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Research ProjectBeauty TipsResearch Study on Language Shift in Punjabi Language
Research Study on Language Shift in Punjabi Language
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 5
Background of the study 6
Introduction 6
Problem statement 7
Delimitation of Study 7
Aims and Objectives 8
Literature Review 8
Research Methodology 10
Data Analysis and Interpretations and Discussion 13
Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations 22
Significance of the study 23
References 24
Annexure: Questionnaire 25
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Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I give thanks to Allah – the omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent for Hisguidance, protection, divine provision and making this educational sojourn a reality.
It is a pleasure to express my appreciation to those who have influenced this work. I am deeplygrateful to my instructor Prof. Dr. Saiqa Asif for her time, encouragement and concern for thestudy. Frequent conversations with her stimulated my interest in research. Without her guidanceand support the successful completion of this study was not possible for sure.
My sweetest thanks are for my mother, who brought the much needed cheer, love and relief inthis endeavor. I will try not to make any compromise on the quality of work in the future as well andhope I could be more proud of myself at next mile stone.
Misbah Ghufran
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… for my mum
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Abstract
The research aims at tracing the language shift phenomenon in one of the native languages of
Pakistan, Punjabi. The trend of language shift is quite visible in different areas of the country
where this language is being spoken. The findings show that there is phenomenon of language
shift occurring quite rapidly and it is changing the very face of Punjabi language. The findings
also show that due to the lack of prestige with Punjabi language people tend to shift towards their
own language. There was detected the element of shame which Punjabi people associate with the
use of their own language.
Key words: language shift, Punjabi, native language
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Introduction
Language shift in our day to day communication is not quite apparent to us because we are so
intimately connected to our languages that we do not notice any such big change at once. But the
fact is that languages do change and shift from their real face. In case of some lucky languages,
this change is positive when they expand and flourish but in some cases this change is
unfortunate as it leads toward language extinction and death.
Why language shift in Punjabi a worth worrying a subject at all? Why Punjabi speakers should
be worried about the future of the language? In the modern day world isn’t it more important to
learn English language than Punjabi or other indigenous language? English which is language of
modern world, language of science and technology, language of power and having a status of
lingua franka? When we talk about preserving a language (here Punjabi) we also talk about
preserving its cultural heritage, identity preservation, tradition of hundreds of years and a number
of other factors. So it’s important to save languages for their culture as well as for linguistic
diversity. Language shift has been taken as s sign of linguistic and cultural assimilation to a
national majority and therefore has specific political implications. The present study aims to
figure out the levels at which language shift occurs in Punjabi language. The study focuses on
the domains where language shift is occurring taking Multani Punjabi speaker as a norm.
Background of the Study
The language shift phenomenon is not a new thing. Almost all the languages face ‘shift’ of one
kind or the other which is quite natural. Language is not a static thing in fact it is dynamic in its
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nature. But different social and economic factors has changed the very face of some of the
languages, Punjabi is one of them. Punjabi is becoming a very different language from the way it
used to be. There can be seen trend of language shift in Punjabi due to the modern day demands
of learning international languages and as a result of changing attitudes of Punjabi speakers
towards their own language. Some languages are given more importance and more economical
benefits are attached with them which lead to language shift from one language to another. But it
does not mean that some languages are inferior and others are superior. The present study aims
to look deeper into the phenomenon of language shift in Punjabi language with regard to
attitudes of Punjabi speakers towards their own language.
Problem Statement
The research problem in hand is that what are the domains where shift is occurring in Punjabi
language? What are the determinants of language shift are? How the existence of dominant
languages change the face of small/weak languages? How languages shift due to the association
of ‘power’ element with some languages? The answer of all these questions is given in this
research study.
Delimitation of Study
The present study limits itself to the language shift phenomena in Punjabi language only. The
study also limits itself in its sample size because it’s a small scale research. Study also limits
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itself to the level of some specific domains where language shift is being observed and Punjabi
language as a whole system of communication is not being taken.
Aims and Objectives
Purpose of present study is to identify the language shift phenomenon in Punjabi language. So
the prime objectives of the study are:
To identify the changing attitudes of Punjabi speakers towards Punjabi language
To identify the reasons behind these changing attitudes
To identify some of the domains where language shift is occurring
Literature Review
Language shift is a sociolinguistic phenomenon observed and reported extensively during the last
half of the 20th century by researchers in various locations and settings throughout the world.
Perhaps some of the earliest and most well-known research of language shift was conducted in
the United States in the 1960s by linguist Joshua Fishman using U.S. Census Bureau data
(Veltman, 1983).
Under the heading of language shift a number of processes can be studied like; language
transfer or language replacement or assimilation, but some characteristics can be observed.
Language shift usually refers to the gradual language disappearance in the speech community
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where once it was being spoken (Jaspaert & Kroon 1989). Bilingualism or Multilingualism is a
norm almost everywhere in the world and language shift happens when people change their
habitual use of one language to the habitual use of another language (Weinreich 1953: 68).
Language shift is quite a normal thing and it happens almost everywhere in the world and it
continues to happen. According to Hoffman (1991:186), “when a community does not maintain
its language, but gradually adopts another one, we talk about language shift” (186). One can take
the position that functionality of a language much more than frequency of its use is a key concept
in determining the importance of language choice for language shift. The important question is in
which situation or domains which language is chosen (Fishman, 1970). In the mid-
1980s, Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas (1988), captured this idea of discrimination based on
language as the concept of linguicism. Kangas defined linguicism as the "ideologies and
structures which are used to legitimate, effectuate, and reproduce unequal division of power and
resources (both material and non-material) between groups which are defined on the basis of
language.” One of the important factors that impact on shift and maintenance of language is
attitude (Gardner, 1985, Holmes and Harlow, 1991). Attitude refers to “a hypothetical construct
used to explain the direction and persistence of human behavior” (Baker, 1992:10). So, it
represents internal thoughts, feelings tendencies in behavior across a variety of contexts.
Pakistan is a multilingual country. Its national language, Urdu, is the mother tongue of only 7.57
per cent of the population though it is very widely used in the urban areas of the country (Tariq
Rehman). Pakistan’s official language is still English as it was when the British ruled the country
as part of British India. In addition to this, the country has five major indigenous languages given
below.
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Table1. Pakistani Languages
Languages Percentage of SpeakersPunjabi 44.15Pashto 15.42Sindhi 14.10Saraiki 10.53Urdu 7.57Balochi 3.57Other 4.66
Source: Census 2001: 107
Despite the fact that Punjabi is most widely spoken in Pakistan language shift is creeping into
Punjabi language without our consciousness of the matter. No matter how many speakers are
there of Punjabi, language shift can be seen at different levels and domains.
Research Methodology
The data is collected in two stages:
i. Primary data collection
ii. Secondary data collection
Initially discussions and preliminary interviews are conducted. On the basis of these observations
questionnaire was developed to look deeper into the problem. Primary data is collected from the
individuals having native language of Punjabi with help of research instrument that is mostly
comprised of close ended questions and few open ended questions.
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Secondary data is also collected to build the theoretical framework on which the whole research
study is based. It mostly comprises the research work already been done on the issue in hand.
The prime unit of analysis is the Punjabi speaker that is initially categorized as three generations
which are grandparent generation, parent generation and child generation. Through the
preliminary discussions and interviews it was observed that it is better to divide the child
generation into two subgroups: teenagers and individuals lying in age bracket of 20-30.
In order to achieve research objectives quantitative as well as a qualitative method is applied.
The quantitative method refers to the survey implemented in the form of questionnaires, which
are directed at three generations. Quantitative techniques are utilized to drive results and
conclusions. Qualitative approach is also opted for analyzing open ended questions. The software
packages utilized to drive results are SPSS and Spread Sheet.
Sampling methodology can better be elaborated with the help of following figure:
Punjabi Speaker
Grand Parent Generation(15 respondents selected
randomly based onconvenience)
Parent Generation(15 respondents selected
randomly based onconvenience)
Child GenerationSubdivided into two categories
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Keeping in view the research topic, different domains were selected to look language shift at
these levels. Domains like; home, interacting outside homes, interacting with friends (Koen
Jaspaert & Sjaak Kroon: 1991) and choices of watching TV channels.
Child Generation
Teenagers
(15 respondents selectedrandomly based on
convenience)
Individuals lying in ageBracket of 20-30
(15 respondents selectedrandomly based on
convenience)
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Data Analysis and Interpretations and Discussion
The very first question asks the respondents that which are the domains where they use Punjabi
language as a communication tool. The rationale behind asking this question is to know about
their attitudes toward Punjabi language. 100% from the grandparent generation said that they use
Punjabi in every domain. 100% from the parent generation said that they use Punjabi only when
they are inside home, while child generation which is divided into two groups, 66.70% people
from the age group of 20-30 Punjabi in family while 33.30% people said that they don’t use
Punjabi at all, while 100% from teenagers (subgroup) said that they don’t use Punjabi at all.
I always use Punjabi language with:
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersFamilyFriendsNeighborsAt workWith no oneWith every one
Total
0%0%0%0%0%100%
100%
100%0%0%0%0%0%
100%
66.70%0%0%0%33.30%0%
100%
0%0%0%0%100%0%
100%
So from the results we can conclude that there is clear cut shift from the Punjabi language
towards other languages. The following graph represents the same thing:
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What language do you use inside your home?
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersPunjabiUrduEnglish
Total
100%0%0%
100%
100%0%0%
100%
53%47%0%
100%
10%90%0%
100%
The second question asks the respondents that what language they use when they are inside
home. 100% from the grandparent generation said that they use Punjabi when they are at home.
100% from the parent generation also said that they use Punjabi language inside their home,
while 53% people from child generation age from 20-30 said that they use Punjabi inside home
while 47% said they use Urdu for interaction inside home while the 10% from teenagers’ group
said that they use Punjabi while 90% said that they use Urdu inside their homes.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Fam
ily
Frie
nds
Nei
ghbo
urs
At w
ork
With
No
one
With
Eve
ryon
e
Fam
ily
Frie
nds
Nei
ghbo
urs
At w
ork
With
No
one
With
Eve
ryon
e
Fam
ily
Frie
nds
Nei
ghbo
urs
At w
ork
With
No
one
With
Eve
ryon
e
Fam
ily
Frie
nds
Nei
ghbo
urs
At w
ork
With
No
one
With
Eve
ryon
e
56-1bove 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
I always use Punjabi language with:
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So from the results we can clearly see the shift from Punjabi language towards other languages.
The following graph is the pictorial depiction of the same responses:
What language do you use outside your home (with neighbors)?
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersPunjabiUrduEnglish
Total
90%10%0%
100%
30%70%0%
100%
10%90%0%
100%
0%90%10%
100%
The third question asks the Punjabi speakers that what language they use when they are outside
their homes, like while having an interaction with their neighbors. 90% from the grandparent
generation said that they use Punjabi outside their homes and 10% said that they use Urdu
language. 30% from the parent generation use Punjabi while 70% use Urdu for interaction. 10%
from the third group, child group (20-30) said that they use Punjabi while 90% use Urdu. 90%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Punjabi Urdu English Punjabi Urdu English Punjabi Urdu English Punjabi Urdu English
56-above 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
What language do you use inside your home?
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from the teenagers’ group use Urdu for interaction while 10% said that they use English for
interaction. The following graph shows the same thing:
What language do you use (or will use) while interacting your children?
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersPunjabiUrduEnglish
Total
100%0%0%
100%
20%80%0%
100%
0%26.70%73.30%
100%
0%20%80%
100%
The fourth question asks the respondents that what language do they use or will use while
interacting their children. 100% the grandparent generation said that they use Punjabi. 20% from
parent generation use Punjabi while remaining 80% use Urdu for interaction. 26.70% from child
generation said that they use or will use Urdu while 73.30% said that they will use English. 20%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%Pu
njab
i
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
56-above 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
What language do you use outside your home (with neighbors)?
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from the teenagers said that they will use Urdu while 80% said that they will use English with
their children.
The rationale behind asking this question was to know the attitudes and changing trends toward
Punjabi language. The following graph shows the same thing:
I will transmit Punjabi language to my next generation.
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersStrongly DisagreeDisagreeIndifferentAgreeStrongly Agree
Total
0%0%0%40%60%
100%
6.70%86.70%0%6.60%0%
100%
46.70%53.30%0%0%0%
100%
73.30%26.70%0%0%0%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
56-above 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
What language do you use (or will use) while interacting yourchildren?
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The fifth question asks the respondents that whether they would transmit Punjabi language to
their next generation or not. 40% from the grandparent generation agree that they would transmit
Punjabi while 60% were strongly agreed with the statement. 6.70% from parent generation were
strongly disagree while 86.70% were simply disagree, while 6.60% showed agreement that they
would transmit Punjabi to their next generation. 46.70% from the child generation (20-30) were
strongly disagree with the statement while 53.30% showed disagreement with the statement.
73.30% from the teenagers group were strongly disagree with the statement while 26.70% said
that they were disagree with the statement.
The rationale behind asking this question was to have knowledge of the prestige Punjabi
speakers attach with their language. The following graph is the pictorial depiction if the
responses:
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
S.DA DA
Indi
ff. A SA
S.DA DA
Indi
ff. A SA
S.DA DA
Indi
ff. A SA
S.DA DA
Indi
ff. A SA
56-1bove 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
I will transmit Punjabi language to my next generation.
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What language do you prefer while interacting with your Punjabi friends?
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersPunjabiUrduEnglish
Total
100%0%0%
100%
60%40%0%
100%
33.30%66.70%0%
100%
0%100%0%
100%
The next question asks the respondents that what language they prefer while interacting their
Punjabi friends to know about their preferences. 100% of grandparent generation showed their
preference for Punjabi language. 60% from the parent generation said that they prefer Punjabi
while 40% said that they prefer Urdu language. 33.30% from the child generation (age 20-30)
said that they prefer Punjabi while 66.70% said that they prefer Urdu. While 100% teenagers
said that they prefer Urdu.
The purpose of asking this question was to know the level of importance they attach with
Punjabi. The following graph shows the same thing:
0%20%40%60%80%
100%120%
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
56-above 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
What language do you prefer while interacting yourPunjabi friends?
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What language do you prefer with your non- Punjabi friends?
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersPunjabiUrduEnglishOther
Total
80%0%0%20%
100%
10%90%0%0%
100%
0%100%0%0%
100%
0%80%20%0%
100%
The next question asks the respondents that what language they prefer for interaction with their
non- Punjabi friends. 80% from grandparent generation said that they prefer Punjabi while 20%
said they prefer other languages (like Saraiki) for interaction. 10% from the parent generation
said that they prefer Punjabi while 90% prefer Urdu. 100% from the child generation (age 20-30)
prefer Urdu while from teenagers 80% prefer Urdu while 20% prefer English.
This question was asked to know about the shifting trends from Punjabi to other languages. The
following graph shows the same thing:
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Oth
er
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Oth
er
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Oth
er
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Oth
er
56-above 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
What language do you prefer for your non- Punjabifriends?
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What channels do you prefer to watch on TV?
56- above 31- 55 20-30 TeenagersPunjabiUrduEnglish
Total
60%40%0%
100%
0%60%40%
100%
0%46.70%53.30%
100%
0%20%80%
100%
The next question asks for the preferences of Punjabi speakers on TV to know their level of
attachment with their language. 60% of the grandparent generation said that they prefer Punjabi
channels and 40% prefer Urdu, while 60% from parent generation prefer Urdu and 40% of them
prefer English. 46.70% from child generation (age 20-30) prefer Urdu whereas 53.30% prefer
English channels. 20% of teenagers said that they prefer Urdu channels while 80% prefer
English channels. The following graph is pictorial depiction of responses:
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
Punj
abi
Urd
u
Engl
ish
56-above 31-55 20-30 Teenagers
What channels do you prefer to watch on TV?
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Findings, Conclusions and recommendations
From the analysis of the questions conclusion is quite evident. We can clearly see that there is
language shift occurring in Punjabi language in different domains which is being analyzed in the
study. This language shift is occurring at different domains; home, interacting with neighbors,
interaction with friends, and their choices of watching TV channels and their attitudes towards
transmission of Punjabi to the next generation. As I also included some open- ended questions in
my questionnaire which I asked while having a discussion with my respondents, which focus
mainly on their attitudes and reasons for language shift of Punjabi. Those open- ended questions
revealed that people are switching towards other languages (Urdu and English) because prestige
is associated with them and also due to economic factors. Grandparent generation was quite
satisfied with their linguistic identity (Punjabis), parent generation was satisfied being their
Punjabis but only at homes while child generation is not quite comfortable with their linguistic
identity and mostly teenagers were the passive listeners of Punjabi. When asked what language
would they want to learn and want their children to educate in, responses from parent generation
and child generation was towards learning of English language ( Urdu is already being used by
them in different domains) as they get economic security and try to assimilate themselves with
elite class and also want their children learn international language. Very few people from
younger generations showed inclination to learn their indigenous language. Challenges of
modern day world are so great that it becomes difficult to fight back at times.
Linguistic relativity is a concept that is used to indicate that structure of every language
exercises a differential influence on the thought of its speaker in a way in which s/he conceives
reality. Punjabi's capacity to shape our thinking is dwindling every day and on the other hand
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our ability to conceptualize English is increasing every day. If this approach holds ground then
we will become less and less Punjabi and more and more English or 'modern'.
In a rapidly globalizing world it may seem like that the future of Punjabi language is at stake.
There are a number of different factors which contribute to the defacing Punjabi language, like
social as well as economic factors, urbanization, absence of Punjabi in educational system and
low prestige associated with Punjabi.
There is no reason to discourage the usage of ‘small’ languages, rather it should be fostered. It is
vital for modern-day Punjabis to learn English for global use, so that they can be participants in
the sharing of global wealth, while textualize Punjabi as the accepted language for local use,
moreover popularize the use of Punjabi as the custodian of their culture and tradition. It is very
challenging to devise a course of action for the Punjabi collectivity.
Significance of study
The study provides us with the reasons behind the phenomenon of language shift in Punjabi
language. It identifies a number of different factors which contribute to the shift of the said
language. Study shows that language choices even at the unconscious level can lead to language
shift. Study helps for the better understanding of reasons and causes of phenomenon of language
shift in Punjabi.
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References
1. Veltman, C. 1983. Language Shift in the United States. Berlin: Mouton.
2. Jaspaert, K. & Kroon, S. 1989. Social determinants of language loss. In: ITL- Review of
Applied Linguistics, 83-84, 75-98.
3. Weinreich, U. 1953. Language shift in the United States. Berlin: Mouton
4. Hoffman, C. 1991. An introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman.
5. Gardner, R. C. 1985. Social psychology and Second Language learning: The role of
Attitudes and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
6. Holmes, J. & Harlow, R. 1991. Threads in the New Zealand Tapestry of Language.
Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand
7. Jaspaert, K. & S. Kroon. 1991. Social determinants of language shift by Italians in The
Netherlands and Flanders, In: International Journal of Sociology of Language, 90, 77-96.
(= K. de Bot & W. Fase eds, Migrant Languages in Western Europe)
8. Shigemoto, J. 1996. Language Change and Language Planning and policy
9. Fishman, J. 1970. Sociolinguistics. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House
11. Rahman, T. 2003. Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan
12. Tove, S. 1988. Multilingualism and the education of minority children.
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Annexure: Questionnaire
I am conducting a short scale research on the phenomenon of language shift in Punjabi language.I have distinguished domains of Punjabi language usage namely: Family, neighborhood, friendsand choices in the selection of TV channels. Through this questionnaire I would like to find outYour Attitude towards the Punjabi language. Read the questions carefully and choose the answerthat suits you best.
Select age category:
Teenager 20- 30 31- 55 56- Above
1. I always use Punjabi language when I am with: Family members
Friends Neighbors
At work With no one With every one
2. What language do you use when you are inside your home/ with your family members? Punjabi
Urdu English
3. What language do you prefer while interacting with your neighborhoods (outside house)? Punjabi
Urdu English
4. What language do you use (and will use) while having an interaction with your children? Punjabi Urdu
English
5. I would transmit Punjabi language to my next generation.
Strongly disagree Disagree Indifferent
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Agree Strongly agree
6. What language do you prefer while interacting with your Punjabi friends? Punjabi
Urdu English
7. What language do you prefer while interacting with your non- Punjabi friends? Punjabi Urdu
English
8. What channels do you prefer to watch on TV? Punjabi channels Urdu channels
English channels
9. Why Punjabi people have started using more of Urdu (or other languages i.e. English incase of educated background)?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What do you feel about your being Punjabi speaker? Do you feel proud of being yourPunjabi speaker?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. If you are given choice which language would you like to learn and why?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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12. If given choice which language would you like to educate your children in (language forlearning) and why?-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks a lot for your cooperation!