Download - KINGDOM EUMYCOTA - The True Fungi
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KINGDOM EUMYCOTA - The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Disclaimer: Keep in mind that new systems that new information is changing our current understanding of how fungi are phylogenetically-related and should be taxonomically arranged.
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Phylum Basidiomycota
Characteristics:
1. Septate mycelium
2. Basidia and basidiospores
3. Clamp connections. Not all Basidiomycetes produce these, but when a fungus does it will always be a basidiomycete.
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BasidiomycetesCharacteristics:
4. Two main groups, based on morphology of basidia.
a. Basidia are septate and deeply lobed
Order Uredinales – the rusts
i. Produce all five spore stages – aeciospores, uredospores, teliospores, basidiospores and spermatia (aka pycniospores)
ii. Important genera – Puccinia, Gymnosporangium
Order Ustilaginales – the smuts
i. Produce only basidiospores and teliospores
ii. Important genera – Ustilago, Tilletia
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BasidiomycetesCharacteristics:4. Two main groups, based on morphology of basidia.
b. Basidia are unicellular, non-septate: wood decay fungi
Order Aphyllophorales (aka Polyporales) – the bracket fungi
i. Hymenium lines small pores on underside of sporophoreii. Important genera – Polyporus, Fomes
Order Agaricales – the mushroomsi. Hymenium lines gills (lamellae)ii. Important genera – Armillaria, Agaricus
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Aphyllophorales Agaricales
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Phylum Basidiomycota - "Basidiomycetes"
• septate hyphae, often with clamp connections present • multicellular sporocarp called the basidioma or basidiocarp is common • sexual spores (basidiospores) produced over a hymenium on the surface of
club-shaped structures (basidium) at the tip of sterigma (pl. = sterigmata) • some groups have a HOLOBASIDIUM (a single-celled basidium), while
others possess a PHRAGMOBASIDIUM (a basidium that is divided into more than one cell by transverse or longitudinal setpa.
• very diverse groups (from some types of yeasts, to rust and smut fungi, gilled-mushrooms, puffballs, polypores, etc.)
• Spore discharge - see http://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/spore-discharge-mushrooms.html
• Some of the following information and figures are from• http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1020/images/copb2.jpg• http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/basid133.html• http://www.paddenstoel.nl/html/basidien.html• http://entoplp.okstate.edu/classes/plp3344/lecture14.pdf• http://www.scnresearch.info/April%2011%202006.ppt
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The formation of a clamp connection and maintenance of the dikaryon in a basidiomycete
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Hymenium, Basidia,and Basidiospores
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TWO BASIDUM TYPES
HOLOBASIDIA
PHRAGOMOBASIDIA
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OTHER EXAMPLES OF HOLOBASIDIA AND PHRAGMOBASIDIA
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Basidiomycetes5. Three types of hyphae
a. Primary hyphae – develops from a germinating basidiospore. Nuclear status = n
b. Secondary hypha – results from fusion of two primary hyphae. Yields a n+n cell that continues to grow as a n+n hyphae
c. Tertiary hypha – exactly the same as secondary hypha. n+n However it has thick walls that enable production of fleshy and wood sporophores
Primary hyphae Primary hyphae
Secondary hyphae
Tertiary hyphae
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Phylum Basidiomycota: Three major classes• Class Uredinoiomycetes
– Order Uredinales - The Rusts • Class Ustomycetes - The Smuts
– Order Ustilaginales • Class Basidiomycetes
– Order Tremellales- jelly fungi; Tremella mesenterica - witch's butter – Order Auriculariales - fungus ears; Auricularia auricula - wood ear – Order Aphyllophorales - chanterelles, tooth fungi, polypores, coral fungi. – Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms - inky caps, oyster mushrooms,
etc. • The following orders were formerly placed in the FORM CLASS Gasteromycetes or
"stomach fungi". – Order Phallales - stinkhorns – Order Lycoperdales- puffballs and earth stars – Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs – Order Sclerodermatales - earth balls – Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere throwers
• OTHER ORDERS INCLUDED IN THE CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES BUT NOT COVERED IN CLASS:
– Orders Septobasidiales, Brachybasidiales, Dacrymycetales, Tulasnellales, Melanogastrales, and Gauieriales.
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RUST AND SMUT FUNGI
• Teliomycetes (old name) or
• Class Uredinoiomycetes – Order Uredinales - The
Rusts
• Class Ustomycetes - The Smuts
– Order Ustilaginales
– Uredinales (rusts)– Ustilaginales (smuts)
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The RustsThese are obligate parasites. Generally these require two host to
complete their lifecycle. Primary hosts – the host on which basidia and basidiospores are
produced.Alternate host – the other host in the life cycle on which
spermagonia and aecia are producedAlternative host – the host that a pathogen can infect in place of
the primary or alternate hosts.
Heteroecious – organisms with a primary and alternate host.Autoecious – organisms that have only a single (primary) host.
Macrocyclic rust – long cycle rust. Produce all 5 spore types. Demicyclic rust – medium cycle rust. Omits uredia.Microcyclic rust – short cycle rusts. Produces basidiospores,
teliospores and spermatia.
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Order Uredinales Order Ustilaginales
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The Rusts• Stem Rust of Wheat caused by Puccinia
graminis – Reduces yield and quality of grain; fungus causes
lesions or pustules on wheat stems. – Management - remove alternate host (i.e., barberry);
use resistant cultivars of wheat • Cedar-Apple Rust caused by Gymnosporangium
juniperi-virginianae – Apples become deformed and ugly; fruit size reduced
due to damage to foliage – Management - removal of cedar trees, which serves
as the alternate host; spray apple trees with fungicides, and use rust-resistant apple trees
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Wheat stem rust
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Cedar apple rust is caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianum;
lacks the uredia stage = no repeating stage
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The Smuts
• Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis – Galls develop on male and female (ear)
inflorescences. – No major methods of control recommended; tends to
be a chronic but relatively insignificant disease. • Loose smut of cereals by Ustilago avenae, U.
nuda, and U. tritici – Flowering parts of plants develop spore-filled galls
(teliospores) – infected seed treated with fungicides before planting;
use of certified smut-free seeds and systemic fungicides; hot-water treatment of seed to kill fungus.
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Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis
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Loose smut of cereals
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Uredinales (rusts) Ustilaginales (smuts)
1. Teliospores terminal. 1. Teliospores intercalary.
2. Basidiospores 4, discharged from sterigmata. 2. Basidiospores variable in number, not on sterigmata, not discharged.
3. Spermagonia produce dikaryotic stage. 3. No spermagonia; dikaryotic stage. stage arises from fusion of any two compatible cells.
4. Clamp connections absent. 4. Clamp connections common.
5. Many species require two hosts for complete life cycle.
5. Never requires two hosts.
6. Most species unculturable on artificial media. 6. Most species readily culturable.
7. Infections usually localized. 7. Infections usually systemic.
8. Teliospores in telial sori, usually on stems or leaves.
8. Teliospores replace host host organs, usually ovaries and anthers.
9. Attack ferns, gymnosperms, or angiosperms. 9. Attack only angiosperms.
Comparison of Rust & Smut Fungi
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Class Basidiomycetes– Order Tremellales- jelly fungi; Tremella mesenterica - witch's butter – Order Auriculariales - fungus ears; Auricularia auricula - wood ear – Order Aphyllophorales - chanterelles, tooth fungi, polypores, coral fungi. – Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms - inky caps, oyster
mushrooms, etc. • The following orders were formerly placed in the FORM CLASS
Gasteromycetes or "stomach fungi". – Order Phallales - stinkhorns – Order Lycoperdales- puffballs and earth stars – Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs – Order Sclerodermatales - earth balls – Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere throwers
• OTHER ORDERS INCLUDED IN THE CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES BUT NOT COVERED IN CLASS: – Orders Septobasidiales, Brachybasidiales, Dacrymycetales,
Tulasnellales, Melanogastrales, and Gauieriales.
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Order Tremellales - jelly fungi
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Order Auriculariales - fungus ears
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Order Aphyllophorales
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Order Agaricales
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Order Phallales – the stinkhorns
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Order Lycoperdales – puffballs and earthstars
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Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs
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Order Sclerodermatales – earth balls
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Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere throwers
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Mycophagy - To eat or not to eat?
• MYCOPHAGY - (Gr. mykes = mushroom + phagein = to eat) is a practice that dates back to antiquity.
• Edible mushrooms are good sources of protein (by dry weight), indigestible "fiber" (due to presence of chitin), some potential medicinal compounds, and add diversity to our omnivorous diet (e.g., true morels, oyster mushrooms, button mushrooms, shiitake).
• Mushrooms include the sporocarps of certain members of the Phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.