AP Biology 2012-2013
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Domain
Eukarya
Common ancestor
Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya
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Porifera Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms
Chordata Echinodermata
mollusks
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist
tissues
bilateral symmetry
body cavity
segmentation
Animal Evolution
coelom
starfish vertebrates
endoskeleton
segmented worms
insects spiders
backbone
specialization & body complexity
specialized structure & function,
muscle & nerve tissue
distinct body plan; cephalization
body complexity
digestive & repro sys
digestive sys
body size
redundancy,
specialization, mobility
body & brain
size, mobility
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca
Nematoda
On Exam 4/23/13
asymmetry
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ectoderm
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
acoelomate
pseudocoelomate
coelomate
coelom cavity
pseudocoel
Space for organ system development
increase digestive & reproductive systems
increase food capacity & digestion
increase gamete production
Coelem
mesoderm & endoderm interact during development
allows complex structures to develop in digestive system
ex. stomach
protostome vs. deuterostome
Body Cavity flatworm
roundworm
earthworm
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Coelom
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate
Body Cavity correlated with ability to move
correlated with development of
digestive and reproductive systems
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Major Animal Lineages
http://kisdwebs.katyisd.org/campuses/MRHS/teacherweb/hallk/Teacher%20Documents/AP%2
0Biology%20Materials/Diversity/Protostome%20Diversity/32_A01s.swf
Deuterostomes Protostomes
radial
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Development - Blastopore
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Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans
most successful animal phylum
bilaterally symmetrical
segmented
specialized segments
allows jointed appendages
exoskeleton
chitin + protein
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Animal Phylogeny
Ancestral colonial
choanoflagellate
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
Po
rife
ra
Cn
ida
ria
Nematoda,
Arthropoda,
Mollusca,
Annelida
Ec
hin
od
erm
ata
Ch
ord
ata
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Arthropod groups
insects 6 legs, 3 body parts
crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae
crab, lobster, barnacles,
shrmp
arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts
spiders, ticks, scorpions
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Arthropods Segmented coelomates
exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Two out of every three known species of
animals are arthropods
found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Arthropod#p00f28vc
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Early Arthropods trilobites
Showed little variation from segment to
segment
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Later Arthropods
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Arthropod#p00f28vc
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Head Thorax
Swimming
appendages
Walking legs
Mouthparts (feeding) Pincer (defense)
Abdomen Cephalothorax
segments fused
the appendages became more
specialized
appendages modified for many
different functions
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Specialized Appendages appendages modified for many
different functions
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Exoskeleton
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=IJ
TU17GTEOw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I
JTU17GTEOw#t=185s
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Growth: Molting completely covered by the cuticle
exoskeleton made of chitin
Growth
It molts its exoskeleton in a
process called ecdysis
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open circulatory system
Fluid called hemolymph
circulated into the spaces surrounding
the tissues and organs
Systems: Circulation
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Open Circulatory System Spiders (Arachnids)
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Gas Exchange
Gills (Crustaceans)
Book lungs (Arachnids)
Spiracles and Trachael tubes (Insects)
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Includes spiders,
scorpions, ticks, horseshoe
crabs and mites
Arachnids
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Arachnids spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and
horseshoe crabs
an abdomen and a cephalothorax
six pairs of appendages (sometimes 6+2)
Digestive
gland
Intestine
Heart
Stomach Brain
Eyes
Poison
gland
Pedipalp Chelicera
Book lung
Sperm
receptacle Gonopore
(exit for eggs) Silk gland
Spinnerets
Anus
Ovary
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Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) Carnivores with jaw-like mandibles
One pair of legs per segment
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Ticks (Class Arachnida) ticks
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Crabs (Class Malacostraca)
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Barnacles (Class Maxillopoda)
mostly sessile crustaceans
Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell
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Water fleas (Class Branchiopoda)
Daphnia
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Millipedes (Class Diplopoda)
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Grasshopper Anatomy
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Insects (Class Insecta) Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh
water
Flight is one key to the success of insects
more species-rich than all other forms of life combined
Can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new
habitats much faster than organisms that can only
crawl
Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development
Incomplete metamorphosis: the young, called nymphs, resemble
adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they
reach full size
Complete metamorphosis: larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage specialized for eating and growing known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
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Metamorphosis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AUeM8MbaIk
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Complete Metamorphosis Metamorphosis from the larval stage to the
adult stage
Occurs during a pupal stage
Larva (caterpillar) (a) (b) Pupa
(c) Pupa (d) Emerging adult
(e) Adult
http://www.monarch-butterfly.com/
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Crustaceans
Mostly in marine and freshwater
environment
Typically have biramous (two branches),
appendages that are extensively specialized
for feeding and locomotion
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Decapods relatively large crustaceans
And include lobsters, crabs,
crayfish, and shrimp
Ghost crabs (genus Ocypode) live on sandy ocean
beaches worldwide. Primarily nocturnal, they take
shelter in burrows during the day.
(a)
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Planktonic crustaceans
include many species of copepods
Which are among the most
numerous of all animals
Planktonic crustaceans
known as krill are
consumed in vast
quantities by whales.
(b)
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Barnacles mostly sessile crustaceans
Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell
The jointed appendages
projecting from the shells
of these barnacles capture
organisms and organic
particles suspended in
the water.
(c)
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Internal anatomy of a starfish: marine animal with radiating symmetry. They are equipped with numerous tube feet. Sieve plate: entrance to the water-vascular system of a starfish. Anus: end of the digestive tract of a starfish. Ray: limb of a starfish. Ring canal: tube that forms a ring of a starfish. Tube feet: organ of locomotion of a starfish. Cardiac portion of the stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish used for pumping blood. Pyloric portion of the stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish connected to the duodenum.
Members: starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars.
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Invertebrate: Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
radially symmetrical as adults
spiny endoskeleton
deuterostome loss of bilateral symmetry?
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Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
Which group is the sponges?
Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?
…roundworms?
Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
Which two groups have radial symmetry?
What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry?
Which group has no symmetry?
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
Invertebrate quick check…
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Vertebrates
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
internal bony skeleton
backbone encasing
spinal column
skull-encased brain
deuterostome
postanal tail notochord
hollow dorsal nerve cord
pharyngeal pouches
Chordata
becomes brain & spinal cord
becomes vertebrae
becomes gills or Eustachian tube
becomes tail or tailbone
Oh, look… your first
baby picture!
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Vertebrates: Fish salmon, trout, sharks
450 mya
Characteristics
body structure
bony & cartilaginous skeleton
jaws & paired appendages (fins)
scales
body function
gills for gas exchange
two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in
aquatic egg
gills
body
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Transition to Land
Evolution of tetrapods
Tibia
Femur
Fibula
Humerus Shoulder
Radius Ulna
Tibia
Femur Pelvis
Fibula Lobe-finned fish
Humerus
Shoulder
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Early amphibian
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lung
buccal cavity
glottis closed
Vertebrates: Amphibian Characteristics
body structure legs (tetrapods)
moist skin
body function lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange
three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart
ectotherms
reproduction external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
frogs
salamanders
toads
350 mya
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Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics
body structure dry skin, scales, armor
body function lungs for gas exchange
thoracic breathing; negative pressure
three-chambered heart
ectotherms
reproduction internal fertilization
external development in amniotic egg
250 mya dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
embryo leathery shell
chorion
allantois yolk sac
amnion
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Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) Characteristics
body structure feathers & wings
thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton
body function very efficient lungs & air sacs
four-chambered heart
endotherms
reproduction internal fertilization
external development in amniotic egg
150 mya finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
trachea
anterior air sacs
lung
posterior air sacs
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Vertebrates: Mammals 220 mya / 65 mya
mice, ferret
elephants, bats
whales, humans
muscles contract
diaphragm contracts
Characteristics
body structure hair
specialized teeth
body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
four-chambered heart
endotherms
reproduction internal fertilization
internal development in uterus
nourishment through placenta
birth live young
mammary glands make milk
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Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups
monotremes egg-laying mammals
lack placenta & true nipples
duckbilled platypus, echidna
marsupials pouched mammals
offspring feed from nipples in pouch
short-lived placenta
koala, kangaroo, opossum
placental true placenta
nutrient & waste filter
shrews, bats, whales, humans
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Vertebrate quick check… Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which
are endothermic
Why must amphibians live near water?
What reproductive adaptations made mammals
very successful?
What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-
groups of mammals?
AP Biology 2012-2013
That’s the buzz!
Any Questions?
AP Biology
Only animals
Hox genes that regulate the
development of body form
Hox family of genes has been
highly conserved
produce a wide diversity of
animal morphology