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Kingdom Plantae
Botany - the study of plants.
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SummaryAll Plants are autotrophs that produce food byphotosynthesis.
• Plants are loosely organized into 4 groupsbased on the presence or absence of vasculartissue and seeds.
Main Characteristics Include:1. Cell walls composed of cellulose2. Non-motile3. Eukaryotic4. Multicellular
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VASCULAR SYSTEM- A transportation system within a plant for water and sugar distribution.
SEED- An encapsulated plant embryo; a fertilized ovule of a plant.
SPORE- one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion
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Vascular tissue
• Vascular tissue - tissue that transports waterand sugars throughout an entire plant.
• Plants lacking vascular tissue are calledbryophytes.
• Plants which have vascular tissue are calledtracheophytes.
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• Vascular tissue is made up of xylem and phloemcells.
- Xylem carries water and minerals to the leaves.
- Phloem transports food synthesized in leavesthroughout the plant.
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• Land plants have acuticle and stomata(singular stoma).
- Cuticle is a noncellularlayer secreted by
epidermal cells toprotect cells from dryingout.
- Stomata are pores in theepidermis of a plant, to
permit the exchange ofgases between the plantand the air around it.
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Bryophytes• Non-vascular plants:
- Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
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BRYOPHYTES(Phylum Bryophyta)
• Nonvascular land plants use diffusion and osmosis totransport materials throughout the plant.
• small in size they grow close to the ground in moist,shaded areas.
• lack true roots, stems and leaves, they are anchored tothe ground by structures called rhizoids.
• Bryophytes are the only plants to have a life cycle that ispredominantly in the haploid gametophyte stage. They
produce male and female gametes that require water toallow the sperm to swim to an egg creating a zygote thatwill develop into a new sporophyte.
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Tracheophytes
• Vascular plants:- Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
- Sporophyte dominated life cycle
- Seedless (spore bearing) Seeded Plants
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TRACHEOPHYTES(Phylum Tracheophyta)
• Tracheophytes have vascular tissues (xylem &phloem). That allow plants to grow muchtaller, by being able to draw water up through
their bodies.
• Means of reproduction:
- spores: for club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
- seeds: for flowering plants (angiosperms) andconifers (gymnosperms).
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Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns)• Reproduce by spores, and have an alternation ofgenerations that is dominated by the sporophyte
life cycle. (opposite non-vascular)
• Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascularplant. (dinner to decorations)
• Life Cycle see page 173
- Write a list of ALL key words that come out of the lifecycle of the fern. Underline any terminology you haveencountered before and note where you have used
the word before.
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Life Cycles of Plants
• An alternating cycle of both a haploid gametestage (Gametophyte) and a diploid sporestage (Sporophyte). This cycle is known as theAlternation of Generations
- Sporophytes produce haploid spores throughmeiosis (division of the chromosome) that cangrow without any fertilization.
- The spore grows into a gametophyte that producemale and female gametes that can fuse anddevelop into another sporophyte
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Alternation of Generations
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Seed Producing Tracheophytes
• There are two main groupings for seedproducing plants:
- Gymnosperms (conifers and relatives)- conebearing plants that have seeds exposed on theircones scales.
- Angiosperms (flowering plants) - plants withprotected reproductive structures that have
adaptations to increase the likelihood ofreproduction.
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What is a Seed?
• A seed is a multi-cellular structure containingan embryo and a food source.
• The embryo consists of a:- An immature root
- An immature shoot
- One or two seed leaves
• Seeds have hard protective structures and cansurvive without water for years. They can alsobe carried great distances by animals etc…
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Gymnosperms
• Have all normal plantcharacteristics
• Have seeds on theircone scales
• Most are coniferoustrees (pines, spruce,etc…)
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Survival Strategies• Reproduction with male pollen and pollen tubesremoves the need for moisture.
• Protective bark prevents water loss
• Shape helps prevent snow/ice damage, andincreases the area for photosynthesis to occur.
• Needle-like leaves have thick cuticle and sunkenstomata to prevent water loss.
• Do not loose their needles so photosynthesis canbegin earlier and they do not need extra nutrients
to grow new leaves.
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Angiosperms (flowering plants)
• Plants that protect their seeds within the bodyof a fruit.
• Make up ¾’s of all plants, including:
- Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, water plants, etc…
• Divided into two large classes based on thenumber of seed leaves (cotyledons)
- Monocots - one seed leaf (grasses, lilies)
- Dicots - two seed leaves (roses, peas, mapletrees)
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Diversity and success of theAngiosperms :
• The angiosperms are the most diverse plantgroup.
• They can self-pollinate (clone) or cross-pollinate with another plant.
• Also, this diversity is due to a variety of otherfactors, such as:
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1) Presence of specialized structures
• Plants attract animal pollinators with colour anda supply of food (often nectar) to carry pollen
from plant to plant- Different flower colors, smells, and shapes attractdifferent pollinators.
- Eg. Bees can’t see red, so they are often on blueor yellow flowers.
- Flies are attracted to flowers such as stink-cabbage.
- Many insects see UV spectrum. (See Fig. 6.14, pg.177)
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2) Seeds are protected
- Flowers are sporophytes that do not producespores.
- The pollen grains, and the eggs are all that remainof the gametophyte generation.
- The embryo is enclosed in hard tissue to form aseed. The seed case enables the embryonic plantto survive adverse weather conditions such as
drought, hot or arid periods and cold.
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3) Function of the fruit in seeddispersal
• Some seeds in fruits are easily dispersed bywind and by water. Eg. Coconut
• Some fruits are eaten and dispersed byanimals. The seed resist digestion and willpass intact in an animal’s feces to germinate ina new spot.
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4) The presence of specialized tissues
• Some plants possess special tissues andbehaviours to help them survive heat, cold,and droughts.
- Eg. small leaf hairs and sunken stomata help toreduce water loss.
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Now make like a tree and leave!!