L-19Part III
Era of Great Reforms
5. Revolutionary Movement
A. Themes
1. New soslovie: revolutionary caste
2. From ideas to deeds
3. “Populism”
4. Strategies
5. Terrorism
6. Revolutionary situation, 1879-81
7. Counter-revolutionary state
C. New Caste: “Intelligentsia”
1. Precursors
2. New soslovie
Radicals: Social Origins
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s
Noble
Non-Noble
Radicals: Occupation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1840s 1850 1860s 1870s
Student
Official
Professional
Military
Teacher
Merchant
Worker
Misc.
Radicals of 1870s: Educational Level
33
22
8
15
21
20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 Higher Ed
Secondary
Elementary
SomeSchooling
Literate
Illiterate
1. “Nihilism” of the 1860s
1. Term, meaning
2. Social significance
2. Theoreticians
1. Herzen: Russian agrarian socialism
2. Chernyshevskii: Revolutionary action
Radical Theoreticians:Herzen Bakunin
New Theoretician: N.G. Chernyshevskii
3. “Practicals”:Profile
A. Origins and Status
B. Identity: “New People”
4. Movement
1861-65 “Proclamationism”
1865-9 Conspiratorial Revolution
Ishutin and the “Organization”
Nechaev
Student Radicals at SPB University (at Kronshtadt) 1861
5. State Response
A. New limits on great reforms
B. Repression: generally mild
Dmitrii Karakozov1866 Arrest, Execution
Narodnichestvo (populism) of the 1870s
A. Etymology
B. Politicization
2. Theoreticians: Three Visions
A. Lavrov: consciousness
B. Bakunin: spontaneity
C. Tkachev: consciousness in lieu of spontaneity
Mikhail Bakunin Petr Kropotkin
1872: Publication of Marx’s Kapital
3. Praktiki: Profile
Age: 87% under 30Origin: 72% non-nobleEducation:
45% less than secondary education21% no formal education2% illiterate
Occupation: 14% workersGender: 15% female
Radicals: Social Origins
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s
Noble
Non-Noble
Radicals of 1870s: Age Structure
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1st Qtr
Under 21
21-25
26-30
Over 30
Radicals of 1870s: Educational Level
33
22
8
15
21
20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 Higher Ed
Secondary
Elementary
SomeSchooling
Literate
Illiterate
4. Movement: Phases
A. Preparationism, 1869-73
B. Bakuninism, 1874-5 (“to the people”)
C. Land and Freedom, 1876-9
D. People’s Will 1879-81
Group Photo: Populists
A. V. Dolgushin: Leader in “Going to the People”
Populist: New Attire
Populist Underground Paper: Narodnaia Volia
“Arrest of Propagandist”
Assassination of Alexander II
1881 Assassination of Alexander II
1886 Sketch: Assassination of Alexander II
5. State Response
A. Administrative measures
B. Increasingly harsh repression
E. Conclusions
1. Ideology: from elitism to peasant idealization
2. No success, but growing cohesion, identity
3. Little popular support
4. Return to elitism in late 1870s