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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Think of a good L2 speaker you know– What part of their speech is native and
what is non native?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Think of a good L2 speaker you know– What part of their speech is native and
what is non native?
– Vocabulary, grammar are good
– Phonology is bad
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Think of a good L2 speaker you know– What part of their speech is native and
what is non native?
– Vocabulary, grammar are good
– Phonology is bad
– So is critical period mainly phonology?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Why is there a critical period?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Why is there a critical period?– The brain changes
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Why is there a critical period?– The brain changes
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Why is there a critical period?– The brain changes
– Your L1 impedes your learning
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Why is there a critical period?– The brain changes
– Your L1 impedes your learning
– The innate language devise is only on for a few years
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Why is there a critical period?– The brain changes
– Your L1 impedes your learning
– The innate language devise is only on for a few years
– Children and adults learn differently
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Why is there a critical period?– The brain changes
– Your L1 impedes your learning
– The innate language devise is only on for a few years
– Children and adults learn differently
– What if adults has to spend as much time as kids figuring out the language? Time
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● How does L1 impede learning?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● How does L1 impede learning?– Highly ingrained habits
– Attending to L1 cues, distinctions
– Brain has strong L1 connections
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if you were forced to use a dvorak keyboard instead of a QWERTY?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if you were forced to use a dvorak keyboard instead of a QWERTY?
● What if you were forced to drive on opposite side of road?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if you were forced to use a dvorak keyboard instead of a QWERTY?
● What if you were forced to drive on opposite side of road?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if you were forced to use a dvorak keyboard instead of a QWERTY?
● What if you were forced to drive on opposite side of road?
● What if you had to classify all nouns into 7 categories?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if you were forced to use a dvorak keyboard instead of a QWERTY?
● What if you were forced to drive on opposite side of road?
● What if you had to classify all nouns into 7 categories?
● What if you had to start sentences with verbs?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if there were 5 ways to produce plurals.
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if there were 5 ways to produce plurals.
● What if your language was written without vowels?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● What if there were 5 ways to produce plurals.
● What if your language was written without vowels?
● What if you had to change the way you speak depending on the person's gender, age, social status, familiarity?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● How fluent will you get by interacting with people in the language 16 hours a day 7 days a week?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● How fluent will you get by interacting with people in the language 16 hours a day 7 days a week?
● How fluent will you get by using the language 5 hours a week?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Activation model– Adult brains are going to activate all kinds
of L1 stuff when hearing L2.
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Activation model– Adult brains are going to activate all kinds
of L1 stuff when hearing L2.
– Adults are going to use entrenched patterns that are not relevant to L2• word order
• phonotactics
• articulatory habits
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Transfer: applying L1 habits to L2
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Transfer: applying L1 habits to L2– Is it good or bad?
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Transfer: applying L1 habits to L2– Is it good or bad?
– It is good if language structures are the same• -s plural in English and Spanish
• Latin vocabulary in English and Romance languages
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Transfer: applying L1 habits to L2– Is it good or bad?
– It is good if language structures are the same• -s plural in English and Spanish
• Latin vocabulary in English and Romance languages
– It is bad when structures are different
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Can early exposure help later acquisition– Overhearers: heard language in childhood
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Can early exposure help later acquisition– Overhearers: heard language in childhood
– Learned childhood language as adults
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Can early exposure help later acquisition– Overhearers: heard language in childhood
– Learned childhood language as adults
– Had better pronunciation than non-overhearers
– No difference with non-overhearers on morphology
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Can early exposure help later acquisition– Overhearers
– Childhood speakers
– No early exposure
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Can early exposure help later acquisition– Overhearers
– Childhood speakers
– No early exposure• Childhood speakers could distinguish hard
Korean sounds better than overhearers and people with no early exposure
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Problems for adult learners– Feeling like a baby
– Unable to express self-identity
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Problems for adult learners– Feeling like a baby
– Unable to express self-identity
– Not fitting in socially
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Problems for adult learners– Feeling like a baby
– Unable to express self-identity
– Not fitting in socially
– Being illiterate again
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Problems for adult learners– Feeling like a baby
– Unable to express self-identity
– Not fitting in socially
– Being illiterate again
– Being too self-conscious to talk, get feedback, get involved in L2 culture
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● People may retain accent to retain cultural identity
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● People may retain accent to retain cultural identity
● Immigrants in Germany with good accents– watched more TV in German
– had more German friends
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● People may retain accent to retain cultural identity
● Immigrants in Germany with good accents– watched more TV in German
– had more German friends● Immigrants with bad accents adopted less
German culture
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Bad accent may be due to– less practice with Germans, not less
acculturation
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L1 and L2 Acquisition
● Accent changing– When moving to different state
– What does family think of it?
– Video
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Bilingualism
● How are two languages processed in the brain?
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Bilingualism
● How are two languages processed in the brain?
● Is it good to raise children bilingual?● Are there benefits to being bilingual?
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Bilingualism
● Experiment: Spanish / Catalan bilinguals– Shown two pictures, one in red and the
other in green.
– Asked to name picture in green and ignore red one
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Bilingualism
● Distractor with cognate name (cup: tasa, tassa)
● Distractor with non-cognate name (net: red, xarxa)
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Bilingualism
● Distractor with cognate name (cup: tasa, tassa)
● Distractor with non-cognate name (net: red, xarxa)
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Bilingualism
● Distractors with cross language related names (armilla, ardilla)
● Distractors with unrelated names (pico, bec)
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Bilingualism
● Distractors with cross language related names (armilla, ardilla)
● Distractors with unrelated names (pico, bec)
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Bilingualism
● Moral of the story
– We can't help but “see” language
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Bilingualism
● Moral of the story
– We can't help but “see” language
– Both languages are activated when one is being used.
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Bilingualism
● Moral of the story
– We can't help but “see” language
– Both languages are activated when one is being used.
– But wait, what about verbal versus signed languages?
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Bilingualism
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-measures blood flow
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Bilingualism
● Three groups
– ASL / English bilinguals
– ASL monolinguals
– English monolinguals
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Bilingualism
● Experiment:
– Monolingual mode: name picture in one language
– Bilingual mode: name pictures alternating languages
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Bilingualism
● Starred bars are significantly different
● Posterior temporal area is Wernike's area
● Why would sensory motor be more activated in bilingual mode?
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Bilingualism
● So, words in both languages are activated, how about sentences?
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Bilingualism
● So, words in both languages are activated, how about sentences?
– Lexical Decision task with sentences
– German / English bilinguals
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Bilingualism
The tree was painted by the artist.
Primes
The tree was painted by the artist.
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Bilingualism
Der Baum wurde von dem Künstler gemalt.(The tree was painted by the artist.)
Primes
The tree was painted by the girls.
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Bilingualism
Der Baum wurde von dem Künstler gemalt.(The tree was painted by the artist.)
Primes
The moon was painted by the girls.
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Bilingualism
The artist painted the tree.
Primes
Der Künstler malte den Baum.(The artist paints the tree)
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Bilingualism
Are languages processed in different parts of the brain?Brain exposed patients shown pictures, and asked to say “this is a ___”
Spot on brain is electrically stimulated.
If stimulation impedes production it’s a language area
Are certain areas particular to one language?
Yes, but more are common to both languages.