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The material in this slide show is provided free for educational use only. All other forms of storage or reproduction are subject to
copyright- please contact the National Marine Aquarium
The slide show was designed and produced for the NMA by STEP, the
Science Training & Education Partnership
Training &Science
EducationPartnership
www.national-aquarium.co.uk
www.step-up-to-science.com
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Introducing biological classification
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Introducing life in the oceans
Evolution and relationships
Summary
How we classify living things
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Introducing life in the oceans
Evolution and relationships
Summary
How we classify living things
![Page 5: KS4 Introducing Biological Classification (PPT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020103/587f29b61a28abd44b8babb8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Life is thought to have started in the oceans, more than 3 000 million years
ago
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For most of this time, nearly all life was in the oceans
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Tim
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presentOCEANS LAND
First bacteriaSingle-celled plants
Seaweed-like plants
First complex animals
Jellyfish-like fossils
Shelled fossils
First fish
Single-celled plants
Land plants & invertebrates
Tree ferns & vertebrates
Dinosaurs
Flowering plants
3000
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Introducing life in the oceans
Evolution and relationships
Summary
How we classify living things
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Scientists use various techniques to decide how
plants and animals are related to each other
They can then build a family tree for all living things
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Tim
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Distance of relationship
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There are about 25 major groups of animals
All of these are found in the oceans, and most are found
only in the oceans
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Here, we will look at six animal groups, which include some of the most important and abundant types in the
oceans
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First we will look at the main features of each group, and
then show how they are related
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Porifera (Sponges)
Most simple multicellular animals, comprising colonies of amoeboid and flagellated cells. Body structure a hollow chamber, with the walls supported by silica or calcium carbonate spicules. Feed by drawing water into the chamber and filtering out small food particles
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Coelenterates
Body radially-symmetrical, consisting of two distinct layers of cells. Gut with a single opening, surrounded by tentacles. Tentacles bear stinging cells, used to capture or paralyse prey. Two basic body plans – sac-like attached ‘polyps’ and umbrella-shaped swimming ‘medusae’
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Annelid worms
Body segmented, long and thin and typically round or oval in section. Most body segments identical, separated from each other by septa. Closed blood system. Nervous system comprising a ventral nerve cord, with an anterior ring. Each segment may carry a single pair of bristly limbs
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Arthropods
External skeleton based on chitin, often mineralised. The limbs are multi-jointed, one pair per body segment. Bilaterally-symmetrical body typically divided into distinct regions. Blood circulates within the body cavity. Nervous system comprising a ventral nerve cord
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Molluscs
Unsegmented body divided into visceral mass and ‘head-foot’. Head bears mouth, foot used for locomotion. Visceral mass contains main body organs and is enclosed within ‘mantle’, which often secretes a shell. Blood system usually open, circulating within the body cavity
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Echinoderms
Unsegmented body, with obvious five-rayed symmetry. Skin with calcareous plates and spines. Tube-feet in skin used in locomotion. No blood system, and simple nervous system
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Vertebrates
Internal bony skeleton (cartilage in some groups) and segmented muscles. The backbone protects a dorsal main nerve cord, which is expanded in the head for form the brain. Well-developed blood system, with a heart with 3 or 4 chambers. Two pairs of limbs. Teeth composed of dentine and enamel
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You will have seen obvious differences between the six
groupsSome groups contained very simple animals, other were
more complex
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We can build a family tree for these groups of animals
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Sponges are the most primitive group of multicellular animals
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PORIFERA (Sponges)
Coelenterates are more complex than sponges, but still have relatively simple body structures
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At this point, the tree branches into the two
main groupings of complex animals
PORIFERA (Sponges)
COELENTERATES
Molluscs, arthropods and annelids are grouped together on this side of the tree Vertebrates and echinoderms are
grouped together on this side
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PORIFERA (Sponges)
COELENTERATES
VERTEBRATES
ECHINODERMS
ANNELIDS
ARTHROPODS
MOLLUSCS
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Introducing life in the oceans
Evolution and relationships
Summary
How we classify living things
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The relationships on these family trees are based on the degree of similarity between
organisms
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Similarity is determined in a number of different ways:Body form (anatomy)Development (embryology)Composition of chemicals such as proteinsGenetic sequencing
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The greatest degree of similarity exists between
individuals within the same species
We group species into larger units based on similarity
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The common starfish has the species name Asterias
rubensOther, very similar starfish also belong in the genus
Asterias
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All starfish are grouped together into the class Asteroidea
Genus: Asterias
Species: Asterias rubens
Class: Asteroidea(about 1600 species)
Starfish are grouped with other echinoderms into the phylum
Echinodermata
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All animals are in the kingdom Animalia
Genus: Asterias
Species: Asterias rubens
Class: Asteroidea(about 1600 species)
Phylum: Echinodermata(about 8000 species)
Kingdom: Animalia(> 1 million species)
Eukarya - organisms with a cell nucleus
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Introducing life in the oceans
Evolution and relationships
Summary
How we classify living things
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Life evolved and diversified in the oceans
Living things are related by a common ancestry
You have seen that -
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Animals have developed complex body plans from simple ancestors
Classification is based on relationship
You have seen that -
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NOTES for USERS
The material in this slide show is designed to support the teaching of science at Key Stage 1
A full description of the slide show, and linked activities for students, can be found on the National Marine Aquarium (NMA) web-site:
Teachers are free to amend the slide show in whatever way they feel fit, or to use slides in other contexts. However, please note that neither the NMA nor the designers will accept
responsibility for modifications, and original material remains copyright of the NMA
Individual images used in the slides are copyright of NMA or STEP, except where acknowledged separately
The slides have been set up to display as A4 landscape format. If they are incorporated into other slide sequences with different display settings, change in aspect ratio and text location
will occur
The slide sequence contains the minimum of effects and transitions. However, there are some automated animations, and teachers will wish to make sure that they are familiar with
the sequence before use in class
Use the PowerPoint notes viewer to obtain additional information for some slides
www.justaddh2o.tvwww.national-aquarium.co.uk