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Kingdom Protista- Chapter 20
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What is a Protist?
Protists are eukaryotes that are not members
of the Plant, Animal, or Fungi kingdoms
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Basic Characteristics of the Kingdom Protista
1. Eukaryotic- has a nucleus
2. Unicellular -(except some algae are multicellular)
3. Some have cell walls
4. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
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Protists are separated into three groups according to how they get nutrients
Classification of Protists
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Plant-like Protists
• All are autotrophic-meaning they can make their own food
• Examples:
Euglena
Dinoflagellates
Algae
Volvox
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Euglena
Euglena have chloroplasts, move using a flagella
Unique because they are both heterotrophic and autotrophic
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Gullet
Chloroplast
NucleusEyespotFlagella
Carbohydrate storage bodies
Pellicle
Contractile vacuole
Euglena
Ingest food through the gullet
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Dinoflagellates
• Two flagella that cause it to spin like a top
• Warm surface waters cause “blooms”
• Red tide can paralyze humans
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Red Tide- a population boom of dinoflagellates that can span hundreds of miles
- if breathed can cause respiratory failure -if you ate contaminated shell-fish it could lead to death- can lead to massive fish kills
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Diatoms
• Produce cell walls rich in silica (Si – the main ingredient in glass)
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Algae• Red, Green, and Brown forms
• Extracts like pectin & agar are used to thicken jelly and yogurt.
• The extract carrageenan is used to thicken ice cream, toothpaste, inks, paints, and cosmetics.
• Kelp- provides habitat – also used for human food
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GREEN ALGAE Volvox (left), Spirogyra (right)
Colonies of Individual Cells
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Red Algae – Antithamnion plumula
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Red algae- Porphyra is used to wrap sushi
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Brown Algae (largest algae) Kelp forest
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Animal-like Protists• Are all heterotrophs
• Classified by how they move.
• Examples:
Amoeba
Paramecium
Plasmodium
Arcella gibbosa, a shelled amoeba
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Amoeba
Moves using pseudopods- “false feet”- cytoplasmic projections
Found in freshwater
Pseudopods
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They also use pseudopods for feeding
Amoeba Paramecium
Pseudopod
Pseudopod
Food Vacuole
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Have contractile vacuoles to pump out freshwater diffusing in due to osmosis.
Move using Cilia - hair-like projections
Paramecium
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Paramecium- ingest food through oral groove
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Fungi-like Protists
• All are external heterotrophs.
• Act as decomposers
• Examples:
–Water Molds
–Slime Molds
Phytophthora infestans
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Fungi-like Protists- examples
1) Water molds- thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in water and are plant parasites on land.
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Fungi-like Protists- examples
2) Slime molds are fungus like protists that play key roles in recycling organic material
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Slime molds upclose
Water and Slime molds are not in the Kingdom Fungi because their cell walls are made up of cellulose not chitin.
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DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTISTS
• MALARIA – Plasmodium– Causes severe chills, fever, sweating,
confusion, and great thirst.– Spread from person to person by the
anopheles mosquito.
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Amoebic dysentery – Entamoeba histolytica– Amoebas feed on intestinal lining, causing
bloody diarrhea.– Contaminated food or water.
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Brain-eating amoeba
• Naegleria fowleri – causes infection of the brain and is 98% fatal.
• found in natural freshwater bodies of water such as lakes, and ponds that have especially warm temperatures, and swimming pools with insufficient chlorination