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LAN 404 BEGINNING HEBREW II
Class II: Letters II – vowels and Reading
Dr. Esa Autero
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Vowels and Reading
1.1 Introduction to Hebrew vowels Earliest Hebrew script did not have vowels
Vowels did exist – but only in spoken form Early Hebrew manuscripts look like this (at times scriptio continua)
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Vowels and Reading
English equivalent of Deut 6:5 would be: Lv th Lrd yr Gd wth ll yr hrt
OR lvthlrdyrgdwthllyrhrt (scriptio continua – without spacing)
First readers of Hebrew (e.g. Josh 8) supplied vowels from memory
(without vowels)ואהבת את יהוה אלהיך בכל לבבך � � ב �כ�ל ל�ב�ב�ך �ה א�ל�ה�יך �הו � א�ת י �א�ה�ב�ת ו
Masoretes (AD 600-1000) – developed vowel point system To preserve oral tradition (spoken form of Hebrew)
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Vowels and Reading
2.1 Hebrew vowels Hebrew vowels have three categories:
Long Short Reduced
Five vowel classes: a, e, i, o , u (or three: a, i [=e+i], u [=o+u]) Vowels appear with consonants and are related to one or more
Vowels pronounced after the consonants � � --- ba (not ab) =ב bo (not ob) = ב
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Vowels and Reading
2.1.1 Hebrew vowel charts 1) Long vowels:
Symbol Vowel name Pronunciation Transliteration
a-class � ב Qamets a as in father ā
e-class � ב Tsere e as in they ē
o-class � ב Holem o as in role ō
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Vowels and Reading
2) Short vowels:
Symbol Vowel name Pronunciation Transliteration
a-class � ב Pathach a as in bat a
e-class � ב Seghol e as in better e
i-class � ב Hireq i as in bitter i
o-class � ב Qamets Hatuf o as in bottle o
u-class � ב Qibbuts u as in ruler u
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Vowels and Reading
3) Reduced vowels
Symbol Vowel name Pronunciation Transliteration
a-class � ב Hateph Pathach a as in amuse ă
e-class � ב Hateph Seghol e as in metallic ĕ
o-class � ב Hateph Qamets o as in commit ŏ
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Vowels and Reading
4) Summary of vowels – long, short, reduced
a e i o u
Long � בQamets
� בTsere
-- � בHolem
--
Short � בPathach
� בSeghol
� בHireq
� בQamets Hatuf
� בQibbuts
Reduced � בHateph Patach
� בHateph Seghol
-- � בHateph Qamets
--
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Vowels and Reading
2.1.2 Vowel letters Early on (c. 900 BC) some consonants also functioned as
vowels E.g.
Yod functions as a vowel
In general, vowels are written with a combination of vowel + consonant
�וד ד �ויד ד
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Vowels and Reading
1) Vowel letters written with ה (he) Only used at the end of a word
�ה & (law) ת ו�ר�ה (he will build) יב�נ Name of the letter: name of the vowel + name of the consonant
Symbol Vowel name Pronunciation Transliteration
a-class ב �ה Qamets He a as in father â
e-class ב �ה Tsere He e as in they ê
ב �ה Seghol He e as in better ê
o-class ב �ה Holem He o as in role ô
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Vowels and Reading
2) Vowels written with ו (Waw) Referred to as unchangeable long vowels – they don’t change
NOTE: the name of the u-class vowel is not a combination of consonant + vowel
Symbol Vowel name Pronunciation Transliteration
o-class ב ו� Holem Waw o as in role ô
u-class ב ו Shureq u as in ruler û
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Vowels and Reading
3) Vowels written with י (yod) Also unchangeable long vowels – they don’t change
Sometimes referred to as diphthongs instead of vowel letters
Symbol Vowel name Pronunciation Transliteration
e-class �י ב Tsere Yod e as in they ê
�י ב Seghol Yod e as in better ê
i-class �י ב Hireq Yod i as in machine î
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Vowels and Reading
4) Summary of vowel letters
a e i o u
With ה ב �הQamets
He
ב �ה/ב �הSeghol
He/Tsere He
ב �ה --Holem He
--
With ו ב ו�Holem Waw
ב וShureq
With י �י ב �י/בSeghol
Yod/Tsere Yod
�י בHireq Yod
--
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Vowels and Reading
2.1.3 Defective Writing and “special” markings Defective writing and vowel letters (meaning is not affected)
Defective writing = vowel letter without the consonant Full writing = vowel letter with the consonant
Full writing Defective writing
Example ו� בש�ו�פ�ר
� בש��פ�ר
Holem Waw to Holem
Ram’s horn
Example ב ו ו ד ע�מ�
� ב� ד ע�מ�
Shureq to Qibbuts
Why?
Example י� ב�יד ו ד
� ב�ד ו ד
Hireq Yod to Hireq
David
Meaning does not change
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Vowels and Reading
Unfortunately no precise way to predict defective writing Be familiar with the phenomenon and know your vocabulary
Few examples:
laws ת �ר�ת ת ו�רו�ת
meeting place מ�ע�ד מו�ע�ד
ד pillar ע�מ �ד ע�מ ו
ע�ה oath ש��ב�ע�ה ש��בו
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Vowels and Reading
Shewa Reduced vowels have a pair of dots ( � �, ב ב ) on the right side of the
vowel symbol The “extra dots” also occur alone (� (ב
Shewa Two types of Shewa:
Silent Shewa and Vocal Shewa Silent Shewa = zero value and never transliterated Vocal Shewa = hurried pronunciation, like a in amused
Transliteration: � be , ב
Rules for pronunciation later on
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Vowels and Reading
Holem over the �ש# or ש Two dots merge into one dot
יש��ב�ם י�ש��ב�ים �א ש#נ
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Vowels and Reading
Daghesh Forte – “doubling the consonant” Remember Daghesh Lene?
begadkephat consonants Soft and hard pronunciation
hard pronunciation indicated by dot inside the consonant (Daghesh Lene) ( (for the soft v ב for hard b andב
Daghesh Forte doubles the consonant in which in occurs
�מ�ים �haššāmayim ,(ש�ש�) (ש�) has a Daghesh Forte on Shinה�ש
Daghesh Forte on every consonant except gutturals (ח, ה, ע, א) + ר
When Daghesh Forte occurs in a begadkephat, the hard pronunciation doubles Vowel chart summary on pp. 15-16
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Vowels and Reading
Practice: Workbook exercises
p. 7 Hebrew vowels pp. 8-9 (identify proper names, no: 1-5, 10-15)
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Vowels and Reading
3.1 Syllabification and Pronunciation Syllabification = dividing the word into syllables
Syllables = basic sounds of each word
Two rules of syllabification 1) Every syllable must begin with one consonant and have only one vowel
Syllabification of “word” (ר�ב� �׀ב�ר (ד ד2) There are only open and closed syllables
Open syllables end with a vowel & closed syllables end with a consonant
� �׀ב�ר,ד ד (open syllable), ר�ב(closed syllable)
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Vowels and Reading
Hebrew accents Hebrew words most often accented on the last syllable
�ב�ר ב�ר accent on ד If accent falls on some other syllable indicated by accent mark
׀פ�ר) � פ�ר (ס� � ס� Syllable classification – proximity to the accent
1) Tonic – the syllable that is accented
�ב�ר i.e. the tonic syllable ; ב�ר accent on ד
2) Pretonic – syllable before the accent
�ב�ר � ב�ר accent on ד is the pretonic syllable ד
3) Propretonic – the syllable before the pretonic syllable
�ב�ר�ים �׀ב�׀ר�ים) ד (ד
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Vowels and Reading
Identify tonic, pretonic, and propretonic syllables
פ�ר�ים ס�׀פ�׀ר�ים ס�
Propretonic Pretonic Tonic
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Vowels and Reading
The Daghesh and Syllabification Review of Daghesh:
Daghesh Lene – hard sound in begadkephat consonants Daghesh Forte – doubling any consonant (except gutturals and ר) Some exaples of Daghesh Forte:
׀ק�הקח� ח�ק �ה �ב �ש��ה י � ׀ב �׀ש��הבי �ה �פ�ל �׀פ� ת ׀ל�הלת
Simple --- but how to distinguish between Daghesh Forte and Lene in begadkephat consonants?
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Vowels and Reading
Daghesh Lene or Daghesh Forte – Three rules The Daghesh in begadkephat is Forte, if preceded by a vowel
E.g. הא� �ת The Daghesh in begadkephat is Lene if preceded by a consonant
E.g. ה� [silent Shewa here] מ�ל�כ A begadkephat letter at the beginning of a word takes a Daghesh
Lene unless the previous word ends in a vowel
E.g. ר�ב� ד
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Vowels and Reading
Shewa and syllabification Two types of Shewas: silent and vocal Shewa
Silent Shewa never pronounced Found at the end of a closed syllable
Vocal Shewa – hurried pronunciation ( � (be ,ב Vocal Shewa occurs: in an open syllable
Two rules to distinguish between a vocal Shewa and silent Shewa 1) Shewa is silent if:
(a) Previous vowel is short; that is, Silent Shewa is found at the end of closed syllable
�ה queen” – preceded by short vowel/at the end of closed syllable“ מ�ל�כ
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Vowels and Reading
(b) First of the two contiguous (side-by-side) Shewas is silent
�ט�י �׀ט�י) is vocal פ is silent and under ש� Shewa under מ�ש��פ (מ�ש��׀פ
(c) A Shewa at the end of the word is silent � ב�ת � �) ת��כ ב�ת �׀ ת��(כ
2) The Shewa is vocal if not preceded by a short vowel
(a) Initial Shewa always vocal – ה�כ�ר� ב(b) The second of the side-by-side Shewas is vocal – ט�י� מ�ש��פ
(c) Shewa under Dagesh Forte is vocal – כ�ים�ל� ה�מ(d) Shewa under unaccented long vowel is vocal – ת�ב�ים� כ Gutturals cannot take vocal Shewa, only silent Shewa – � ע�ת ��מ��ש
Daghesh Forte “dot”
Simple rule:
A Shewa is silent if the
previous vowel is short –
in most other
circumstances, Shewa is
vocal
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Vowels and Reading
Qamets and Qamets Hatuf Two identical vowels:
Qamets – � long ā , ב
Qamets Hatuf – � short o , ב
Better to know the rules:1) Qamets Hatuf only occurs in closed and unaccented syllable
�ל , ח�כ�מ�ה כ2) Qamets in open, pretonic syllable or a closed, accented syllable
�ב�ר ד3) Metheg symbol sometimes used to distinguish Qamets & Qamets Hatuf
�ם , ק�-ט�ל�ה �-ת ב
How do you tell the difference?
Qamets much more common – pick Qamets if
unsure
Metheg only used with Qamets
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Vowels and Reading
Furtive Pathach, Quiescentא , and Hebrew Diphthongs Consonant always pronounced before the vowel, except with…
Furtive Pathach When a word ends with ח or ע , Pathach may appear beneath
Must be pronounced before the consonant
ח� ר�ק�יע� , רו Whenא occurs without a vowel it is quiescent – not considered
consonant does not affect pronunciation
Hebrew diphthong (sound that functions as a single unit) Syllables that contain a diphthong is considered closed
ית ים , ���ש ב� מ��
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Vowels and Reading
Summary of vowel rules on pp. 24-25 Reading exercise – vocabulary words, p. 25
Practice: Workbook, p. 11, no: 1-5; p. 13, no:1-5.
Homework: p. 12, no: 15-20 & p. 13, no: 9-14 Memorize the vowels and the most important rules Practice reading Memorize the vocabulary