Download - Landscape Regions
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Landscape Development
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LANDSCAPE REFERS TO
THE GENERAL SHAPE OF A
REGION
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THE SHAPE OF A LANDSCAPE
IS ALSO KNOWN AS IT’S
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We describe landscape regions in terms of the:
•Heights of hills•Shapes of hills•Stream patterns•Soil type (rock composition)
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Landscape regions can be classified
as one of the following:
MOUNTAINPLATEAUPLAIN
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folds
tiltsfaults
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1. HIGH PEAKS AND DEEP VALLEYS2. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCK3. STEEP STREAM GRADIENTS4. STEEP SLOPES5. FOLDED, FAULTS, TILTED ROCK LAYERS
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1. FLAT OR ROLLING HILLS2. DEEP CUT STREAM VALLEYS3. HORIZONTAL LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK4. LOW ELEVATIONS ARE FLAT
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1. MOSTLY FLAT- FEW HILLS2. HORIZONTAL SEDIMENTARY LAYERS3. MEANDERING STREAMS
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Topography Depends on Several
Factors:•Climate Moisture,temperature,latitude
Composition of rocks
Mountains,Valleys
roads,cities, dams,agricultureMining
•Local bedrock •Geologic structures: • Human Activities
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INTERFACES * THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN REGIONS
ARE DISTINCT
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Landscapes of New York State:
A) New York State can be divided into several distinct landscape areas
B) See pages 2 and 3 in your ESRT!!!
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New Jersey
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Vermont
Canada
Pennsylvania
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
Atlantic Ocean
L.I. Sound
ERIE-ONTARIO LOWLANDS (plains)
Allegheny Plateau
AdirondackMountainsTug
HillPlateau NEW
ENGLAND P
ROVINCE
HIGHLANDS
TA
CO
NIC
MO
UN
TA
INS
MANHATTAN
PRONG
NEWARK
LOWLANDSATLANTIC
COASTAL
PLAIN
ST.LAWRENCE LOWLANDS
CH
AM
PLA
IN
LO
WLA
ND
S
INTERIOR LOWLANDS
GRENVILLE PROVINCE
(HIGHLANDS)
THECATSKILLS
Hudso
n-M
ohaw
k L
ow
lands
HUDSON
HIGHLANDS
APPALACHIAN PLATEAU
(UPLANDS)
N
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Most of New York State soils are not residual, they are
TRANSPORTED BY
GLACIERS
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LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT:
A LANDSCAPE RESULTS FROM THE OPPOSING FORCES OF
UPLIFT AND
EROSION (LEVELING)
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UPLIFT IS OFTEN CAUSED BY:
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THE RESULTING GEOLOGIC EVENTS
INCLUDE:EARTHQUAKESVOLCANOESFAULTING &FOLDING which create…
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THE MOST IMPORTANT
LEVELING AGENT TODAY IS
EROSION BY RUNNING WATER
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Notice how the rock types
weather differently
Which rock is least resistant?
shale
Differences in rock resistance creates varied
and interesting landscapes.
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Folding is part of the mountain building process
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OTHER LEVELING AGENTS INCLUDE:
WIND & GLACIERS driven by the force of GRAVITY
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IF UPLIFTING FORCES HAVE BEEN DOMINANT THE LANDSCAPE WILL
BE
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IF LEVELING FORCES (EROSION) HAS BEEN
DOMINANT THE LANDSCAPE WILL BE:
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IF UPLIFTING AND LEVELING FORCES ARE IN
BALANCE, THE LANDSCAPE IS IN:
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THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON LANDSCAPE:
Humid (moist) Arrid (dry)Slope
Soil
Type ofWeathering
gentleFertileThick A layerChemical due to
Increased amount Of moisture
steep
rockyPhysical due to
abrasion
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SOIL HORIZONS(LAYERS)
A (TOP SOIL) rich in organic materialB little organic material
rich in minerals leeched from horizon A
C partly weathered broken up bedrock sits on top of solid bedrock
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Complete the landscapeComplete the landscapeActivity worksheetActivity worksheet
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A CHANGE IN A CHANGE IN CLIMATE CAN ALSO CLIMATE CAN ALSO
CREATE ANCREATE AN
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WHICH LEADS TO GLACIERS AND
GLACIAL LANDSCAPES
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drumlins
outwash plain
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GLACIERS DEPOSIT_______________
SEDIMENTS.
UNSORTED
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BEDROCK ACTED UPON BY GLACIERS IS
GENERALLY POLISHED AND
SCRATCHED(STRIATED)By sediment in the ice
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Glacial valleys aregenerally
U- SHAPED
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escarpment
U-shaped valley
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WHILE RIVER VALLEYS ARE:
V- SHAPED
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COASTAL LANDSCAPES:
ARE PRIMARILY AFFECTED BY THE ACTION OF
WAVES AND OCEAN CURRENTS
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THE BEDROCK OF IN AN AREA WILL CAUSE STREAMS TO DRAIN IN A
PATTERN
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THAT CAN BE SEEN FROMOVER-HEAD.THESE ARE CALLED
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Mississippi River Delta
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Match the geologic structures below
To the drainage patterns they would create.
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THIS OCCURS WHEN: Rock resistance is all similar
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THIS OCCURS WHEN:
WATER FLOWS IN THE PATH OFLEAST RESISTANCE
Rock resistances are different
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WATER FLOWS DOWN HILLFOLLOWING THE PATH OF
LEAST RESISTANCE
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FOLLOWING THE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE
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STAGES IN LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT:
THE MATURITY OF A LANDSCAPE DEPENDS UPON THE PORTION OF THE LAND THAT HAS BEEN WORN DOWN TO OR NEAR
BASE LEVEL (NOT SEA LEVEL)
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THE 3 STAGES OF LANDSCAPE MATURITY:
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1.MUCH OF THE LAND AT HIGH ELEVATIONS2. STEEP HILL SLOPES3. FAST STREAMS4. DEEP V-SHAPED VALLEYS
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1. ROUNDED HILL SLOPES (IF MOIST CLIMATE)
2. STREAM VALLEYS ARE BROAD3. STREAMS BEGIN TO MEANDER
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1. MOSTLY ERODED TO BASE LEVEL2. STREAMS HAVE LOW SLOPE (GRADIENT)
3. STREAMS MOVE SLOW & MEANDER4. FERTILE AND THICK SOIL HORIZON A
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CAN CAUSE OLD LANDSCAPES TO
BEREJUVINATED
BACK TOYOUNG AGAIN
UPLIFT
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THE INFLUENCE OF HUMANS:
THROUGH THE USE OF
HUMANS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO ALTER THE SHAPE OF THE LAND
TECHNOLOGY
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WE CAN MAKE CHANGES IN THE LANDSCAPE IN A
FEW MONTHSTHAT WOULD TAKE
NATURE HUNDREDS OF YEARS
TO ACHIEVE
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It could also take hundreds of years
toremedy the
effects of technology.
negative
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ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND CONSERVATION CAN HELP TO PRESERVE OUR
SOIL,WATER,AND AIR
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THE END