Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
Chapter 1 Slide 2
Data vs. Information
Data: raw facts or measurements
Information: collection of facts organized/processed in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselves.
Adds meaning or context to achieve goal of user. Ex: Dow Jones
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
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Data vs. information
Set of names in any order / class list
Set of numbers / average score for test
Set of horse names / history,odds, jockey
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
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Information is the derivative of manipulating, organizing,
summarizing, and presenting data in a form suitable for decision-making or further
analysis.- Hutchinson/Coulthard
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
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Principle
MIS: The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve the organization’s goals
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The “Information Spectrum”
. Omniscience
. Wisdom
. Knowledge
. Information
. Data
Data and Information characteristics
Often a trade-off between some of these attributes. Which ones are
critical to your application?
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Info CharacteristicsANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
Affect value of information
Different attributes more important at different times or different applications
Trade-off between attributes
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Accurate
Error freemeasured correctlyEntered correctly Interpreted correctly
GIGOProgram should verify data.
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
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Complete
Has all important facts or data fields needed to achieve goals of IS.
Student records system:Name, SSN, GPA, payments, course
grades
Medical records system? …
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
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Economical
Worthwhile to collect, buy or produce
“Value” of information vs. costWhat if “tip sheet” cost $1000 ?
Better be accurate and reliable!EPA Hudson River PCB samples:
Cost vs. valid model
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
Chapter 1 Slide 13
Flexible
Can be used for a variety of purposes
supports different IS users goals
easily transformed to another use
Transferable to another application or use: Inventory levels used by:Sales staff, purchasing, production
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
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Reliable
Always accurate/available – not just sometimes
can be depended on
quality is consistent
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Relevant
Important to decision maker (not extraneous)
captures important aspects of model
can be used to problem at hand
Remove non-relevant items from screens
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Simple
Easy to understand
Easy to manipulate
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Timely
Delivered when it is needed
Maximizes value
Relevant in time: still contributes to goals of organization
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
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Verifiable
Can check to see if correct
Has other sources or can be “proved”
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Accessible
Can be retrieved in reasonable time in correct format
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Secure
Only authorized users can access easily
Protected from damage (backed up)
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Chapter 1 Slide 21
C O R E D A T A Q U A L I T Y :A c c u ra te /V e rifia b le /C o m p le te /R e lia b le
D E L I V E R YT im e ly/A c c e s s ib le /S e c u re
U S A B I L I T Y :R e le v a n t/S im p le /F le x ib le /E c o n o m ic a l
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Attributes of Information Quality
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What is GIS?
A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a compilation of computer hardware, software, data and personnel that collects, analyzes and presents information that is tied to a geographic location. Converts data into visual form Links geographical data with descriptive data and
forms the information into layers The layers create themes that represent particular
features on a map and, when combined, form a complete picture.
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Chapter 1 Slide 24
Three Types of DataSpatial Made up of points
lines and areas: Points- locations:
buildings,
customers etc. Lines- streets, rivers.
elevations Areas- polygons
representing states, counties, market areas etc.
Tabular Lists, spreadsheets
and databases Can be linked to
spatial data Sales to a region
Image Satellite images,
aerial photographs and scanned data
One layer Cannot be broken
down
Principles of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
Chapter 1 Slide 25
Data ModelsVector x,y coordinates Interconnected
coordinates represent the shape of a feature.
Highways, rivers etc.
Raster Matrix of cells with values Satellite imagery Color-coded to create a 3
dimensional image (elevations)
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Chapter 1 Slide 26
Uses
Business Placement
Law enforcement
Emergency Response
Census/Demographics
Marketing
Pollution remediation
Medical (disease epidemiology)
Facility management (utilities) &Much More!