Kin
gdom
Pla
ntae
Multicellular Algae
Bryophytes
The nonvascular plants
TracheophytesVascular plants
Early vascular plants
Ferns and Fern Allies
Whisk ferns
Club mosses
Horsetails
True ferns
Seed plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Tracheophytes
Early vascular plants
(Ferns and fern allies)
Seed plants(Gymnosperms and angiosperms)
• may reach more than a meter in height
• contain vascular tissues• tracheids in xylem• phloem• lignin-reinforced cell walls
• with true roots, stems, and leaves
http://yahyaaydin.edublogs.org/files/2012/06/vascular-system-1oiqdco.gif
Corn root x.s.
Corn stem x.s.
Corn leaf x.s.
Corn stem l.s.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/ZeaRootXS.gif
, http://imgc.artprintimages.com/images/art-print/jack-bostrack-cross-section-of-a-corn-stem-showing-vascular-bundles-zea-mays-a-monocot-lm-x100_i-G-64-6453-58IH100Z.jpg
, http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/4x8923282/Corn_Leaf_Vascular_Bundles_42-18708022.jpg
,http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webchap7xylem/web7.2-1.jpg
Ferns and Fern Allies
Lycophyta (Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)
Early vascular plants
• seedless• leaves with waxy cuticles• sporophylls with spores arranged
in sori (sing. sorus)• depend on water for reproduction
and nourishment• dominant diploid sporophyte
stagehttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ardEXc55Vv4/S8JwWU7xbQI/AAAAAAAAAH4/FtPJLKeifBo/s1600/Fern_labeled_MC_%5B1%5D.jpg
http://www.tomifobia.com/gallerya/pix/fiddlehead_fern1.jpg, http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/100587/100587,1211843094,1/stock-photo-sori-on-the-underside-of-a-fern-frond-marginal-sori-characteristic-of-adiantum-13070203.jpg
,, http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/mccauley/6a_site_images/plants-images/fern-sor-01.jpg, http://www.backyardnature.net/n/09/090503sg.jpg
Ferns and Fern Allies
Lycophyta (Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)
Taxonomy
• whiskferns have rhizoids with mycorrhizae, stems, and leaflike structures
• Psilotum
http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2004/10/45_0d6f53866162cdab6d2a37a3a3101ea9.jpg
Ferns and Fern Allies
Lycophyta (Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)
Taxonomy
• abundant on early earth• first forests• grew to 35m tall• fossilized remains coal
• extant species are club mosses in moist places (Lycopodium)
http://www.twofrog.com/images/lycopodium98.jpg, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Lycopodium_saururus.JPG
Ferns and Fern Allies
Lycophyta (Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)
Taxonomy
• Equisetum (horsetail/scouring rush) only living genus
• can grow to a meter in length
• leaves arranged in whorls around stems
• contain abrasive silicahttp://www.friendsschoolplantsale.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/equisetum.jpg, http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/images/fern-allies/fa-07a1.jpg, http://
www.missouriplants.com/Ferns/Equisetum_hymenale_stems.jpg
Ferns and Fern Allies
Lycophyta (Club mosses)
Sphenophyta
(Horse tails)Psilophyta
(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)
Taxonomy
http://www.friendsschoolplantsale.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/equisetum.jpg
, http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/images/fern-allies/fa-07a1.jpg, http://www.missouriplants.com/Ferns/Equisetum_hymenale_stems.jpg
• since 350 mya• true vascular tissues, strong
roots, underground stems called rhizomes, large leaves called fronds
• shade plants found in wet habitats
• sporangia in clusters of sori producing haploid spores
• released spores carried by wind/water
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_22_Plantae_Fig_f/24_16_Fern_LifeCycle.GIF
Spermatophytesseed plants
Gymnospermsnaked seeds
Angiospermsflowering plants with protected seeds
• water NOT required for gamete fertilization!
• gametes in sporophyte structures called flowers or cones
• undergo pollination to transfer sperm from male gametophyte (in pollen grain) to female gametes
• embryos contained within seeds with stored food supplies
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/spermatophyta/gymnosperms/other%20pines/JSC%209805&06%20male%20&%20female%20pine%20cones%203.JPG, http://growit.umd.edu/vegetableprofiles/VegetableProfileImages/squash.mf.petals.jpg
http://www.uen.org/utahlink/tours/loadimg.cgi?p=/tour/14719/14719lr001135.gif
Gym
no
sper
ms
na
ked
se
ed
s
Gnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgoes
Conifers
Taxonomy
• with vessel elements similar to angiosperms
wikipedia.org , http://ephedraclaims.com/wp-content/themes/thesis_17/custom/rotator/ephedra1.jpg Gnetum
Welwitschia
Gym
no
sper
ms
na
ked
se
ed
sGnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgoes
Conifers
Taxonomy
• grow very slowly and are long-lived (~1000 years)• palmlike plants with large cones• plants are dioecious (plants have separate sexes)
http://www.hear.org/starr/images/images/plants/full/starr-080716-9529.jpg
Cycas revoluta
Gym
no
sper
ms
na
ked
se
ed
sGnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgos
Conifers
Taxonomy
• “living fossil” with only one extant member
http://www.arborday.org/trees/graphics/trees/162/162_md.jpg,, http://i.ebayimg.com/t/Spring-Valley-Herbal-Supplement-Ginkgo-Biloba-90-ct-/00/s/MzAwWDMwMA==/$(KGrHqR,!jQE68o5+uJ1BO+Z!wKzwQ~~
60_35.JPG
Ginkgo biloba
Gym
no
sper
ms
na
ked
se
ed
s
Gnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgos
Conifers
Taxonomy
• pine, spruce, fir, cedar, sequoia, redwood, yew, larch, cypress• long and thin leaves with waxy cuticles and sunken stomates
http://sharon-taxonomy2009-p3.wikispaces.com/file/view/Life_Cycle_GS.gif/95529336/Life_Cycle_GS.gif
Characteristics
• Appeared on land during the Cretaceous period 135 mya
• Dominant and most diverse form of plants• Reproductive organs called flowers with ovaries that surround and protects seeds
• Ovaries fruits (tissue surrounding seeds)
AngiospermsFlowering plants with
protected seeds
Monocots
Dicots
http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/0.Site.Folder/Flower.terms.jpg
http://www.biographixmedia.com/biology/tomato-flower-fruit.jpg
http://home.sandiego.edu/~gmorse/2009BIOL221/Study_guide2/monocot_dicot.jpg
http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/the-life-cycle-of-angiosperm-38618