Kingdom AnimaliaMrs. GeistBiology, Fall 2010-2011Swansboro High School
NC SCOS 4.01:•Analyze the classification of organisms
according to their evolutionary relationships: ▫The historical development and changing
nature of classification systems. ▫Similarities and differences between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. ▫Similarities and differences among the
eukaryotic kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Plants, and animals.
▫Classify organisms.
NC SCOS 4.02:
•Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish essential life functions including:▫unicellular protists, annelid worms, insects,
amphibians, mammals, non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
▫transport, excretion, respiration, regulation, nutrition, synthesis, reproduction, and growth and development.
Comparisons of 6 kingdomsEukaryotic Lacks Cell
WallsMulticellular
Heterotrophic
Archaea
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Comparisons of 6 kingdomsEukaryotic Lacks Cell
WallsMulticellular
Heterotrophic
Archaea No no
Bacteria No no some
Protists All some some some
Fungi All few most all
Plants All none all few
Animals All all all all
What is an animal?
•Four key characteristics:▫Eukaryotic▫Lack cell walls▫Multicellular▫Heterotrophs that ingest food.
Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates
•Invertebrates: animals without backbones▫95% of animals▫Most live in aquatic or moist terrestrial
habitats▫i.e. sea stars, jellyfish, snails, clams,
insects, and worms•Vertebrates: animals with backbones
▫Mainly terrestrial, but also live in marine and freshwater habitats
▫i.e. fishes, frogs, snakes, dogs, humans
Animal Life Cycle
•Adult male and female animals produce haploid gametes by meiosis
•Fertilization: an egg and a sperm fuse to form a diploid zygote
•Zygote undergoes mitosis•Zygote embryo fetus
Animal Life Cycle (continued)
•Many animals then develop directly into adults
•Others (i.e. sea star) go through 1+ larval stages▫Larva: immature form of an animal that
looks different from the adult forms and usually eats different food
▫Larva undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult
Invertebrate AnimalsFocusing on select Phyla.
Important Terminology
•Closed Circulatory System: blood remains contained within vessels
•Open Circulatory System: blood vessels open into chambers where the organs are bathed directly in blood
Phylum Annelids
•Round body•Segmented worms
•Closed circulatory system
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)• Segmented bodies• Jointed appendages• Exoskeleton- hard
external skeleton made of protein and chitin▫ As it grows, it sheds its
exoskeleton and secretes a new one (molting)
• Open circulatory system• i.e. insects, crustaceans,
spiders
Vertebrate Animals—Phylum Chordata* Focusing on select classes
Fishes—3 classes:
•Class Agnatha- jawless fishes ▫i.e. hagfish, lamprey▫Cartilage skeleton▫No paired fins▫No scales
•Class Chondricthyes- sharks, skates, and rays
•Class Osteichthyes- bony fishes▫Swim bladder- control depth, 2nd
respiratory organ
General Characteristics of Fishes• Aquatic• Sexual reproduction• 2-chambered heart• Gills• Ectotherm: cold-
blooded• External fertilization
Class Amphibia• Metamorphosis:
tadpole frog▫ Larval stage
(tadpoles) lives in water, while adult stage lives on land
• Respiration: Gills as larva, lungs & moist skin in adults
• Sexual reproduction• 3-chambered heart• i.e. frogs, salamander,
caecilians (legless & blind)
Class Reptilia• amniotic egg (waterproof
egg with a shell), internal fertilization, and water-tight skin
• Most lay eggs, though some give birth to live young
• Ectotherms: main source of body heat is external environment
• Scaly skin• i.e. turtles, lizards, snakes,
crocodiles, alligators
Class Aves Birds
• Hollow bones• Feathers • Endotherms: warm-
blooded• Gizzards: muscular organ
that grinds seeds and other foods
• 4-chambered heart• Sexual reproduction• Evolved from Theropod
dinosaur
Class Mammalia• Endotherms• Mammary glands:
produce milk in female mammals
• Hair or fur• Lungs• Sexual reproduction• 4-chambered heart• i.e. deer, wolves,
elephants, giraffes, tigers, dogs, cats, humans