Download - Kuliah 12b Flowering
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Flowering Habits of Fruit
and Nut Crops
HORT 319
Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Plant Development Stages
Juvenile phase Not inducible to flower
Basal portion remainsjuvenile
Rooting ease
Adult phase Minimum size, delayed by
slow growth
Apple, 16-20 nodes
Non flowering adult phasevaries with spp/cv
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Plant Development Stages
Juvenile phase
Adult phase
Effect of budding Use adult bud
Flower more rapidly
than seedling
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Flowering Habits
Mostinitiate the
summerbeforeflowering
Summer before Same year
Stone fruitApple and pear
Blackberry
BlueberryGrapeKiwiFig
Pecan - male
WalnutPistachio
Persimmon
QuinceStrawberry
FigPecan - female
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Flowering Habits
May coincide with fruit development Crop load, culture, and climate at this time
affects next years crop
Endodormancy
Leaf fall
Endodormancy or Rest
Chilling Heat Accum.
Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring
Bloom
Growth
begins
Fruit develop
ment
Fruit bud developmentBloom
-2C to -8 C
-21C to -28CDeacclimation
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Age of Fruiting Wood
CurrentSeason
One-yearOld
Two-yearOld Spurs
Both 1&2-year
QuinceStrawberryFig
Pecan-female
PeachAlmondPersimmonBlackberry
BlueberryGrape
KiwiPistachioPecan-male
CherryApplePear
PlumApricot
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Alternate Bearing
Cycle of alternating heavy and lightcropping years
Apples, pecans, plums, apricots, pistachios
Due to poor flower initiation during heavycropping year
Response to developing embryo
GA inhibits flower bud initiation
Nutrients do not appear deficient
Management: control the crop load
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Factors Affecting Fruit BudInitiation
Precocity: Scion and rootstock
Pruning
On young trees encourage vigorousgrowth
Bending
Encourages fruit bud initiation Girdling
May increase if done early spring
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Effect of bending on flowering
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Factors Affecting Fruit BudInitiation
Chemicals Thinning agents
Hormones - auxin and GA
Tree Growth Rate
Crop Load
Environmental Factors Good nutrition
Excessive heat/drought
Insufficient chill
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
PollinationPollinator vs. Pollinizer
Pollinator is the agent of
pollen transfer (e.g., a bee)Pollinizer is the source of
pollen
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination Importance of Pollination
Needed for fruit set
Seed development affects fruitgrowth
Fruit shape
Fruit size
Cross pollination can enhance setover self pollination
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination
Wind pollination Pecans, walnuts, pistachios, filberts
Insect pollination Pome fruit
Stone fruit
Small fruit
Parthenocarpic set Persimmons, common figs, and some pears
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination: Terminology
Self compatible
or self
incompatible Self fertile
or self sterile
Self fruitful or self unfruitful
Monoecious
Dichogamous
Protogynous
Protandrous
Dioecious
Staminate plant
Pistillate plant
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Wind PollinationPecans and Walnuts
Dichogamous
Monecious
Self fertile
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Wind PollinationPecans and Walnuts
Types of varieties
Protandrous = male 1st
Protogynous = female 1st
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Wind PollinationPecans and Walnuts
Catkins shedding pollen
Female flowers receptive
Pawnee
Cheyenne
Wichita
Choctaw
Protandrous
Protandrous
Protogynous
Protogynous
Pollen shed best
Low humidity (< 85% relative humidity)
Slight breeze
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Wind PollinationPecans and Walnuts
Cool
climate
Hot
climate
Catkins shedding pollen
Female flowers receptive
Protandrous
Timing of pollen shed and female receptivity varies
with the climate
Thus in pecans orchards, 3 complementary cultivars
are recommended
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Wind PollinationPistachios
Dioecious
One staminate
plant per 10pistillateplants
recommended
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Insect Pollination:Pollinizer Need of Crops
Self fruitful Self unfruitful
PeachApricots*
European plums*Tart cherryStrawberryBlackberry
Highbush blueberry
GrapesWalnuts+Pecans+
ApplePear
Asian plumsSweet cherry*
Almonds*Rabbiteye blueberryLowbush blueberry
* also self fruitful/unfruitful types, + dichogamous so need pollinizers
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Insect Pollination:Pollinizer Choice
Cross compatibility of varieties
Bloom overlap
Pollen production
Culturally compatibility
Comparable pest/diseasemanagement needs
Produce good fruit if possible
lli i f i l
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollinizers for Asian PlumsRange from self fertile to self
incompatible
Laroda Mariposa Queen Rosa Santa Rosa
Laroda O F G G
Mariposa F O F F
Queen Rosa G F G G
Santa Rosa G F G F
O = Self unfruitful; F = Fair fruit set most years; G = Good fruit set most years.
lli i f l
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollinizers for ApplesTriploids, self fertility, sports, late
blooming
Macspur
McIntosh
GoldenDelicious
Mutsu NorthernSpy
Macspur P P G G P
McIntosh P P G G P
G. Delicious G G F G G
Mutsu P P P P P
NorthernSpy
P P G G P
Pollinated variety
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollinizers for cherries
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollinizers for Sweet CherriesGametophytic incompatibility
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination:Fruit Set Needed for a Full Crop
Small fruited crops
Range is 40% to 100%
Commonly 60% to 70%
Large fruited crops
Range 2% to 25%
Commonly 3% to 10%
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination:Factors affecting Fruit Set
Competing blooms attractpollinators
Temperature Pollen tube growth
Egg viability
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination:Effective Pollination Period in Pear
Temp.
C (F)
Pollentube
growthto ovule
Ovuleviability
Effectivepollination
period
Fertilizationprobability
10-15(50-59)
4 10 6 High
8-9(46-48)
10 13 3 Medium
5-7(41-45)
13 13 0 None
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
PollinatorsPollen Transporters
Most common: European honeybee
Hives are rented to orchardists
Others bees Wild bees: both honey and bumblebees
Difficult to manage Normally adequate for small orchard
Africanized bees or KILLER BEES
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
European honey bee on left,
African honey bee, right.
Africanized Honey Bee
Hybrid bee between
African bee
European honey bee
Stings are equallyvenomous
Behaviors verydifferent
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
PollinatorsAfricanized Honey Bees
1957 into Brazil
Very defensive of nest Only attack if provoked
Swarm more often 4-8x vs. 1/5x per year
Less selective aboutnesting sites
Produce moreoffspring
Store less honey
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
PollinatorsFactors Affecting Bee Activity
Pesticide applications
Very susceptible to many insecticides
Sevin, Diazinon, Parathion
Weather conditions
Wind (10-20 mph)
Rain
Temperature (10C or 50F)
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination Management
Hive density
1-4 per acre
More hives In poor weather
With small fruited crops
Hive position
Normally hives are clustered
Face south - warm up quicker
Protected from wind
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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pollination Management
Pollinizer distribution Entire row every 4th row
Every 3rd tree per 3rd row
Alternate pollen sources if low pollenproduction
Graft pollinizer branches Bouquets
Beehive inserts
Spray, puff, or by hand
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Any Questions?