Download - Khakzar 6(2007) Solar Chimneys for IRAN
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Solar Updraft Towersfor Iran
Jrg Schlaich & Gerhard Weinrebe
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
Collector
Tower
Turbines Cost and Ecology
Summary
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Source: Oil Depletion -Updated Through 2001 by C.J.Campbell http://www.hubbertpeak.com/campbell/update2002.htm
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Solar Radiation Resource Global Distribution
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Solar Radiation Resource Distribution in Iran
Source: Meteonorm 5.0, Meteotest, Switzerland
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gw April 2004. Data source: EIA/International
Energy Annual 2000. Solar Updraft Tower
electricity generation: 20 GWh/km
Area needed to supply all the electricity
for the world D = 970 kmfor the Middle East D = 80 km
for Australia D = 110 km
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
There is enough
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Area needed to supply all the electricity
for the world D = 970 km
for the Middle East D = 80 km
for Australia D = 110 km
area needed to supply all electricity for
Middle East
Middle East plus major part of Asia
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Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
Collector
Tower
Turbines Cost and Ecology
Summary
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Principle
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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S hl i h B
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Principle of Energy Storage System
water tubes
night
translucent roof
in the soil and
the water tubesinto the air
soil
day
into the air
soil
solar radiation
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Schlaich Bergermann
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Power generation characteristics
- no additional storage
Autumn Winter
0
50
100
150
200
250
powerin
MW
Spring
0
50
100
150
200
250
powerinM
W
Summer
0
50
100
150
200
250
powerinM
W
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
0
50
100
150
200
250
powerinMW
days
1 2 3 4
days
1 2 3 4
days
1 2 3 4
days
1 2 3 4
Schlaich Bergermann
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Power generation characteristics
- additional thermal storage
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Australia, 200 MW name plate power
annual insolation 2000kWh/ma (or equivalent 228 W/m average)
0
50
100
150
200
250
powerinMW
Autumn Winter
0
50
100
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powe
rinMW
Spring
0
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powerinMW
Summer
0
50
100
150
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powerinMW
days
1 2 3 4
days
1 2 3 4
days
1 2 3 4
days
1 2 3 4
Schlaich Bergermann
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Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle
Prototype
Technology
Collector
Tower
Turbines Cost and Ecology
Summary
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Schlaich Bergermann
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g
Solar GmbH
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Schlaich Bergermann
S l
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Solar GmbH
C i f d d l l t d thl d
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Comparison of measured and calculated monthly averaged
electricity generation of the prototype in Manzanares
energy [kWh/day]
annual energy totals:
calculated: 44.35 MWh
measured: 44.19 MWh
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
calculated
measured
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Operating times for the Manzanares prototype 1987
Total operation hours: 3'157 h
Daylight time
night operating hours: 244 h
total hours with more than 150W/m solar insolation: 3'067 h
Daily operation hours [h]
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
scheduled outage
for special
measurements
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Operating times for the Manzanares prototype 1986 to 1989
Average daily operating times [hours]
0
5
10
15
Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb MarApr MayJun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr MayJun Jul AugSep Oct NovDecJan Feb
1986 1987 1988 1989
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Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Greenhouses in Andaluca,
Southern Spain,
El Ejido in Province Almera
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Solar GmbH
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Collector Design Options
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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wind direction
pressure
suction
C = + 1.00p
C = - 0.45p
C = - 1.5p
Wind force on a cylinder
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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compression
ring
bundles of
strands
Spoked Wheel
Di t ib ti f M idi F i th W ll f th T T b
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spoked wheels at 500, 600, 850 and 1000m
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
3045
85
80
65
43
15
-15
-43
-65
-80
100
200
300
40050060
0700
8
00
900
1.0
00
diameter [m]
height [m]
Meridian stress
[MPa]
-60
-45
-30
-150
15
30
45
85
80
65
43
15
-15
-43
-65
-80
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.0
00
diameter [m]
height [m]
Meridian stress
[MPa]
spoked wheel at 1000 mwithout spoked wheels
-60
-45
-30
-150
15
30
45
85
80
65
43
15
-15
-43
-65
-80
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.0
00
diameter [m]
height [m]
Meridian stress
[MPa]
spoked wheels at 500 and 1000 m
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
3045
85
80
65
43
15
-15
-43
-65
-80
100
200
300
40050060
0700
8
00
900
1.0
00
diameter [m]
height [m]
Meridian stress
[MPa]
Distribution of Meridian Forces in the Wall of the Tower Tube
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Plan view and elevation of FEM Model
Deformation and Stress Distribution of the Tower support Area
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Deformation and Stress Distribution of the Tower support Area( red = areas with max. stresses )
Tower1000 0.30m
120Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Tower
Dimensions
30 0.80m
55 1.80m
550 0.30m
500 0.31m
300 0.47m
55
225
180
180
180
170
outside
intside
Solar Updraft Tower Turbines
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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for air for water
Solar Updraft Tower turbine with horizontal axis Kaplan turbine
Ref. Kaplan turbine: VATECH Hydro
Solar Updraft Tower Turbines
close relatives
air flow water flow
Ai fl d t bi
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Air flow around turbine
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Solar Updraft Towers for Iran
Introduction
Solar Updraft Tower Principle Prototype
Technology
Collector
Tower
Turbines
Cost and Ecology
Summary
Solar Updraft Tower Electricity CostSchlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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capacity 5 30 100 200 MW
tower height 550 750 1000 1000 m
tower diameter 45 70 110 120 m
collector diameter 1250 2850 4300 7000 m
tower cost 19 49 156 170 Mio. collector cost
A10 47 107 261 Mio.
turbine cost incl. housing etc. 8 32 75 133 Mio.
engineering, tests, misc. 5 15 40 42 Mio.
total investment cost 42 143 378 606 Mio.
grant 0 0 0 0 Mio. total investment cost - grant 42 143 378 606 Mio.
annuity on investmentB
3.3 11.0 29.1 46.6 Mio.
operation & maintenance cost 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.8 Mio.electricity production C 14 88 320 680 GWh/yr
electricity cost (EC) D 0.25 0.13 0.10 0.07 /kWhnon-energy revenues 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Mio./yr
EC incl. non-energy rev. D 0.17 0.12 0.09 0.07 /kWhA
cost for unskilled labor 5 Euro/hB
depreciation time: 20 years, interest rate: 4.5%C
at 2300 kWh/(myr) global solar insolation
Solar Updraft Towers
p y
Dlevelized electricity cost (LEC)
El t i it C t I t t R t
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12%
interest rate
Le
velizedElectricityCostin/k
Wh
5 MW
30 MW
100 MW
200 MW
upper boundary depreciation time in years:
lower boundary depreciation time in years:
20
40
Solar Towers
0
5
grant in Mio. :
labor rate for unskilled work in /h:insolation in kWh/a:2300
Electricity Cost vs. Interest Rate
Environmental characteristics
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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6.7
0.61.0
0.7
3
0.7
0
200
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600
800
1000
1200
lignit
e-fire
dpow
erplan
t
black
coal
powerp
lant
comb
inedc
ycle
powerp
lant
PVroof
syste
m,5MW
wind
turbi
ne,5.5
m/s
run
-of-riv
erhy
dropowerp
lant
centr
alrec
eiversys
tem
Sola
rUpdra
ftTo
wer
paraboli
ctrou
ghpowe
rplan
t(SEG
S)
greenhousegasemissionsing/kWh
0
2
4
6
8
10
energ
ypaybacktim
einyears
12
greenhouse gas emissions
energy payback time
Environmental characteristics
Schlaich Bergermann
Solar GmbH
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Summary
Based on simple proven principle: Hot air rises
Ideal for sunny arid regions, no cooling water required
Electricity generation 24h/day
High local scope of supply, added value in the country itself
Reliable simple technology Much longer life time than conventional power plants
Minimum operation & maintenance requirement
Lowest electricity cost of all solar power plants
Environmentally benign: No CO2-emissions during operation
Sustainable, affordable source of electricity
additional information at
b d
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www.sbp.de