Download - Knowing the Ocean World
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Knowing the Ocean World
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Marine Science
Marine geologistPhysical OceanographersMarine BiologistsMarine EngineersPaleontologistArcheologists
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Ocean World
What is the ocean?• Size– Area– Mass– Volume– Depth
• Salinity• Age
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Ocean World
• Temperature• Salinity• Topography– Deepest point– Highest point (from sea floor)– Contours
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Nature of the Ocean
How many oceans are there on the planet?– Water– Air
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The Greeks
Pythagoras– Lived about 550 BC– Mathematician– Pythagorean Theorem– the world is round
Eratosthenes– Lived about 200 BC– Astronomer, Philosopher, Poet– Library of Alexandria
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Eratosthenes``
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Latitude and Longitude
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The CoordinatesLatitude
• Parallel to the equator• Defined distance from one parallel to the next• Range from 0 to 90 degrees north and south• Significant parallels
– Equator– Tropic of cancer– Tropic of Capricorn– Arctic circle– Antarctic circle
• Measured in degrees of arc
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Degrees of Arc
Each degree is divided into 60 minutes
Each minute is divided into 60 seconds
HemispheresNorthSouth
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Coordinates
Longitude• North to south• Meridians• Range from 0 to 180• Usually numbered in 15 minute increments– Earth takes 24 hours to complete 360 degree rotation– Therefore 15 degrees equals one hour
• Prime Meridian
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What’s Unique about Latitude and Longitude?
Longitude– Run North to south– Prime meridian through Greenwich England– Meridians of Longitude 15 degrees part equal one
hour– Lines are not parallel– Time can be used to determine position
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What's unique about latitude and longitude?
Latitude• Lines are parallel• Distance can measured between parallels of
latitude– Each degree equals 60 nautical mile– Each minute equal 1 nautical mile(each nautical mile equals 1.15 statue miles)
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Oceans
PacificAtlanticIndianArcticSouthern
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Tributaries
MediterraneanBering
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Marginal Seas
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Latitude and Longitude
Convert Latitude / Longitude in Degrees/Minutes/Seconds to/from Decimal (FCC) USA
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The significance of time and distance
to determine location north or south you must measure distance
To determine location east or west you must measure time
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Measuring Distance
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Measuring Time
• Throw the log• Chronometer• Modern electronics
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Library at Alexandria
Library researchers invented:• Astronomical, geometric, and mathematical
base for celestial navigation• Cartography flourished• Hipparchus and Ptolemy• The “great mistake”
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Alas the Library at Alexandria
• Rise of the Roman Empire• Dark Ages – 1000 years• European Renaissance
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Exploration in the Dark Ages
PolynesiansVikingsChinese
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European Enlightenment
Prince Henry the NavigatorChristopher ColumbusFerdinand MagellanJames CookJohn Harrison
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Scientific Expeditions
United States Exploring Expedition– USS Vincennes– Charles Wilkes– Four Year Voyage
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Matthew MauryBenjamin FranklinTim FolgerCharles Darwin/HMS BeagleChallenger ExpeditionFridtjof NansenRoald Amundson
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Oceanographic Institutions
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How do scientists work?
Scientific Method
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What do scientist do?
DiscoverInventExplainSolveExperimentObserveHypothesizeMeasure