.40.60.81
22 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
25 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.67
, nb
=0.
44
χ w=
0.02
, χb
=0.
01
[P12
]
Brig
ht C
oppe
r (P
earle
scen
t)
Eng
elha
rd E
xter
ior
Mea
rlin
349X
Brig
ht C
oppe
r
11%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
21G
,21H
)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
+ ir
on o
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.22
,u=
0.09
,v=
0.19
,n=
0.26
)tr
a. (
s=0.
07,u
=0.
00,v
=0.
02,n
=0.
12)
abs.
(s=
0.71
,u=
0.90
,v=
0.79
,n=
0.62
)
20 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)ab
sorp
tion
(K)
back
scat
terin
g (S
)
σ=
0.60
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
17 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
17 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.27
, nb
=0.
25
χ w=
0.01
, χb
=0.
00
[P13
]
Ric
h B
ronz
e
Mic
a C
oate
d w
/Tita
nium
Dio
xide
and
Iron
Oxi
de
8% P
VC
; im
ages
(22
A,2
2B)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
+ ir
on o
xide
}
I. Observed Film Property
ref.
(s=
0.33
,u=
0.09
,v=
0.19
,n=
0.46
)tr
a. (
s=0.
27,u
=0.
04,v
=0.
16,n
=0.
39)
abs.
(s=
0.40
,u=
0.87
,v=
0.65
,n=
0.14
)
22 µ
m/v
oid
uvvi
sni
r
II. K−M Coefficient (mm−1
)
abso
rptio
n (K
)ba
cksc
atte
ring
(S)
σ=
0.24
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
III. Observed Film Reflectance
19 µ
m/w
hite
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
22 µ
m/b
lack
mea
sure
dca
lcul
ated
n w=
0.68
, nb
=0.
42
χ w=
0.03
, χb
=0.
00
[P14
]
Rus
set (
Pea
rlesc
ent)
Eng
elha
rd E
xter
ior
Mea
rlin
449X
Rus
set
10%
PV
C; i
mag
es (
22C
,22D
)
{mic
a +
titan
ium
dio
xide
+ ir
on o
xide
}
Figure 1: (xxii/xxii) continued.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 42/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
A B C D E F G H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1
Fig
ure
2:C
olor
imag
esof
pain
tfil
ms
cite
din
Fig
.1.
Show
nfo
rea
chpa
int
film
isit
sap
pear
ance
over
aw
hite
back
grou
nd,
follo
wed
byit
sap
pear
ance
over
abl
ack
back
grou
nd.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 43/44 December 21, 2004
R. Levinson, P. Berdahl, and H. Abkari Solar Spectral Optical Properties of Pigments, Part II (Survey)
NIR
Tra
nsm
ittan
ce
●
●
●
●
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1
2
3
4
White (W)
cool ← → hot
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1718
19
20
21
Black/Brown (B)
cool ← → hot
opaq
ue ←
→ tr
ansp
aren
t
NIR
Tra
nsm
ittan
ce
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
12
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
111213
14
Blue/Purple (U)
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
●
●
●
1
2
3 45
67
8
9
10
11
Green (G)
opaq
ue ←
→ tr
ansp
aren
t
NIR
Tra
nsm
ittan
ce
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1
2
3
4
5
67
8
9
Red/Orange (R)
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
123
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
1314
Yellow (Y)op
aque
←→
tran
spar
ent
NIR Absorptance
NIR
Tra
nsm
ittan
ce
●●●●●●●●
●
● ●
●
●
●
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1 2345678
9
1011
12
13
14
Pearlescent (P)
Fig
ure
3:N
IRab
sorp
tanc
esan
dtr
ansm
itta
nces
of87
pigm
ente
dfil
ms.
Api
gmen
tw
ith
low
NIR
-abs
orpt
ance
isco
ol,bu
ta
cool
pigm
ent
wit
hhi
ghN
IRtr
ansm
itta
nce
requ
ires
anN
IR-r
eflec
ting
back
grou
nd.
The
colo
rof
each
circ
le’s
inte
rior
indi
cate
svi
sibl
etr
ansm
itta
nce:
blac
k,le
ssth
an0.
1;gr
ay,be
twee
n0.
1an
d0.
3;w
hite
,ov
er0.
3.
draft—do not quote, copy, or circulate 44/44 December 21, 2004