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Language and
Learning Disabilities
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IDEA definition
• Disorder in one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language
• Imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations
• Discrepancy between age & ability levels• NOT result of other impairment(s).
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Operationalization
• Definitions– Defined differently by each state education
department– Some: Performing below expected grade or
age level– More: Discrepancy between general
intelligence and specific achievement level• Size of discrepancy is compared with expected
discrepancy given intelligence
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Exclusionary Criteria
• NOT due to:– Visual impairment– Hearing impairment– Motor problems– Mental retardation– Emotional disturbance– Environmental, cultural, or economic
disadvantage
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Language or Communication Disorders
• Three types:– Phonological Disorder– Expressive Disorder– Mixed Receptive-Expressive Disorder
• Interfere with academic/occupational achievement or social communication.
• If another deficit (e.g., MR), in excess of normal presentation.
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Phonological Disorder
• Failure to use age-appropriate and dialect-appropriate speech sounds
• Phonemes—basic sounds of a language
• Errors, distortions, substitutions, and omissions in producing speech.
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Expressive Disorder
• Difficulties in production of speech– Vocabulary– Sentence structure (syntax)– Formation of words (morphology)
• Understand speech and concepts, but have difficulty responding.
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Receptive-Expressive Disorder
• Difficulties in comprehending the communication of others
• Most severe language impairment
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Learning Disabilities
• Developmental problems in: – Reading (dyslexia)Reading Disorder
– Writing (dysgraphia)Disorder of Written Expression
– Arithmetic (dyscalculia)Mathematics Disorder
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Learning Disabilities (cont’d)
• Significant discrepancy between measures of achievement & the child’s age, intelligence, or education.
• Must interfere significantly with academic achievement or daily living.
• NOT a sensory deficit.• (Consistent with IDEA)
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Prevalence
• 5% of school-aged children
• 50% of children in special education
• Sex Ratio: M > F– Why?
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Developmental Course
• Varies
• Mild cases
• Severe cases
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Associated Problems
• Nearly 40% drop out of school
• Behavior problems
• Social skills deficits
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Etiology of LD
• Neurological damage• Genetic influence• Brain abnormalities
• Prenatal alcohol use• Neurological delays and soft signs• Immune system dysfunction
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Etiology of LD: Secondary Role
• Psychosocial and environmental factors– Vocabulary exposure– Reading to the child– Family interactions– Parental attitudes toward learning– Social class– Cultural values– Motivation and temperament
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Assessment of Reading Disorder
• Significant discrepancy between measure of ability (intelligence) and reading?
• Processing deficit?– Auditory processing– Rapid automatic naming– Cognitive speed– Retrieval from L-T memory– Working memory– Attention
• Check exclusionary criteria.
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Subtypes of Reading Disorder
• Language pattern
• Visual-spatial pattern
• Mixed pattern
• Group without identified psychological or neuropsychological deficit
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Comorbidity with Reading Disorder
• ADHD
• ODD/Conduct Disorder
• Substance Use/Abuse
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Problems Related to Reading Disorder
• Early speech problems• Phonological processing difficulties• History of ear infections• Early perceptual-motor difficulties• Family history of reading/learning
problems
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Treatment of LD
• Psychoeducational models• Behavioral methods• Direct instruction• Cognitive approaches
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School Placement
• Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)– 1/3 spend 80% in regular ed
classroom– 1/3 spend 40-80% in regular ed
classroom– Resource room– Self-contained classroom