Download - Language Terms
![Page 1: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Proto-Indo-European• Russian scholars have led the
way on research of ancient languages
• Nostratic-the ancient ancestor of Indo-European languages-were hunter-gatherers of 14,000 yrs. ago
• Nostratic is the ancestor of Indo-European, Kartvelian, Uralic-Altaic , Afro-Asiatic & Dravidian
• Hearth of Indo-European was Black Sea or east-central Europe some 5,000 to 9000 years ago
![Page 2: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Postulated diffusion of an Indo-European proto-language
![Page 4: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• The approximate timing of the westward dispersal of theIndo-European languages.
![Page 5: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Renfrew Hypothesis
• British scholar Colin Renfrew proposed 3 hearth areas near the Fertile Crescent.
• Renfrew hypothesis claims that Anatolia was the source of Europe’s Indo-European languages, from the western Fertile Crescent North African & Arabic languages, from the eastern Fertile Crescent the languages of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan & India
• Michael Oppenheimer claims that Indo-European languages originated in India over 50,000 years ago
![Page 6: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Indo-European Language Family
The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.
![Page 8: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Indo-European is the largest and most widespread language family.
![Page 9: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Languages of Europe
• Dominated by Indo-European.
• Subfamilies include:• Germanic• Romance• Slavic• Celtic• There is a high correlation
between languages and political organization.
• Pockets of Ural-Altaic
![Page 10: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Romance Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.
![Page 11: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Invasions of England 5th–11th centuries
Fig. 5-2: The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.
![Page 12: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.
![Page 13: Language Terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568165be550346895dd8bdc6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Euskera
The Basque speak the Euskera language, which is in no way related to any other language family in Europe.
How did Euskera survive?