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Landsat
GEO 420Remote Sensing
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Quiz #2
• 5_atmosphere.ppt
• 6_spectralsigs.ppt
• 7_sensors.ppt
• Sections 1.5 – 1.8 from Primary text
• Sections 2.1 – 2.6 from Primary text
• L&K2 reading
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History
• 1965, director of USGS, proposed idea of
remote sensing satellite program to
gather data about natural resources of
planet.
– Conceived largely as a direct result of the
early Mercury photography of Earth.
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• Weather satellites monitoring atmosphere were
considered useful, but no appreciation of terrain
data until mid-1960s.
• When Landsat 1 was proposed, it was met with
intense opposition.
• DoD feared a civilian program like Landsat would
compromise secrecy of reconnaissance
missions.
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• 1965 - NASA began R.S. of Earth using sensors on planes.
• 1966 - USGS convinced Secretary of the Interior (Stewart Udall) to
announce that Dept. of the Interior (DOI) was going to proceed with
Earth-observing satellite program.
• This political stunt coerced NASA to expedite the building of
Landsat.
• But, budgetary constraints and sensor disagreements between
agencies (Dept. of Agriculture and DOI) held up satellite
construction.
• Finally, 1970, NASA had green light to build satellite.
• Within only two years, Landsat 1 was launched, heralding a new
age of remote sensing of land from space.
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• 1975, NASA Administrator predicted that if one space age
development would save the world, it would be Landsat
and its successor satellites.
– Since the early 1970s, Landsat has continuously and consistently
archived images of Earth
– data archive gives scientist the ability to assess changes in
Earth’s landscape.
• ~40 years - Landsat has collected spectral information
from Earth’s surface, creating a historical archive
unmatched in quality, detail, coverage, and length.
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• “It was the granddaddy of them all, as far as starting the trend of
repetitive, calibrated observations of the Earth at a spatial
resolution where one can detect humankind’s interaction with the
environment”
• Landsat sensors have moderate spatial-resolution.
– Can’t see individual houses, but you can see large
objects such as forests or highways.
• important because it is coarse enough for global coverage,
yet detailed enough to characterize human-scale processes
such as urban growth.
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Landsat Program• Joint effort of
– USGS
– NASA
• Purpose - Gather Earth resource data using series of satellites.
– repetitive acquisition of observations
– land masses, coastal boundaries, coral reefs
– NASA -responsible for developing and launching spacecrafts.
– USGS -responsible for flight operations, maintenance, data
processing/archiving, product generation, and distribution.
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• 1972 – Landsat 1 launched
• 1999 – Launch of Landsat 7
• ~40 years of data - longest continuous record
of the earth's surfaces.
• Critical to land surface monitoring and global
change research.
• No other eos matches Landsat's combination of
synoptic coverage, spatial and spectral
resolution.
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Landsat 1: MSS 1972–1978
Landsat 2: MSS 1975–1982
Landsat 3: MSS 1978–1983 added thermal band but it failed
Landsat 4: MSS, TM (7 bands) 1982–2001* data downlink failed in 1993
Landsat 5: MSS, TM 1984–2012 (28 years, 10 months)
Landsat 6: MSS, ETM failed launch, 1993
Landsat 7: ETM+ 1999–still operational
Landsat 8: ETM+ Launch Feb. 11 2013
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Landsat-1 & 2
Objective: To demonstrate the
usefulness of remote sensing data for
land and resource applications.
Design life of one year.
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Multispectral Scanner
• Measured reflected energy in 4 spectral
bands.
• Landsat 3 - MSS sensor with additional
band in thermal (heat) infrared radiation.
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MSS Bands
Band micron resolution
4 0.5-0.6 68 m x 83 m
5 0.6-0.7 68 m x 83 m
6 0.7-0.8 68 m x 83 m
7 0.8-1.1 68 m x 83 m
8 10.41-12.6 68 m x 83 m
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Photo: Thematic Mapper
(TM), second-generation
sensor for
monitoring Earth's
resources.
Landsat 4, 5, & 7
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Sensors
• MSS and TM sensors primarily detect
reflected radiation from Earth's
surface in vis and IR.
• But the TM sensor with its seven
spectral bands provides more
radiometric information than the MSS
sensor.
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Sensors
• Sensors have evolved – MSS, TM,
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)
• Primary new features on Landsat 7 are
addition of band 8:
– panchromatic band with 15m spatial
resolution
• Panchromatic: sensitive to all or most of the visible spectrum.
– thermal IR channel with 60m spatial
resolution
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• panchromatic band 8 covers 0.52-0.92 µm
– extends over band 2 (0.525-0.605 µm), band 3
(0.630-0.690 µm) and band 4 (0.750-0.900 µm).
– Pixel size 15 m
– Used for high-spatial-resolution analysis.
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Landsat 7 and TM & ETM+ Characteristics:
Band Spectral Range(µm) Resolution(m)
1 .45 to .51 30
2 .525 to .605 30
3 .63 to .690 30
4 .75 to .90 30
5 1.55 to 1.75 30
7 2.09 to 2.35 30
6 10.40 to 12.5 60
8 .52 to .90 15
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Landsat 8 (Landsat Data Continuity Mission) – 2013
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Landsat Data Continuity Mission – 2013landsat.usgs.gov/L8_band_combos.php – compare Landsat 7 to Landsat 8
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Landsat 1: MSS 1972–1978
Landsat 2: MSS 1975–1982
Landsat 3: MSS 1978–1983 added thermal band but it failed
Landsat 4: MSS, TM (7 bands) 1982–2001* data downlink failed in 1993
Landsat 5: MSS, TM 1984–2012 (28 years, 10 months)
Landsat 6: MSS, ETM failed launch, 1993
Landsat 7: ETM+ 1999–still operational
Landsat 8: ETM+ Launch Feb. 11 2013
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Near Polar/Sun-synchronous orbits
Repeat coverage interval: 16 days (233 orbits)
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Ground System
• Capable of capturing and processing 250
Landsat scenes and delivering 100 scenes
to users each day.
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BenefitsMission Continuity: Landsat 7 - latest in long history of land
remote sensing spacecraft, spanning 40 years of
multispectral imaging.
Global Mission: data acquired systematically to build and
periodically refresh a global archive of sun-lit, substantially
cloud-free images of the Earth's landmass.
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Benefits
Earth's landmass imaged every 16 days - using
a planning scenario that emphasizes
seasonal changes in vegetation and uses
cloud predictions from the National Weather
Service to avoid imaging cloudy areas, thus
optimizing the data acquisition strategy.
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Benefits
Affordable Data Products: Landsat
products available from the EROS Data
Center for free.
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Color Composites in Landsat TM Data
• Three-band composites created using the measured
reflected energy three spectral bands.
• The way in which the bands are mapped to the three
colors in the output image depends on what information is
desired to be highlighted in the image.
• For some applications, desirable for landcover classes to
be associated with familiar colors, e.g., grass is green.
• In other cases, contrasting colors are preferred to highlight
objects of interest from the background.
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7 TM Bands
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Color Composites in Landsat TM Data
True-Color Composite (3,2,1)• approximates range of vision for human eye• images appear as we would expect to see in
photograph. • low in contrast, somewhat hazy - blue light more
susceptible to scattering by atmosphere.• Broad-based analysis of underwater features and
landcover are applications for true-color composites.
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• Band 3 (Visible red) = red • Band 2 (Visible green) = green • Band 1 (Visible blue-green) = blue
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Color Composites in Landsat TM Data
Near Infrared Composite (4,3,2)• Add near infrared (NIR) band and drop visible
blue band. • Vegetation in the NIR band is highly reflective• NIR composite vividly shows vegetation in
various shades of red. • Water appears dark, almost black, due to the
absorption of energy in the visible red and NIR bands.
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Band 4 (NIR) = red
Band 3 (Visible red) = green
Band 2 (Visible green) = blue
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Color Composites in Landsat TM Data
• Shortwave Infrared Composite (7,4,3 or 7,4,2)• contains at least one shortwave infrared (SWIR)
band. • Reflectance in the SWIR region is due primarily
to moisture content.• SWIR bands are especially suited for change
detection, disturbed soils, soil type, and vegetation stress.
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• Band 7 (SWIR) = red • Band 4 (NIR) = green • Band 3 (red) = blue
Or...• Band 7 (SWIR) = red • Band 4 (NIR) = green
• Band 2 (green) = blue
vegetation - shades of green.
Bare soils and clearcut areas - purplish or magenta.
bright red area is an active fire.
smoke plume originating from active fire site appears faint bluish.
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Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico - Landsat 7
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Station Fire - August 30, 2009 - 140,000 acres burned in Angeles National Forest - Mt. Wilson Observatory threatened. Blue and white haze is smoke, pinkish areas have been burned, active fires appear bright red.
Landsat-7 ETM+
Striping caused by
failure of scan line
corrector in 2003,
introduced major
striping in ETM+
imagery.
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Landsat 5 image - Esperanza Fire in San Bernardino National Forest, Oct. 26, 2006. The fire caused a huge smoke plume; reaching ~3.0 miles high. Large image is a natural-color composite, small inset is false-color composite. The active fire fronts in the false-color image appear bright yellow.
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Two false-color Landsat 5 images (1984 and 2009). ]dark purple grid of city streets and green of irrigated vegetation.
Images were created using reflected light from the shortwave infrared, near-infrared and green portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (Landsat 5 TM bands 7,4,2)
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Venice - Landsat 7 - 2001. pan-sharpened false-color composite of ETM+ bands 7, 5, and 3. Venice can be found on Landsat WRS-2 Path 192 Row 28.
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Climate Change - Lake Chad borders Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon, as well as on a natural border, the Sahel: a grassland which divides the Sahara Desert to the north and the more humid savannah to the south. Because Lake Chad is a shallow lake, depths of 16 - 26 feet, its surface area fluctuates markedly with changes in climate.
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Wisconsin tornado damage - Landsat 2007. natural-color image.
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Accessing Landsat Data
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Accessing Landsat Data – path 40 row 36