Download - Latin American Revolutions
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Latin American Revolutions
Libertyville HS
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Conquest to Colonies
• Conquistadors defeated Aztecs, Mayans & Incans; set up gov’ts– New Spain = Aztec /
Mayan area– Viceroyalty = “assistant
king”• Viceroy appointed by king• Had authority of king• Semi-independent
– Audiencia• Judicial courts in New World• Also had legislative powers
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The Colonial Experience• Social structure based on purity of
Spanish bloodlines– Peninsulares: socially superior to all
others– Criollos (Iberians born in New Spain):
wealthiest class– Mestizos: Spanish men, American Ind.
Women; excluded from econ op.– Slaves
• Women were to be obedient to men (patriarchal society)
• Catholic Church– Church as imp. as gov’t officials– Natives identified w/ Virgin Mary– Crucifixion mirrored their suffering
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The Colonial Experience
• European born were dominant & controlled native labor– Mining– Cash crops– Trade
• Colonial Administration– Directed from Spain– Responsible to Spain– BUT semi-independent
from Spain (distance, time)
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The Colonial Experience• Economy
– Mining was key (silver, gold)– Agriculture: cash & food crop
• Encomiendas (labor system)– Given a certain # of natives– Responsible for teaching Spanish,
religion in exchange for food, gold• Haciendas (self sufficient land
grants)– Trade
• Spanish monopoly• Slave trade: British monopoly
(asiento – K – between Spain, Britain, to supply slaves)
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European Power in Sp. America• Spanish power declined
in late 17th / early 18th C.– Spanish Hapsburgs weak– Peninsulares, Criollos
dominated Am. w/ little interference from Spain
– Bourbons took over, 1701 (remember the War of Spanish Succession?)• More efficient government• Revived Spanish control in
NW• More efficient taxation =
more wealth taken out of NW
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Opposition to Spanish Control• Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
– Success of American Revolution inspired him to seek freedom for Spanish colonies
– Called “The Liberator”• Contributed to liberation of
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, Bolivia
– Formed federation of former colonies called Gran Columbia• Served as its president from
1821-1830• Believed in strong central gov’t• Anti-slavery
Gran Columbia in blue
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Haitian Revolution (against French)
• Santo Domingo (island)– 2/3 of Fr. Tropical imports– 1/3 of Fr. Total foreign
trade!• Brutal slave economy
– Poor living conditions– Harsh punishments– Constant demand for
more African slaves
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The Haitian Revolution
• French Rev. in France leads to rev. in islands– Rich planters vs. free mixed
race population (“gens de coleur” – mulattoes)
• Slaves take advantage, rebel– Plantations burned, masters
killed, houses destroyed– Combined African political
culture w/ Fr. Rev. ideology
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Haitian Revolution• Toussaint L’Ouverture
– Former slave, leader of rebellion
– Created an organized, disciplined military force
• 1794: Fr. NA abolished slavery
• 1801: L’Ouverture adopted liberal constitution– Asserted loyalty to France– Made Haiti indep.
• And then Napoleon took over…
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Haitian Revolution• 1802: Nap. sent army to
reclaim Santo Domingo– Captured Toussaint (sent to
France, died in prison)– Then, yellow fever infected
French troops– Brutality on both sides– Native resistance strong; they
began winning the fight• Fr. forces withdrew• US (Thomas Jefferson) put
embargo on Haiti (feared free blacks)
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Haitian Revolution
• Outcomes– With no base in Americas,
Napoleon sold colonies to USA
– Haiti declared indep. 1804 (first black republic)
– US continued embargo (Jefferson pro-French)
– Haiti economy a shambles for decades
– Political violence continue for decades
Jean Jacques Dessalines, firstPresident of the republic
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The Disintegration of Argentina • Bolivar: “I fear peace more
than war”• Difficulties following revolution
– No middle class– No tradition of self rule– No cultural unity– Contrast with USA
• Rise of caudillo (military dictator)– Usually a military officer who
took over government– Ruled using combo of charisma,
strength, patronage
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The Disintegration of Argentina• Decades of civil war tore
Argentina apart– Paraguay, Uruguay, and
Bolivia declared independence from Argentina
• Juan Manuel Rosas, caudillo of Argentina (1828-52)– Violent: assassination,
intimidation of enemies– BUT he brought economic
benefits to region– “Man of the people”
(whipping story)
Juan Manuel de Rosas, caudilloof Argentina
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Mexican Independence• Republic est. 1823• Spain invaded, 1829
(defeated)• French invaded, 1838
(defeated)• Mexico invited US citizens
to settle in Texas (then, a state of Mexico) in 1820s– Soon outnumbered
Mexicans– Opposed Mexican gov’ts
abolition of slavery
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Mexican Independence• 1835-36: TX rebellion vs.
Mexican liberals– Alamo– BUT Texans win war,
declare independence• 1845: TX became a state
of US – provoked war– 1848: Treaty forced Mexico
to give up Mexico Cession (CA, NM, AZ)
– In return, Mexico received $15 million
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Mexican Independence• Mexican liberals took over
gov’t: Benito Juarez– Reforms (equality; no
privileges for church, military)– Sparked CW w/ conservatives
(1858-1861)• French invaded in 1862, set
up Maximilian as Emperor– Austrian Hapsburg– US threatened to get involved
after 1865– French pulled out, Max
executed in 1867
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Results of Independence Movements
• Legacy of Spanish colonialism• Political liberalism limited• Much of L.A. were economic disaster
areas (corruption, primitive economies)• Latin American weakness allowed USA
rise to prominence in last ½ of 19th C.