Large Optical Telescopes 8-10m & 23-39m
Atualização: 20/04/2017
Giant telescopes
2 Fig. 1.8, Lena, 3rd Ed.
GMT
VLT, Gemini, etc
Giant telescopes
3
GMT, TMT, ELT
Natu
re 4
52, 142-1
45 (
2008)
39 m
Giant telescopes ● The construction of telescopes with large mirror faces difficulties
● Solutions
⇨ very thin mirrors
⇨ mosaic of mirrors
→ Keck: 10m = 36 x 1,8m
→ Support for each mirror (active optics)
The 10 meter Keck telescopes were developed and built by CALTECH & Universidade de California. What about USP?
Giant telescopes : Keck 10m
In front of a mirror segment of the Keck telescopes (2003)
in Mauna Kea mountain (Hawaii, USA) at 4205 m
Swinburne's Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing (Australia) staff
and students mark out the size of one Keck mirror. They have an
agreement to use up to 20 nights of Keck time. http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/keck/
Giant telescopes : 2 x Keck 10m
- Australia has 15 nights per year. Also: - Swinburne University (Melbourne) has 15-20 Keck nights per year - The Australian National University (ANU) has 15 nights per year (new director of ANU Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics). ANU = budget$886milhões? = R$1,8
bilhões
- USP = 0 noites (budget R$5 bilhões)
GTC
HET
Las Campanas Pachon Roque de Los
Muchachos, La Palma
McDonald, Texas
Mt Graham, Arizona
Hawaii
Hawaii Hawaii
Mt. Hopkins,
AZ Hawaii
La Silla Siding
Spring
Australia
La Silla
3,6m
Blanco
4m
To
lolo
Paranal
SOAR
Pachon
Updated by J.M. on May 2nd, 2012
Kitt Peak Hawaii
La Palma Hawaii
Kitt Peak La Palma
Apache
Point, NM
Partners: Australia Limited (AU universities), ANU, Carnegie, Harvard, Korea ASI,
SAO, Univ. Texas, Texas A&M, Univ. Arizona, Univ Chicago, FAPESP
Artistic image of GMT
at Las Campanas
FAPESP no GMT, 4% cost (<= 14 nights)
Cerro Las Campanas, 2550 m above sea level
• 7 X 8.4m Segments
• 18m focal length
• f/0.7 primary
• f/8 Gregorian focus
• 21.4m equiv. area
• 24.5m equiv. ang. res.
• 20-25’ FOV
The Giant Magellan Telescope
(GMT) 21,4 – 24,5m
7 x 1.1-m secondary segments
•Cost in 2008, US$600 million, cost as of May 2012, US$700 million.
Cost as of April 2016: 1 billion US$?
•Completion target in 2008 2017; in 2016 2021; in 2017 2022
•Location - Las Campanas Observatory, Chile (2,516 meters)
•Height of telescope housing - 200 feet (61 meters)
The second of GMT’s seven 8.4 meter (27-foot) diameter primary mirrors was cast on 2012
January 14th at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory.
GMT Press Release (April 2, 2012)
GIANT TELESCOPE PROJECT PARTNERS
PASS ON FEDERAL FUNDS Pasadena, CA --The board of directors of the Giant
Magellan Telescope Organization (GMTO) has informed
the National Science Foundation (NSF) that they will not
participate in an upcoming funding opportunity. The
partners in the project feel that they are making such
rapid progress that they have chosen to press ahead at
full speed, looking to link up with the NSF at a later date.
With nearly half of the $700M needed to build the
observatory committed, the partners are confident that
they will complete the telescope.
GMT Press Release (March 23, 2012)
BIG BANG ON EARTH - BLASTING A
MOUNTAINTOP TO MINE THE SKY Astronomers have begun to blast 3 million cubic feet of rock from a
mountaintop in the Chilean Andes to make room for what will be the
world’s largest telescope when completed near the end of the decade.
The telescope will be located at the Carnegie Institution’s Las Campanas
Observatory - one of the world’s premier astronomical sites, known for its
pristine conditions and clear, dark skies. Over the next few months, more
than 70 controlled blasts will breakup the rock while leaving a solid bedrock
foundation for the telescope and its precision scientific instruments.
The TMT: 30-Meter
Telescope
The TMT Conceptual Design
• 30-meter filled aperture mirror
• 492 segments of 1.4m diameter
• Alt-azimuth mount
• Ritchey-Chrétien design
• f/1 primary, f/15 final focus
• Very AO-intensive
• Field of View = 20 arcmin
• Instruments located at Nasmyth
foci, multiple instruments on each
Nasmyth platform addressable by
agile tertiary mirror
First light: 2008 estimate 2016; 2012 2018;
2013 2021; 2015 2022 (perhaps 2023?)
The TMT project is an international partnership among Caltech, the University of California, and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy. The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) joined TMT as a Collaborating Institution in 2008. The National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences joined TMT as an Observer in 2009. India joined as an observer in 2010. China and India became TMT partners in 2012 COST in 2008: US$754 million COST in 2009: US$1 – 1.2 billion COST in 2013: US$1.3 billion COST in 2016: US$1.4 billion
Artistic image, TMT @ Mauna Kea
700 crore proposed budget
1 crore = 10 million Indian rupees
700 crore = 132 million US$
India gets money for the TMT
Cultural practitioner Joshua Lanakila Mangauil, along with Kahoʻokahi Kanuha and Hawaiian
sovereignty supporters block the access road to Mauna Kea in October 2014, demonstrating
against the building of the Thirty Meter Telescope. https://www.flickr.com/photos/occupyhilo/15489459316/in/photostream/
Aperture: 42 m
Field of view: 10 arcminute diameter
Mounting: Nasmyth mount
Location: Cerro Armazones, Chile @ 3060 m
Housing: Dome
Start of operations:
2018 (planned)
Wavelength range:
blue atmospheric cut-off (300 nm) to mid-infrared (24 microns)
Instrumentation: 9 stations for fixed instruments
Pixel scale: at Nasmyth focus (F/17.7), 1 arcsecond on sky corresponds to 3.6 mm in the focal plane
European
Extremely Large
Telescope (E-ELT)
39,3 m (798 hexagonal 1.4 m mirror segments)
Early next decade
Cost about 1 billion euros
E-ELT and VLT vs Giza Pyramids
GMT = 5 Keck
TMT = 9 Keck
ELT = 15 Keck K
ec
k (1
0m
)
GMT
(23m) TMT (30m)
ELT (39,3 m)
8 m
SO
AR
OP
D
http://www.eso.org/public/brazil/news/eso1440/
December 2014: Green light to construct the ELT
Why was the two-phase approach necessary?
A: The two-phase plan allows ESO to move ahead with the
construction while awaiting the completion of the Brazilian
ratification process. The ESO Council requires ESO to have
90% of funding secured before starting construction. To comply
with this rule and also to respect the timing of the project, a
decision was taken to divide the work in two steps.
Even though a Phase 1 E-ELT will be a fully working 39-metre
telescope with adaptive optics and three science instruments,
ESO’s goal remains to secure funding for the full baseline E-ELT
that will provide an extraordinary telescope with further improved
performance and operational characteristics.
What will be moved to Phase 2?
A detailed list of the items moved to Phase 2 is given in the December
2014 Messenger article. A summary is given here:
210 out of a total of 798 mirror segments of the telescope’s primary
mirror. These constitute the five inner rings of the main mirror.
The seventh sector mirror segments: The E-ELT’s primary mirror is
composed of six identical sectors of 133 segments each. The 133
segments are different to each other both in shape and optical
prescription. The baseline plan foresees the procurement of a seventh
sector strictly needed to guarantee the replacement of the segments in
a turn-around plan to maintain a constant reflectivity and micro-
roughness level. This seventh sector is moved to Phase 2.
Two of the six lasers used for adaptive optics.
The LTAO (laser tomography adaptive optics) module: this affects the
performance of the METIS and HARMONI instruments, and is identified
as the highest priority Phase 2 item.
One of the pre-focal stations on the telescope’s Nasmyth platforms.
The power-conditioning system.
26/5/2017