-
tIcf
s]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
KpUv\yqkv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
I™n-°pgn, tIm´bw 686 004
kmPp
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Kerala Penthekosthu CharithramtIcf s]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
By Saju
Rights reserved
First published : January 1994
Second published : January 2007
Published by : Good News PublicationsKanjikuzhi, KottayamKerala - 686 004Ph : 0481 2571388
Printed by : Graphic Systems & Co.Mallappally West PostKerala - 689 585, IndiaTel: 0469-2785522, 2782260www.printersfirm.com
Outside KeralaDistribution : Margam Books
Post Box No. 3, Bilaspur,Chhattisgarh - 495 001Phone : 07752 - 244040
Price : Rs.180/-
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{]km[I°pdn∏v
Hcp P\kaqlsØ Adnbp∂Xv AhcpsS Ncn{XØneqsSbmWv. F∂m¬
tIcfØnse s]s¥t°mkvXp kaqlw ap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂ns´¶nepw AXns‚
hy‡amb Hcp Ncn{Xw CXphsc cNn°s∏´n´n√. Nne I¿ØrZmk∑msc°pdn®pw
kwLS\Isf°pdn®pap≈ ]pkvXI߃ Ds≠∂p≈Xp ad°p∂n√. tIcf
Ønse s]s¥t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®v Hcp kaqlw F∂ \nebn
ep≈ Ncn{XsØ°pdn®mWv ChnsS kqN\.
AXn\pth≠nbp≈ {]mcw` {iaambncp∂p 1993 P\phcnbn¬ KpUv\yqkv
{]kn≤oIcn® hntijm¬ ]Xn∏v. AXneqsS Ncn{XØns‚ Hcp cq]tcJ
AhXcn∏n®psIm≠v F√mhcpsSbpw A`n{]mbßfpw \n¿t±ißfpw R߃
£Wn®p. sX‰pIƒ Nq≠n°mWn°phm≥ Bhiys∏SpIbpw IqSpX¬ hnhc߃
\¬Iphm≥ A`y¿∞n°pIbpw sNbvXp. teJ\w Xømdm°nb kmPp Xs∂
hn]peamb Ncn{Xw Xømdm°p∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnXzw Gs‰SpØp.
]n∂oSv Ignhp≈nStØmfw {]ÿm\ßtfmSpw hy‡nItfmSpw hnhc߃
Bhiys∏´p. ap≥Ime {]kn≤oIcWßfn¬ \n∂pw a‰p tcJIfn¬ \n∂pw
hkvXpXIƒ tiJcn®p. Hcp h¿jØntesdbp≈ \nc¥camb ]cn{iaw
sIm≠mWv kmPp Ahsbms°bpw tN¿Øv Cu {KŸw Na®Xv. hn{iaclnXamb
At±lØns‚ ]cn{iaw «mL\obamWv, A`n\μm¿lamWv.
hnhn[ ÿeßfn¬ NnXdn°nS∂ Ncn{Xmwi߃ H∂n®v tN¿Øv Hcp
kaqlØns‚ Ncn{Xam°n _lpP\ka£w AhXcn∏n°phm≥ Ign™Xn¬
R߃°v NmcnXm¿∞yap≠v. F√m alXzhpw \ΩpsS I¿Ømhmbtbip{InkvXp
hn\v Bbncn°s´.
KpUv\yqkv ]ªnt°j≥kv
I™n-°p-gn, tIm´bw ̨ 686 004
10-̨ 1-̨ 1994
c≠mw ]Xn∏v
1994-˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb s]s¥-t°mkvXv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ BZy-]-Xn∏v Nne
amk߃sIm≠p Xs∂ Xo¿∂p-t]m-bn. ]n∂oSv 12 h¿j-߃ Bfp-Iƒ \nc-¥-c-
ambn ]pkvXIw Bh-iy-s∏-́ p-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Bh-iy-°m-cmb \qdp-I-W-°n-\m-fp-
I-fpsS \nc-¥c kΩ¿±-amWv Ct∏mƒ Cu c≠mw ]Xn∏v ]pd-Øn-d-°m≥ R߃°v
\n¿_-‘-am-b-Xv. hyXym-k-ß-sfm∂pw IqSm-sX-bmWv Cu c≠mw ]Xn-∏v. \nß-
fpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn\p \μn.
-
4tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Xe°pdnBZy \q‰m≠n¬ {InkvXym\nXzw AXns‚ {]mcw`Zibn¬ F∂Xpt]mse,
Cu \q‰m≠mZyw s]s¥t°mkvXp {]ÿm\hpw, ZpcnXßfneqsSbpw ]oU\
ßfneqsSbpamWv AXns‚ Ncn{Xamcw`n°p∂Xv. F∂n´pw Hcp \q‰m≠p
]n∂nSp∂Xn\p apºv \h s]s¥t°mkvXv temIsØbmsI Cf°nadn®ncn°p∂p.
tIcfØnepw s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ hf¿® at‰sXmcp {]ÿm\Øns‚bpw
hf¿®sb AXnibn°p∂Xmbncp∂p. C∂nt∏mƒ AhKWn°s∏Sm≥
IgnbmsØmcp i‡nbmbn s]s¥t°mkvXv AwKoIcn°s∏´n´p≠v. Hcp
\q‰m≠pt]mepw {]mbambn´n√mØ Hcp {]ÿm\Øns‚ Ncn{XwIpdn°m≥
t\camtbm F∂p kwibn°p∂hcp≠mImw. F∂m¬ s]s¥t°mkvXp
{]ÿm\Øns‚ D¤h]cnWmaßsf∏‰n \njv]£ KthjWw \SØp∂
GsXmcp hy‡n°pw, Cu alm {]ÿm\Øns‚ Ncn{XsagpXm≥ Imew
XnIt™m F∂√, Imew Ignt™m F∂mWp kwibw tXm∂pI!
AwK_eØnep≠mb AanX hf¿®bmImw ]pdwtemIØv s]s¥t°mkvXn\v
AwKoImcw t\Sns°mSpØXv. F∂m¬ AwK_ewsIm≠√, A¥xkØ
sIm≠mhWw Hcp Bflob {]ÿm\w AwKoIcn°s∏tS≠Xv. AXn\¿∞w
AwKkwJy AhKW\obsa∂√. F∂meXv Hcp c≠mw Imcyw am{XamWv.
tIcfØnse s]s¥t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ Hcp GItZi Nn{XamWv
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬. AXns‚ D¤hhpw hf¿®bpw Ignbp∂{X hniZambn
{]Xn]mZn®ncn°p∂p. tIcf s]s¥t°mkvXp k`Isf∏‰n Nne eLp
]pkvXI߃ {]kn≤oIcn°s∏´n´ps≠¶nepw, hniZhpw hnimehpambn Hcp
Ncn{X]pkvXIw aebmfØnemZyamWv. F¶nepw Ncn{XØnse Hmtcm
kw`hßfpw tcJs∏SpØn, AXns‚ hniZmwißsft∏mepw hnhcn®v Hcp
]pkvXIand°pIsb∂Xv kpkm≤ya√t√m. AXpsIm≠v \n߃ {]Xo£n°p∂
Ht∂m ct≠m BfpIfpsS Ncn{Xw CXn¬ I≠ns√∂ncn°mw. As√¶n¬ Hcp
kw`hsØ∏‰n \n߃ {]Xo£n°p∂{X hnhcWw CXnen√mbncn°mw. tIcf
Øns‚ samØw Ncn{Xw hnhcn°p∂ Hcp ]pkvXIambXn\m¬ {]mtZinI
{]m[m\yw am{Xap≈ Nne kw`h߃ CXn¬ I≠ns√∂pw hcmw. AXn¬
]cn`hn°p∂Xn¬ A¿∞an√t√m. F∂m¬, \nßfdntb≠nbncp∂...F∂n´pw Adn
™n´n√mØ.. Nnescsb¶nepw \n߃ Cu Ncn{X]pkvXIØn¬ ]cnNbs∏Spw.
Ncn{X{]m[m\yap≠mbncp∂n´pw ]pdwtemIw Adn™n´n√mØ ]e kw`hßfpw
CXns‚ t]PpIfn¬ \n߃ Is≠Øpw. AXn¬ Cu ]pkvXIØns‚
]n∂ne≤zm\n®h¿°v Xo¿®bmbpw IrXm¿∞Xbp≠v.
""Ncn{Xsa∂m¬, AXv kXyk‘hpw Pohkp‰Xpambncn°Ww'' F∂mWv
hn{ipX Ncn{XImc\mb Ae≥ s\hn≥kv ]d™ncn°p∂Xv. (Allen Nevins,Introduction to The World History 1954 P. vii). Cu Ncn{XcN\kXyk‘am°m≥ Ignbp∂{X ]cn{iaw \SØnbn´p≠v.
hnhc߃ tiJcn°m≥ CXns‚ {]h¿ØI¿ tIcfØns‚ Hmtcm Pn√Ifpw
-
5 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Ibdnbndßn. hnhcßfmcm™v \qdpIW°n\mfpIƒ°v IsØgpXn; hnhc߃
tiJcn®p Xcm≥ B\pImenIßfneqsS A`y¿∞n®p. Ncn{XØns‚ km£nIfn¬
\n∂v hnhc߃ tiJcns®Sp°pI F∂Xpt]mse Xs∂ {]bmktadnbXm
bncp∂p tcJs∏SpØs∏´ Ncn{Xw NnIs™Sp°pIsb∂Xpw. Ncn{X
Imebfhnse B\pImenI߃ Is≠ØpI, AXn¬ \n∂p Ncn{X_‘nbmb
Imcy߃ AS¿ØnsbSp°pI, AXnse Xs∂ sshhn≤ymwißsf hnthNn®p
ka\zbn∏n°pI, hmsamgnbmbn hf¿∂ Ncn{X⁄m\hpambn AXns\
tIm¿ØnW°pI XpSßnbhbpw {iaIcambncp∂p. 1925 apXep≈ s]s¥t°m
kvXp Imlfw, 1927 apXep≈ kphntij {]`mjI≥, kotbm≥ Imlfw bYm
hkcteJ apX¬ {]XnamknI߃ hsc, kphntij≤z\n, kphntij\mZw,
F.Pn. ZqX≥, s]s¥t°mkvXv... Aßs\ Fs¥¥v B\pImenI߃ .... ]ns∂
BflIYIfpw PohNcn{X°pdn∏pwt]mep≈ ]pkvXI߃!!
C{Xtbsd {ias∏´v Ncn{Xw tiJcn®mepw AXns‚ cN\ kXyk‘am
IWsa∂v \n¿_‘an√ F∂ hmkvXhw \ne\n¬°p∂p. \n£n]vX Xm¬
]cy߃ ]pkvXIsØ hnIes∏SpØm\nSbp≠v. ChnsS cNbnXmhns‚ hm°p
Iƒ hnizkn°pItb Xcap≈p. a\xkm£nbpsS D≈n¬ \n∂p cNbnXmhv Dd∏p
]dbp∂p... Ncn{X cN\bn¬ \n£n]vX Xm¬]cy߃ IS∂p IqSmsXbncn°m≥
]camh[n ]cn{ian®n´p≠v. Hcp k`mhn`mKØns‚bpw t\cn´p≈ \nb{¥WØn≥
Iogne√, {]km[Icmb KpUv\yqkv ]ªnt°j≥kv F∂Xpw tIcf s]s¥
t°mkvXp Ncn{XØns‚ \njv]£Xsb IqSpX¬ Dd∏n°p∂p.
Ncn{Xw Pohkp‰XmsW¶n¬ AXn¬ Poh\p≈ A\p`h߃ thWw.
AXpsIm≠mWv Cu ]pkvXIØnepS\ofw s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ hf¿®bv°v
Poh≥ sImSpØ ssZhZmk∑mcpsS PohnXm\p`h߃ tImdnbn´ncn°p∂Xv.
BZyIme {]h¿ØIcpsS PohNcn{X°pdn∏pIƒ°mWv {]m[m\yw sImSpØn´p
≈sX¶nepw, Aßs\bp≈ F√mhscbpw Dƒs°m≈n°phm≥ Ign™n´n√.
hnhcßfpsS Zu¿e`yw Xs∂ {][m\ ImcWw. a\x]q¿Δambn Bscbpw Hgn
hm°nbn´n√. Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ XmfpIfn¬ PohNcn{Xw {]Xy£s∏´n´n√mØ
{]KXv̀ cmb \qdpIW°n\mfpIƒ thsdbpap≠v.
IgnhXpw Imem\p{IaambmWv Ncn{Xw hnhcn®ncn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬, apJy
Ncn{XØn\nSbv°v {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ "t_mIvkv B¿´n°nƒkv', PohNcn{X
°pdn∏pIƒ Chbv°v cq]Iev]\bpsS kuIcya\pkcn®v ÿm\w
sImSpØncn°p∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw A°mZanIam°m≥ ]cn{ian®n´ns√∂p Xs∂
]dbmw. hmb\°m¿ km[mcW°mcmb hnizmknIfmhm\mWnSsb∂p I≠v cN\
F{Xbpw efnXam°m≥ BhXp ]cn{ian®n´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ncn{XØns‚ hni
Ie\Øn\p ]cn{ian°mXncp∂n´pan√. {]K¤cmb ]ecpambnt®¿∂v AhtemI
\samcp°Wsa∂mbncp∂p Fs‚ BZy Xm¬]cyw. ]e ImcWßfm¬ AXp
Ign™n√.
\μn......
Cu ]pkvXIcN\bn¬ Fs∂ klmbn® ]ecp≠v. \μn {]Xo£n®√
-
6tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Ahcmcpw CXp sNbvXXv Fs∂\n°dnbmw. {i{iqjbpsS ̀ mKambn°≠v Cu
A≤zm\sØ Gs‰SpØ Gh¿°pw kvt\tlm]lmcßf¿∏nt®ms´.
Ncn{X cN\bpsS AkwkvIrX hkvXphmb hnhc߃ tiJcn®pX∂h¿
\qdpIW°n\mWv. t]scSpØp ]dbp∂Xnse _p≤nap v́ a\ nem°mat√m. Pn√
Xncn®v hnhcßsfØn®h¿ ]ecp≠v. AXn\mbn Ah¿°v ]e \mfpIƒ A≤zm
\n°pIbpw Gsd bm{X sNøpIbpw th≠n h∂n´p≠v. NnecpsS t]cv FSpØv
]dbp∂Xv a‰p≈h¿ £an°pI. ]mÿ taml≥ ]n. tUhnUv (Imk¿tKmUv),
]mÿ hn.‰n. G{_lmw (IÆq¿) t\m_nƒ ]n. tXmakv (tImgnt°mSv, hb\mSv),
]mÿ Fw.H. A\nb≥, tPm¿Pv ^nen∏v, tUm. hn.sP. kmaph¬ (]me°mSv),
kmwIp´n Nmt°m (ae∏pdw), ]mÿ ]n.Fw. tPmbn (Xr»q¿), _nPp ]n. FIvkv
(FdWmIpfw), sI.F≥. d ¬, jmPn CSp°n (CSp°n), jmPp kn. tPmk^v
(Ip´\mSv), tkhy¿ Pbnwkv, _m_p (Be∏pg), Pbnwkv tPm¨ (dm∂n) tPmPn,
a≥Pp (]p\eq¿), tXmakv tXm∂bv°¬ (Xncph\¥]pcw), F¬. kmw (sX°≥
XncphnXmwIq¿) XpSßn ]ecpw C°q´Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. tXmakv tXm∂bv°¬,
_nPp ]n. FIvkv, Pbnwkv tPm¨, Ipcymt°mkv tXm´Øn¬, hntPmbv k°dnb
F∂nh¿ ]e \mfpIƒ Ft∂msSm∏w Xmakn®p {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ kl
Icn®hcmWv. Rm≥ Ncn{XsagpXp∂psh∂dn™t∏mƒ apX¬ Ipdnb∂qcnse
hnizmknIfpw ]mÿ kmwIp´nbpw AhcpsS {]m¿∞\bn¬ \nc¥cambn
Fs∂tbm¿Øp F∂p Rm\dnbp∂p. AXmWv Ncn{XcN\bn¬ F\n°p _eambn
`hn®Xv. Ncn{XØns‚ s^b¿tIm∏n Xømdm°nbXv sP nbmWv. Rm\pw
sP nbpw H∂pt]mse {]h¿Ø\\ncXcmbncp∂t∏mƒ aq∂p hb p≈ Rß
fpsS aIƒ {ipXn°p \jvSs∏´Xv AΩb∏≥amcpsS emf\bmWv. Ncn{XcN\bpsS
Kuchw a\ nem°m\p≈ {]mbans√¶nepw AXv Ahƒ Dƒs°m≠p
sh∂tXm¿Øpw Rm≥ ssZhsØ kvXpXn°p∂p.
Ncn{Xw ]pkvXIam°p∂Xn¬ Gsd A≤zm\n® a‰p c≠p t]cmWv ]pkvXIw
Iw]yq´dnem°nb ̂ n∂nbpw (KpUv\yqkv tek¿ {]n‚ vkv) cq]Iev]\ sNbvX
kÆnbpw ({Km^nIvkv Cs∂mthj≥kv). AXv tPmenbpsS ̀ mKamb√, ip{iqj
bmbnØs∂bmWv Ah¿ IcpXnbXv. {]q^v t\m°nØ∂ A∏t°ms´ {]nb
A∏®\pw ({io. F. Fw. amXyp) Gsd A≤zm\n®p.
C{Xtbsd sNehphcp∂ Hcp ]pkvXIØns‚ {]km[\w Gs‰SpØ
KpUv\yqkv ]ªnt°j≥kn\pw hn.Fw. amXyp kmdn\pw {]tXyI \μn..........
P\p-hcn, 1994 kvt\lm-Z-c-ß-tfm-sS,
hen-b-h-́ -∏md hoSv
Ipdnb-∂q¿ t]mÃv
Xncp-h-√, tIcfw ˛ 689 550
Phone : 0469 2672310, Mob : 9447172310E-mail : [email protected]
kmPp
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7 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Ncn-{X-Øm-fp-I-fn-eq-sS....
s]s¥-t°mkvXv \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS 14
BZy-Ime DW¿Δp-I-fnse Bfl-hc {]I-S-\-߃ 26
s]s¥t°mkvXv C¥y-bn¬ 32
tIc-f-Øns‚ BflnI DW¿Δp Ncn{Xw 36
s]s¥-t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\w tIc-f-Øn-em-cw-̀ n-°p∂p 44
tPm¿Pv _¿§v 44
tIc-f-k` _¿§v kmbv]ns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ 48
Xph-bq¿ k` 49
]mÿ Ip°ns‚ BK-a\w 49
H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w 55
DW¿Δv hym]n-°p∂p 55
Nmen-tb-°c 59
ho≠pw Xph-bq-cn¬ 59
BZysØ k`m-lmƒ 60
dh. Ip°v IpSpw-_-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kμ¿in-°p∂p 62
]p\-eq¿ 63
sIm´m-c-°c 63
Ip°v kmbv]v
sIm´m-c-°-c-bn¬ Xmak-am-°p∂p 64
Zcn-{Z¿°p kphn-tijw 67
sh≈n-°c 69
Ipº-\mSv 70
Fgp-a-‰q¿ 70
s]cp-sº´n 70
dm∂n 71
s]mbvI-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥ D]-tZin 72
amth-en-°c 72
ae-¶-c-k-̀ -bpsS BZy-hm¿jnI I¨h≥j≥ 73
tacn Nm]vam≥ F.-Pn.-bpsS BZy-an-j-\dn 78
]mÿ sI.-C. G{_lmw 90
sh´n-bm¿ 92
]¥fw 92
Ce-¥q¿ 93
IS-º-\mSv 93
anj-\-dn-am-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂p 93
s]mbvI-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥ D]-tZ-in-bpsS Bÿm-\Øv 94
-
8tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
hntbm-PnX t\Xm-°ƒ s]s¥-t°mkvXp
hnizmkw kzoI-cn-°p∂p 94
F.-sP. tPm¨ 95
sI.-kn. sNdn-bm≥ 96
sI.-kn. DΩ≥ 96
F.-kn. kmap-h¬ 98
]n.-hn. tPm¨ 98
]n.-‰n. Nmt°m 99
a≤y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ k -̀Iƒ h¿≤n-°p∂p 99
tas°m-gp¿ 100
dm∂n 100
Ipº-\mSv 100
Ißg 101
hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w {]Xn-Iq-eßfpw 104
DØ-c-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-te°v the hym]n-°p∂p 105
sX∂n¥ym s]s¥-t°mkvXp
ssZh-k-̀ bpw hntZ-i-an-j-\-dn-amcpw 106
ae-¶c s]s¥-t°mkvXp ssZh-k` 106
Akw-ªokv Hm^v tKmUpw hfcp∂p 107
Imbw-Ipfw 108
]Ø-\m-]pcw 109
kwtbm-PnX k -̀bpsS hf¿® 111
kotbm≥Ip∂v 111
kphn-ti-j-{]-̀ m-j-I≥ 114
kotbm≥Ip∂v ss__nƒ kvIqƒ 114
B™-en-Øm\w 115
Ipdp-º-\mSw 117
IWn-®p-Ipfw 117
]ndhw 118
]qh-Øq¿ DW¿Δv 119
]qh-Øq-cnse kzX-{¥-hn-tbm-Pn-X¿
s]s¥-t°m-kvXn-te°v 119
F.-B¿.-‰n. AXn-ibw 121
kotbm≥Ip-∂nse DW¿Δv 125
]mÿ ‰n.-Fw. h¿Kokv 128
sI.-]n. ^nen∏v F¬.-‰n.-F®v 129
tPm¨ sF∏v 130
F.-Fw. Um\n-b¬ 130
Ißg 131
DØ-c-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ 131
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9 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
XSn-bq¿ 134
Imbw-Ipfw R°-\m¬ 137
hmcym-]pcw 137
]n.-Fw. kmap-h¬ 140
‰n.-Pn. DΩ≥ 143
]qh≥ae DW¿Δv 146
Bdm-aS sIm®pIp™p k\ymkn 146
Ip°v kmbv]v F.-Pn.-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w hnSp∂p 149
]mÿ t]mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ FØp∂p 153
A-s∏m-kvX-enI hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn
]mÿ t]mƒ 159
kwtbm-Pn-X-k` hgn-]n-cn-bp∂p 160
]n.-Fw. kmap-h¬
sX∂n¥ym s]s¥-t°mkvXp k -̀bn¬ 164
Bdm-aS k` sX∂n¥ym k`tbmSp tNcp∂p 164
sI.-C. G{_-lm-an\v Hm¿Un-t\-j≥ 166
sI.-C. G{_lmw Ipº-\m v́ Xma-k-am-°p∂p 166
sX∂n¥ym t\Xm-°-fpsS kntem¨ kμ¿i\w 167
slt{_m≥ ss__nƒ kvIqƒ 167
Hcp {]hmlw aq∂p ssIh-gn-Iƒ 171
]pXnb k`-I-fpsS hf¿® 173
kzØp-°ƒ hn‰v kphn-ti-j-th-ebv°v Cd-ßn-b-h¿ 173
sX∂n¥ym k` kn.-]n.-Fw. _‘w hnSp∂p 174
k -̀Iƒ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-cq]w {]m]n-°p∂p 175
Akw-ªokv Hm v̂ tKmUv 175
sF.-]n.-kn. cPn-kvt{S-j≥ 176
Ip°v kmbv]v
N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUpambn tbmPn-°p∂p 177
k`m-h-f¿® Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp∂p 179
tImgn-t°mSv 180
Xr»q¿ 187
Xr»q¿ ] -́W-Ønse the 189
Fd-Wm-Ipfw 191
Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]´Ww 192
ssh∏n≥Ic 198
tIm´bw 199
tIm´bw ] -́W-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 199
Xe-∏mSn 200
sI.-Fw. kJ-dnb tIm -́bØv FØp∂p 201
]mÿ ]n.-Fw. ̂ nen∏v tIm´-bØv FØp∂p 201
-
10tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Ip -́\mSv 204
taev]mSw 204
Ip°v kmbv]ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w 205
kntem¨ s]s¥-t°mkvXp anj≥ 208
]mÿ Sn.-Pn. DΩ≥ taev]m-SØv 209
Be-∏pg 216
Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n 218
]mbn-∏mSv 219
HmX-d, I√n-t»cn 219
dm∂n 221
sIm´m-c-°c 222
thßq¿ 223
B\bw 224
Xph-bq¿, IS-º-\mSv 225
]Ø-\m-]pcw 226
]p\-eq¿ 226
sIm√w 228
sIm√w Pn√-bnse kn.-]n.-Fw. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 231
sIm√w ] -́W-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 232
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 233
kn.-]n.-Fw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bn¬ 233
sF.-]n-.kn. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 238
shºmbw 240
tk\-ø≥ hm≤ymcpw taev]pdw k`bpw 240
sF.-]n.-kn. °v hntZ-i-_-‘-߃ 242
N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv
hntZ-i-k-lm-b-Øns‚ XW-en¬ 248
Ip°v kmbv]v C¥y hntS-≠n-h-cp∂p 248
F.-Pn. t\Xm-°ƒ Ata-cn° kμ¿in--°p∂p 251
sF.-]n.-kn. hn`-P-\-Øns‚ apdn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ 253
ae-bm-fn-Iƒ s]s¥-t°mkvXp ZqXp-ambn _mly-tI-c-f-Øn-te°v 260
Ip°v kmbv]ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w 261
A{‘-bn-te°v 262
I¿Æm-S-I-bn-te°v 263
DØ-tc-¥y-bn-te°v 263
_mly-tI-cfw c≠mw L´w 264
adp-\m-S≥ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS CS-bn-te°v 265
DØ-tc-¥y≥ s]s¥-t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\w
hyh-ÿm-]nX k`-Iƒ°v ]pdØv 266
]mÿ Fw.-sI. Nmt°m 268
-
11 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
]mÿ ]n.-‰n. Nmt°m 269
]mÿ hn.-sP. G{_lmw 269
]mÿ ̂ nen∏v G{_lmw 270
]mÿ ‰n.-sI. tXmakv 270
]mÿ F.-F≥. amXyp 270
]mÿ sI.-sI. Ipcp-hnf 271
tXmakv ]c-tZin 271
]mÿ sI.-sP. ^nen∏v 271
]mÿ sI.-sP. kmap-h¬ 272
tUm. Ipcy≥ tXmakv 272
]mÿ ]n.-F-kv. kmap-h¬ 273
]mÿ Fw. Fkv. tPmk^v 273
]mÿ sI.-‰n. tXmakv 274
tUm. tXmakv amXyqkv 274
]mÿ sI. ssh. Koh¿Kokv 274
]mÿ C.-Fw. kJ-dnb 275
]mÿ sI. tPmbn 275
]mÿ sI.-hn. G{_lmw DZb-∏q¿ 276
]mÿ sI.-hn. G{_lmw t_mws_ 276
]mÿ Fk-°n-tb¬ tPmjzm 276
]mÿ ]n.-sF. tPm¨ U¬ln 277
]mÿ F≥.-‰n. Ipcp-hnf 277
]mÿ G{_lmw kmap-h¬ 277
]mÿ ]n.-Pn. h¿Kokv 278
]mÿ Fw. C. Cu∏≥ 278
tUm. sI.-hn. t]mƒ]n≈ 279
]mÿ ]n.-sP. ssS‰kv 279
tUm. F.-kn. tPm¿Pv 279
tUm. tPm¨ Xm∂n-°¬ 280
]mÿ amΩ≥ tPmk v̂ 280
]mÿ kn.-Fw. amΩ≥ 281
]mÿ sI.-Fw. X¶-®≥ 281
]mÿ Fw. tXmakv 281
]mÿ sI.-kn. sIm®pÆn 282
]mÿ H. _©-an≥ 282
dh. ]n.-Fw. tXmakv 282
]mÿ F≥. Fw. tPm¨ 283
]mÿ ]n.-‰n. kmap-h¬ 283
]mÿ F≥.-kn. tPmk^v 284
knÿ tdmkΩ tPm¨ 284
-
12tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
]mÿ F.-sP. amXyp 284
]mÿ ssh. tPmk^v 285
]pXnb k -̀I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw 288
imtcm≥ s^tem-jn∏v N¿®v 289
thƒUv anj-\dn Chm-©-enkw s^tem-jn∏v 294
ssZh-k-̀ (-I-e-b-]p-cw) 296
s]s¥-t°mkvXp ssZh-k` 299
\yq C¥y N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 299
\yq C¥y ss__nƒ N¿®v 300
{^o s]s¥-t°mkvXv ssZh-k` 305
N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv I√p-ae 305
Zn s]s¥-t°m-kvX¬ tKmkv]¬ N¿®v 306
aÆmw-hnf ssZh-k` 306
N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUv (km-bm-”-Zo-]w) 308
N¿®kv Hm^v tKmUv C≥ C¥ym {SÃv 308
C¥ym N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 308
C¥ym {InkvXy≥ s^tem-jn∏v 310
s_tY¬ tKmkv]¬ Akwªn 310
Zn \yq sSÃ-sa‚ v N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv C≥ C¥ym 310
C¥y≥ As∏m-kvX-enIv N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 311
^pƒ tKmkv]¬ s]s¥-t°m-kvX¬ N¿®v 311
Z kuØv C¥ym As∏m-kvX-enIv N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 311
s^tem-jn∏v Hm v̂ C≥Un-s]≥U‚ v
^pƒ tKmkv]¬ N¿®v Hm^v C¥y 311
au≠v ko\mbn tlmfn N¿®v Hm^v C¥y 311
A‰v F\n tImÃv Pokkv aqhvsa‚ v C¥y 312
ae-¶c {InkvXy≥ N¿®v 312
kXy ssZh-k` 312
As∏m-kvX-enI s]s¥-t°mkvXp N¿®v 312
]p∂-aqSv ssZh-k` 313
N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv, apf-h\ 313
kotbm≥ kwLw 316
^ne-sZ¬^nb ssZh-k` 316
^pƒ tKmkv]¬ Akwªn 316
C¥ym tKmkv]¬ C≥Un-s]≥U‚ v N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUv 316
C≥-Un-s]≥U‚ v
Akw-ªokv Hm v̂ tKmUv C‚¿\m-j-W¬ 316
]q¿Æ-kp-hn-tij s]s¥-t°m-kvXp-k` 317
s]s¥-t°mkvXpw kv{XoIfpw 320
]pcp-js‚ hnP-b-Øns‚ ]n∂nse B kv{Xo 326
-
13 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
kt¶-X-߃ 330
tkmZ-co-k-amPw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 332
Zn s]s¥-t°mkvXp anj\pw kv{XoI-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw 333
kv{XoIfpw ̀ mcX kphn-ti-jo-I-c-Whpw 333
ae-_m¿ 1950-̨ -\ptijw 336
ae-_m-dnse IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ 339
kao-]-Im-esØ kphn-ti-jo-I-c-W -{i-a-߃ 340
Imk¿tKmUv Pn√ 342
IÆq¿ Pn√ 344
IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse IpSn-tb-‰ -{Km-a-߃ 346
tImgn-t°mSv Pn√ 348
hb-\mSv Pn√ 351
\ne-ºq¿ 352
]me-°mSv Pn√ 356
A -́∏m-Sn-bnse {]h¿Ø\w 358
CSp°n Pn√ 359
\ΩpsS bph-P\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ 364
]n.-ssh.-]n.-F. 365
ssh.-]n.C 366
kn.-F. 366
kn.-C.Fw. 366
Kmb-I¿, Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-°ƒ 370
Kmb-I-kw-L-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw 375
]mÿ Fw. sI. h¿Kokv 378
]mÿ ]n.-]n. amXyp 379
]m-ÿ GWÃv sska¨ 379
]mÿ C.-hn. h¿Kokv 380
]mÿ Sn.-kn. tPmjzm 380
sP.-hn.-]o-‰¿ 381
`‡-h-’-e≥ 381
N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUv hn -̀Pn-°-s∏-Sp∂p 382
ss__nƒ kvIqƒ, ss__nƒ kvIqƒ 390
ÿew k`-I-fpsS \jvS-am-Ip∂ kzmX{¥yw 399
I¨h≥j-\p-Iƒ, I¨h≥j-\p-Iƒ 407
s]s¥-t°m-kvXp-Im-c\pw A®p-°q-Shpw 410
ae-bmfn s]s¥-t°m-kvX¿ hntZ-iØv 415
s]s¥-t°mkvXp {]ÿm\w C∂v 422
(t_mIvkv B¿´n-°-fp-I-fp-sSbpw Poh-N-cn-{X-Ip-dn-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw
t^mt´m-I-fp-sSbpw enÃv 433˛436 t]Pp-I-fn¬ ImWp-I)
-
14tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
]cnip≤mflkv\m\hpw AXns\
ØpS¿∂p≈ A\y`mjm`mjWhpw
s]s¥t°mkvXv\mfn\ptijw {]Xy
£amIp∂Xv Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠nemWv
Fs∂mcp [mcW efnXa\kvIcmb
Nne hnizmknIƒs°¶nepap≠v.
F∂m¬ ]cnip≤mflhcßfpsS {]Xn
^e\߃ H∂mw \q‰m≠p apXen
tßm´p≈ F√m Imeßfnepw k`bn¬
{]Xn^en®ncp∂p F∂XmWv hmkvX
hw. A\y`mjsb°pdn®v F≥ssk
t¢m]oUnbm {_n´m\n° tcJs∏
SpØp∂Xv, Hmtcm ImeØpap≠mbn
´p≈ {InkvXob D¨¿ΔpIfnsems°
"t•mtkmemenb' (A\y`mj) {]Xy
£ambncp∂p F∂mWv. (F≥sskt¢m]oUnb {_n´m\n°, Vol XXII, Page253)
\memw \q‰m≠n¬ k` ]pdw
s]s¥t°mkvXv\q‰m≠pIfneqsS
temIØv am\n°s∏SpIbpw cmjv{Sob
kzm[o\w kzmbØamhpIbpw sNbvX
t∏mƒ apX¬ ]et∏mgpw AXv ab°
Øn¬ hoWpt]msb¶nepw, CSbv°nsS
ssZhaXns\ X´nbpW¿ØpIbpw ]e
Imeßfnembn D≠mb Bflob
DW¿Δp kabßfn¬ hyhÿm]nX
k` ]cnXyPn® BflhcßfpsS {]IS
\߃ \yq\]£Øns‚ CSbnse
¶nepw {]Z¿inXamhpIbpw sNbvXn
cp∂psh∂XmWp hmkvXhw.
c≠mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyZiI
ßfn¬, Ft¥m, BZyImesØ∂
t]mse k`bn¬ Bflhc߃ {]ISn
∏n°s∏´n√. ssZhw k`bv°p \¬Inb
BflhcßfpsS {]Z¿i\߃ Ah
km\sØ As∏mkvXes‚ acW
tØmsS Ahkm\n®psh∂pt]mepw
Nne¿ [cn®p. CXn\¿∞w c≠mw
1
-
15 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
\q‰mt≠msS Bflhcßfpw A\y
`mjm`mjWhpw k`bn¬ \n∂v A{]
Xy£ambn F∂√. Aßs\ kwi
bn® Xs‚ kaImeoItcmSv PÃn≥
am¿´nb¿, (AD 130-200) ""ssZhmflmhns‚ hc߃ {]m]n®n´p≈ ]e
kv{XoIsfbpw ]pcpj∑mscbpw
\ΩpsS CSbn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbpw''
F∂p hy‡ambn {]kvXmhn°p∂p
≠v. (R.G Gromacki; The Modern TonguesMovements, 1967, Page 12).
tbml∂m≥ As∏mkvXes‚
injy\mbncp∂ t]mfoIm¿∏ns‚
Iogn¬ A`ykn® _nj∏v sFtd\n
bkv (115˛202) Cßs\ {]kvXmhn
°p∂p: ""AXpt]mse, \ΩpsS k`
bnse ]e ktlmZcßfpw {]hN\
hcw D≈hcmWv. Ah¿ Aflmhn¬
]e ̀ mjIƒ kwkmcn°p∂hcpamWv.''
F∂m¬ c≠mw \q‰m≠ns‚ HSp
hn¬ ""As∏mkvXenI ImesØ∂
t]mse F°meØpw ]cnip≤mfl
{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ {]Xy£ {]Xn
^e\w ZriyamIpw'' F∂p hmZn®p
sIm≠v sam≠m\nÃpIƒ ss{IkvXh
k`bn¬ IS∂ph∂p. Bflhcß
fpsS \n¿hnLv\ {]Z¿i\sØ t{]m
’mln∏n® sam≠m\ n\p [mcmfw
A\pbmbnIfp≠mbn. Ah¿ Xßsf
Øs∂ "Bfl_m[nX¿' (Pneumatics)F∂mWv hnfn®psIm≠ncp∂Xv.
A\y`mjIƒ kwkmcn°p∂hcpw
{]hNn°p∂hcpw Cu kwLØn¬
[mcmfap≠mbncp∂p.
hyhÿm]nX k` sam≠m\ n
s\ Zpcp]tZiw NpaØn ]pdØm°n.
At±lØns‚ A\pbmbnIsf Ah¿
th´bmSn D]{Zhn®p. ]oU\߃
sIme]mXI߃hscsbØn. At\Iw
sam≠m\nÃpIƒ c‡km£nIfmbn
Øo¿∂p. ""I´nen¬ InS∂p acn°m≥
B{Klnt°≠m, c‡km£nXzw
Imw£n®p sImƒho≥'' F∂p sam≠m
\kv Xs‚ A\pbmbnIsf D]tZin®p.
t‰m∏n°-bnse ss__nƒ kvIqƒNmƒkv ]¿lmw 1900-̨ ¬ ss__nƒ kvIqfn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® sI´n-Sw. CusI´n-S-Øn¬ h®mWv BKv\kv Hmkvam≥ A\y-̀ m-j-I-fn¬ kwkm-cn-®-Xv.
18
-
16tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
IØo{U¬ Bibßfn¬\n∂p≈ ]n≥am‰hpw hyhÿm]nX
k`tbmSp≈ t_m[]q¿Δamb \ntj[hpw Cu \q‰m≠nse s]s¥t°mkvXv
{]ÿm\Øns‚ apJap{Zbmbn AwKoIcn°s∏´n ´ps≠¶n¬ \ΩpsS
]q¿Δ]nXm°sf∏‰nbp≈ ]T\Øn¬ tPm¿Pv t^mIvkns\bpw At±l
Øns‚ A\pbmbnIfmb "Izbvt°gvkn't\bpw am‰n\n¿Øm\mhn√.
]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ bp‡nbpsS Nßebv°p≈n¬ hnizmksØ
Xf®nSphm\p≈ Ahncmaamb {iaw \S°p∂ ImeØmbncp∂p tPm¿Pv
t^mIvkns‚ cwK{]thiw. {^©v XXzimkv{X⁄\mb sds\, kwibn°m≥
km[yXbp≈ GsXm∂nt\bpw kwibtØmsS ho£n°Ww F∂
]pXpXXzhpambn, ""Rm≥ Nn¥n°p∂p, AXpsIm≠v Rm≥ Pohn°p∂p'' F∂
{]Jym]\hpambn, XWpØpd™ ssZhimkv{X{]⁄bv°v Xo ]nSn∏n®ncp∂
Imeambncp∂p AXv. At∏mgmWv tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv "Bflmhns‚ Dƒshfn®
amhWw hnizmknsb \bnt°≠Xv' F∂ ]pXp[mcWbpambn t{]jnX
temItØ°ndßnbXv.
tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv, "tbip{InkvXp Xs‚ c£nXmhmsW∂pw, Ah≥ Xs‚
]m]ßsf√mw tamNn®pXs∂∂pw' {]Jym]n®p. {InkvXym\nbmsWt∂m
{InkvXob cmPyamsWt∂m D≈ A`nam\Øn¬ Igsºm∂pans√∂pw bYm¿
∞Øn¬ Ahs\ A\pKan°pIbmWv Bhiysa∂pw Cw•≠nse P\ßtfmSv
At±lw D]tZin®p.
AXptI´ A[nImcnh¿§w ASßnbncp∂n√. 1650˛¬ Cw•≠nse
\ymbm[n]≥ t^mIvkn\v 6 amksØ Pbn¬in£ hn[n®p. F∂m¬
\ymbm[n]\mb s_∂‰nt\mSp ""Xm¶ƒ ssZhsØ ̀ btØmSpw hndbtemSpw
A\pKan°Ww'' (tremble in the fear of God) F∂v tImSXnbn¬sh®pXs∂t^mIvkv D]tZin®p.
""\nßfmWv hndsIm≈p∂h¿, \n߃ hndb∑mcmWv'' (you folk are thetremblers, you are the quakers) F∂p ]d™p PUvPn t^mIvkns‚ D]tZiwNncn®pX≈n. t^mIvkpw A\pbmbnIfpw AhcpsS tbmKßfn¬ Nnet∏m
sgms° hnImcmthiØm¬ hndsIm≈p∂ hnhcw PUvPn°v Adnhp≈
Xmbncp∂p.
""Aßs\ At¥ymIybn¬h®v tbiphns‚ injy∑m¿°v {InkvXym\nIƒ
F∂ t]cp≠mbXpt]mse'' Cw•≠nse Um¿_nbn¬h®v tPm¿Pv
]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠nse
Izbv°¿ kaqlØns‚
\mbI\mbncp∂ tPm¿÷v
t^mIvkv,. Izbv°¿
tbmKßfn¬ A\y`mjbpƒs∏
sSbp≈ Bflhc߃
{]Imin∏n°s∏´ncp∂pht{X.
tPm¿÷v t^mIvkv
Izb
vt°gvk
v
-
17 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
t^mIvkns‚ A\pbmbnIƒ°v "Izbvt°gvkv' F∂p t]cp≠mbn.
CsXms°bmsW¶nepw Izbvt°gvkv AhscØs∂ hnfn®ncp∂Xv
"kvt\lnXcpsS kaqlw' F∂mWv (Society of friends) . ""Fs‚ Iev]\If\pkcn®m¬ \nßsfs‚ kvt\lnX∑mcmIpw'' F∂ I¿Ømhns‚ hm°pIƒ°\p
krXambmWv Ahcot]cp kzoIcn®Xv.
Cw•≠ns‚ sXcphoYnbn¬ Bbnc߃ XSn®pIqSnb ]cky tbmK
ßfn¬ tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv {]kwKn®p. ""{InkvXp CXm C{Xbpw \mƒ Ip¿∫m\
{Iaßfntem, ]ckymcm[\ ]pkvXIßfntem _‘\ÿ\mbn InS∂ncp∂p.
C\nbnt∏mƒ AhnSp∂p \nßfpsS {]hmNI\pw ]ptcmlnX\pw cmPmhp
ambnØocs´. Ahs\ A\pkcn°pI''
"Bflmhns‚ Dƒ{]Imi'Øn\p Izbv°¿ kaqlw sImSpØ AanX
{]m[m\yw Ahsc ]e Ipg∏Ønte°pw sIm≠pNmSn®n´pap≠v. 1656˛¬
Cw•≠nse Izbv°¿ kaqlØns‚ \mbI\mbncp∂ Pbnwkv s\bve¿
(James Naylor) Dƒt{]cWbm¬ {_nÃfnte°v Hcp hnPbPmY \bn®p. BPmY tlmi∂m hnfnIƒsIm≠v apJcnXambncp∂p. s\bvedns‚ Cu
"CXnlmkbm{X' Bflmhns‚ \SØn∏ns\ Aev]w IqsS Pm{KXtbmsS
ho£n°phm≥ Izbv°¿ kaqlsØ t{]cn∏n®p. ]n∂oSv Bflmhns‚ \S
Øn∏pw ssZhhN\Øn\\p krXambncn°Ww F∂ Db¿∂ ssZhimkv{X
[mcWbnte°v Izbv°¿ kaqlw \SØs∏´p.
hyhÿm]nXamb aXkwLØn¬ \n∂v Izbv°¿ \nc¥cambn ]oV\w
G¬t°≠nh∂t∏mƒ A∂v Cw•≠ns‚ `cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂ Henh¿
t{Imwsh√ns\ I≠v tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv aXkzmX{¥yØn\mbn At]£n®p.
t{Imwsh¬ Imcyambn AXnt\mSp {]XnIcn®ns√¶nepw Ahsc∏‰n At±lw
\¬Inb ]cma¿iw Izbvt°gvkns\ Xo¿®bmbpw kt¥mjn∏nt°≠XmWv.
""kΩm\ßfmtem ]ZhnIfmtem {]ikvXn ]{Xßfmtem Hcn°epw
kzm[o\n°phm≥ IgnbmØ kaqlw'' F∂mWv Izbvt°gvkns\∏‰n
t{Imwsh¬ km£ys∏SpØnbXv.
hnip≤n°pw th¿]mSn\pw th≠n \nesIm≠hcmsW¶n¬IqsS kaql
Øn¬ \n∂v H‰s∏´p Pohn°p∂Xn\p Izbvt°gvkv Xømdmbn√. Cw•≠nse
F√m hyhÿm]nX kwhn[m\ßtfmSpw hnS]d™v Hcp ip≤{InkvXob
kaqlw sI´n∏Sp°p∂Xn\p XømsdSpØ ]yqcn‰≥knt\mSv (Puritans)AhcpsS aX auenI hmZØns‚ t]cn¬ Izbvt°gvkv FXn¿Øp \n∂p.
\hs]s¥t°mkvXv {]ÿm\hpw ]yqcn‰≥kns‚ aXauenIhmZsØ°mƒ,
Izbvt°gvkns‚ "kaqltØmsSm∂n®p≈ PohnX'Øn\mWv {]m[m\yw
\¬Ip∂Xv.
kmaqlyXn∑ItfmSpw Izbvt°gvkv k‘nbn√mkacw {]Jym]n®p. Atacn
°bnse Hcp {][m\s∏´ Izbv°¿ Bbncp∂ tPm¨ hqƒam≥ (JohnWoolman) ASnahym]mcØns\Xnsc i‡ambn i_vZapb¿Øn. ZnhkwBdpaWn°qdn¬ IqSpX¬ Hcp sXmgnemfnsbs°m≠v ]WnsbSp∏n°m≥
]mSn√ F∂ A`n{]mb°mc\mbncp∂p hqƒam≥. \o≠ aWn°qdpIfnse
ITn\m≤zm\w ]et∏mgpw sXmgnemfnIsf aZy]m\Øn\p t{]cn∏n°p∂p F∂v
At±lw hmZn®p. 6 aWn°q¿ tPmen sNbvXm¬ IpSpw_k‘mcWØn\m
hiyambXv sXmgnemfn°v e`yamIp∂ kwhn[m\ap≠mIWw. sXmgn¬ kabw
\nPs∏SpØnbm¬ sXmgnen√mbvabpsS {]iv\ßfpw ]cnlcn°m\mIpsa∂v
hqƒam≥ hmZn®p. Npcp°Øn¬ a\pjys‚ BfloIhpw kmaqlyhpamb
{]iv\ßsf°pdn®v XnI®pw t_m[ap≈hcmbncp∂p Izbvt°gvkv.
-
18tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
sam≠m\nÃpIfpsS D]tZiØn¬
]mfn®Iƒ D≠mbncp∂p F∂Xp t\cp
Xs∂. {]hN\߃°v XncphN\
tØmSp Xpeyamb ssZh\nizmkyX
bps≠∂ hnizmkamWv Ahsc apJy
[mcbn¬ \n∂pw AI‰n\n¿Øm≥ Hcp
{][m\ ImcWw. F∂m¬ F√m
sam≠m\nÃpIfpw Aßs\ hnizkn
®ncp∂n√.
Im¿tØPnse _nj∏mbncp∂
sX¿Øpey≥ {]K¤\mb Hcp sam≠m
\nÃmbncp∂p. k`mNcn{XImc\mb
tUhnUv F^v. ssd‰v ]dbp∂Xv,
"sam≠m\nÃpIsf aX Xo{hhmZnIƒ
F∂phscsbms° hnfn°msa¶nepw
Zpcp]tZi°m¿ F∂p hnfn°m\mhn√'
F∂mWv. Ahsc ]pdØm°pI hgn
k`bv°v AXns‚ BflnI apt∂‰
Øn¬ hfsc \jvS߃ ̀ hn®p F∂pw
At±lØn\v A`n{]mbap≠v.
sam≠m\nkØns\Xnsc ssZh
imkv{X]camb A{Ia߃ \SØnb
hcn¬ A{KKW\ob≥ AKÃn≥
Xs∂. At±lØns‚ "hncma hmZw'
(Cessation Theory) ]cnip≤mflhc߃°p t\sc k` hmXn¬ sIm´nbS
bv°p∂Xn\p ImcWambn `hn®p.
H∂mw \q‰mt≠msS k`bn¬ ]cnip≤m
flhcßfpsS {]Xn^e\w AkvXan®p
F∂XmWv hncmahmZØns‚ s]mcpƒ.
]n¬°mesØ ssZhimkv{X⁄cpw
ss__nƒ hymJymXm°fpw AKÃn
s‚bpw {IntkmÃØns‚bpw hmZ߃
a’cn®p≤cn®p.
\q‰m≠pIƒ Ign™t∏mƒ Bfl
hcßsf°pdn®p≈ ]T\߃ IqSp
X¬ A]ISIcamb Hcp ÿnXnbnte
°p \oßn. hncmahmZtØbpw ISØn
sh´ps°m≠v ]Ømw \q‰m≠nep≠mb
tdma≥ dn®z¬ (Ritual Romanum)
A\y`mjsb `qX_m[bpsS {]Ya
ASbmfambn hymJym\n®p. {]Xy£
\nebn¬ ]cnip≤mflhc߃ {]Z¿in
∏n°phm≥ AtXmsS k`mwK߃
aSn®pXpSßn.
CXn\nSbnepw Bflhc߃ {]Z¿
in∏n®ncp∂ Nne sNdnb {Kq∏pIƒ
D≠mbncp∂ncn°Ww. a≤yImeL´
Ønse Aßs\bps≈mcp DW¿Δv
kwLambncp∂p sem√m¿Svkv (Lollards).tPm¨ hn¢n^ns‚ A\pbmbnIƒ
Bbncp∂ C°q´¿ B t]cn¬ Adnb
s∏Sm≥ ImcWw, a‰p≈h¿°v tIƒ
°m\pw Xncn®dnbm\pw IgnbmØ
i_vZ߃ Ah¿ \nc¥cw ]pds∏Sphn
®ncp∂psh∂XmWv. (sem√m¿Svkv
F∂m¬ ]peºp∂h¿ F∂mWv
A¿∞w).
\hoIcWImew h∂t∏mƒ am¿ ń≥
eqYdpw tPm¨ Im¬hn\pw a‰pw ]cn
ip≤mflhcßfpsS ]p\xÿm]\Øn
\mbn hmZn®psh∂mWv ]ecptSbpw
[mcW. eqY¿ A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkm
cn®psh∂pt]mepw tkmΔ¿ (Sauer)tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. (AXn\v At±
lØn\p sXfnhpIsfm∂pw \ncØm\n
√mbncp∂p.) F∂m¬ ]cnip≤mflhc
߃ {]ISamtI≠Xns‚ BhiyIX
sb \hoIcW t\Xm°ƒ ]et∏mgpw
X≈n∏d™psh∂XmWv hmkvXhw.
]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠n¬ {^m≥knse
Imankm¿Svkv (Camisards) F∂ DW¿ΔvkwLmwK߃°nSbn¬ t•mtkmem
enb Dƒs∏sSbp≈ Bflhc߃
{]Z¿in°s∏´Xmbn Ncn{Xap≠v.
Ncn{XImc\mb sl≥dn Fw. t_¿Uv
C°mcysØ°pdn®v ]dbp∂Xp Cß
s\bmWv.
""_mehr≤ kv{Xo]pcpj hyXym
kw IqSmsX Cu kwLØn¬s∏´ ]e
15˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂pw...
-
19 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
cnepw BflhnhiX ]S¿∂p]nSn®n
cp∂p. G‰hpw sNdnb Ip´nIƒ
t]mepw Akm[mcWamb \nebn¬
]cnip≤mflhc߃ {]Z¿in∏n®p.
inipXzw hnSmØ Ip´nIƒ Bflhnh
iXbnembt∏mƒ XncphN\w G‰hpw
ip≤amb `mjbn¬ DcphnSpIbpw
Zo¿Lambn {]`mjn°pIbpw sNbvXp.
t_m[tØmsS Hcn°epw C°mcy߃
Ah¿°p sNøm≥ Ignbpambncp∂n√''
(Steve Durasoff Bright Wind of the Spirit,1972, Page 38).
]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ Izbv°¿
kaqlØns‚ \mbI\mbncp∂ tPm¿Pv
t^mIvkv \bn® "ImØncn∏v tbmK
ß'fn¬ (Waiting meetings) A\y`mjbpw {]hN\ßfpsams° Zriyambn
cp∂pht{X! kuayXtbmsS btlm
hsb ImØncp∂ Izbv°¿ kaqlmw
KßfpsS ta¬ ]et∏mgpw ]cnip≤m
flmhv h∂ndßn. AXns\°pdn®v
Ah¿ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv,
""RßfpsS \mhpIƒ sI´gn™v,
R߃ hmbv Xpd∂p Bflmhv D®cn
∏m≥ \¬InbXpt]mse ]pXp`mj
Ifn¬ kwkmcn®p'' F∂mWv.
]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ saYUnÃv
k`bpsS ÿm]I\mb tPm¨ sh…n
bpsS tbmKßfnepw Bflhc߃
{]Z¿in∏n°s∏´ncp∂p. Hcp saYUnÃv
{]kwKI\mbncp∂ tXmakv hm¬jv
Xs‚ Ubdnbn¬ Hcp Znhkw Cßs\
Ipdn®p: ""C∂p cmhnse F\n°dn
hn√mØ Hcp ̀ mj I¿Ømhv F\n°p
\¬In. AXv D®cn°ptºmƒ Fs‚
Bflmhv ssZhk∂n[nbnte°p
Db¿Øs∏Sp∂Xpt]mse F\n°p
tXm∂p∂p'' (Steve Durasoff, Bright Windof the Spirit 1972, Page 39).
{^©v hnπhw Hcp ]pXnb A≤ymbw
]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yØn
emWv BtKmfk`bv°v Bflhcß
fpsS ImcyØn¬ Hcp ho≠phnNmcap
≠mIp∂Xv. AXn\p ImcWambnØo¿
∂XmIs´, {^©v hnπhhpw.
1798˛¬ P\d¬ _m¿Ønbdns‚
t\XrXzØn¬ {^©p ]´mfw tdmante
°p am¿®p sNøpIbpw t]m∏ns\ \mSp
ISØpIbpw sNbvXt∏mƒ "A¥yIme
ambn' F∂ tXm∂¬ ssZhimkv{X
⁄∑mcpsSbnSbn¬ i‡ambn. Aß
s\sb¶n¬ "A¥yImeØv kIe
PUØnt∑epw Fs‚ Bflmhns\
]Icpw' F∂ ssZhnI hmKvZØw \nd
thdphm≥ kabambn F∂ Dƒt_m
≤yhpw Ah¿°nSbnep≠mbn. "A¥y
Imeambn' F∂ tXm∂¬ thZ]pkvX
IØns‚ hnIeamb hymJym\Øn
te°v At\Isc \bn®psh¶nepw (B
hymJym\ßfn¬ an°Xpw C∂pw \Ωp
sSbnSbn¬ hym]cn°p∂p≠v) Bflm
hns‚ alm]I¿®sb∏‰nbp≈ A`n
hmRvO hf¿Øp∂Xn\v Cu Dƒ°m
gvN ImcWambn ̀ hn®p.
ImØncn∏v
A¥yImeambn F∂ [mcW
tbmsS thZ]pkvXI hymJym\Øn
te¿s∏´hcn¬ {]apJ¿ {_n´ojpIm
cmb eqbnkv th, tPm¨ s\¬k¨
Um¿_n, FUvth¿Uv C¿hnßv F∂n
hcpw, Atacn°°mcmb sP.F. kokv,
Nmƒkv tlmUvPv, _©an≥ hm¿^o
¬Uv F∂nhcpambncp∂p. Chcn¬
Atacn°°m¿ "A¥yIme kw`h
߃' Is≠Øn bpKm¥y imkv{X
]T\Øn¬ apgpInbt∏mƒ {_n´ojp
Im¿ ]cnip≤mflhcßfpsS Hcp
]p\x{]Imi\Øn\mbn ImØncp∂p.
-
20tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
1830˛¬ Nne {_n´ojv {]kwKI¿°v,
kvtIm v́e‚nse t]m¿ v́ •mkvt°m F∂
sNdnb ]´WØnse Hcp kzX{¥
k`bn¬ \S∂ A\y`mjm`mjWØn
s‚bpw A¤pXßfpsSbpw A\p`h
ßsf∏‰n hniZamb ]T\߃ \S
ØnbXns‚ ^eambn, XßfpsS
A\p`h߃ bmYm¿YyamsW∂v t_m
≤yambn. F∂m¬, X߃ ImØncn
°p∂ s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ s]m´nsbm
gp°mbn AXns\ IW°m°m≥ Ah¿
Xømdmbn√. Npcp°Øn¬ ImØncn∏v
\o≠pt]mbn.
1831˛¬ doK‚ v kvIzbdnse C¿hnßv
hmekns‚ k`bn¬ ]cnip≤mflm
hns‚ Hcp ]I¿®bp≠mbn. "tacn
Imw_v s_¬' F∂ kv{Xo Bflmhn¬
\nd™v A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkmcn®p.
Cu A\y`mjm`mjWw Nne amkß
fnte°v \o≠p\n∂psh¶nepw C¿hnwKv
hmekns\ ZpxJn∏n® Hcp hkvXpX,
X\n°v A\y`mjm hcw e`n®n√ F∂
XmWv. At∏mƒØs∂, AXn\mbn
At±lw {]m¿∞n°pIbpw k`sb
BflnI A\p`hßfneqsS \SØp
Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£ s]s´∂m
bncp∂p F√mw Ipg™padn™Xv.
e≠\nse k`m {]kv_n‰dn, Zpcp]
tZiamtcm]n®v ]mÿ C¿hnwKns\
]pdØm°n. {InkvXp hn⁄m\ob
Ønse Nne hnjb߃sh®mWv
Zpcp]tZi Btcm]Wap≠mbsX¶n
epw, IcpXn°q´nbp≈ Hcp in£W
\S]Snbmbncp∂p AsX∂v At±l
Øns‚ kaImeoI¿°p t_m≤yambn.
{]kv_nt‰dnb≥ k` hn´v ]mÿ
C¿hnwKv"ImØenIv As∏mkvXenI
k`' F∂ Hcp ]pXnb {]ÿm\w Bcw
`n®p. "As∏mkvXenI ImesØ F√m
Ir]mhcßfpw ]p\xÿm]n°s∏´ncn
°p∂p' F∂Xmbncp∂p AhcpsS
{][m\ D]tZiw.
ImØncn∏v: c≠mw L´w
C¿hnwKn\p≠mb AkpJIcamb
A\p`hw, ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ Hcp
]pXpagbv°mbn ImØncn°p∂hcpsS
{]Xo£bv°v aßteev]n®n√. kphn
tij hnlnX {_n´ojv kaqlØn¬
hcm≥ t]mIp∂ B ]cnip≤mfl ]I¿
®sb∏‰n IqSpX¬ DZmØamb {]kwK
߃ \S°pIbpw, IqSpX¬ i‡amb
teJ\߃ {]Xy£s∏SpIbpw
sNbvXp. 1857˛se, Nmƒkv kv]¿Ps‚
"]cnip≤mfli‡n' (The Power of theHoly Spirit) F∂ {]kwKw, hneywB¿Xdns‚ "A·n\mhpIƒ' (TheTongue of Fire) F∂ ]pkvXIw, Ch]cnip≤mfl\ndhns\ Hcp "c≠mw
A\p`h'ambn hniZoIcn®p.
Atacn°bn¬
{_n´\n¬\n∂v Cu {]Xymi Ata
cn°bnte°v ]S¿∂p ]nSn°m≥ kab
saSpØn√. Hcp ]t£ Cw•≠nteXn
t\°mƒ i‡ambncp∂p Atacn°
bnse s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ {]Xo£.
hcm≥ t]mIp∂ B A\p`hsØ
tPm¨ sh…n "kºq¿Æ hnip≤o
IcWw' F∂p hnfn®t∏mƒ sh…n
bpsS klNc\mb tPm¨ ^vsf®¿
Dƒs∏sSbp≈h¿ AXns\ "]cnip≤m
flkv\m\w' F∂pXs∂ hnfn®p.
tlmfns\kv {]ÿm\w
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØ
cm¿≤w bp‡nNn¥Iƒ aXhnizmk
Øns‚ ASnØdbnf°m≥ I®sI´n
bndßnb Imeambncp∂p. t{]m´Ã‚ v
ssZhimkv{X⁄cn¬ ]ecpw hnizmk
sØ Dt]£n®v bp‡nsb sXcs™Sp
Øp Ign™ncp∂p. F∂m¬ CtX Ime
-
21 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
bfhn¬ ssZhhN\Øns‚ B[nImcn
IXbpw ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ i‡nbpw
{]Ncn∏n® Nmƒkv ^n∂n, Un.F¬.
aqUn XpSßnb ssZhZmk≥amcpsS
t\XrXzØn¬ BwKteb temIØv
Bflob DW¿ΔpIƒ s]m´n∏pds∏´p.
aqUn {]K¤\mb Hcp {]kwK
I\mbncp∂psh¶nepw BZyImeØv
"]cnip≤mfl\ndhv' {]m]n®ncp∂n√
F∂v At±lw Xs∂ ]dbp∂p. aqUn
]cnip≤mflmhn\m¬ \ndbs∏´v Bg
tadnb Bflob A\p`hßfnte°v
\SØs∏Sp∂Xn\mbn Nn°mtKm
N¿®nse c≠v kv{XoIƒ {]m¿∞n®p
sImt≠bncp∂p. BZysams° Cu
]pXnb A\p`htØmSv hnapJX Im´n
sb¶nepw ]ns∂∏ns∂ X\n°pth≠n
{]m¿∞n°phm≥ {^o saYUnÃv k`mw
Kßfmbncp∂ Cu kv{XoItfmSv At±
lw Xs∂ Bhiys∏´p. XnI®pw bmZr
OnIambn 1871˛¬ Hcp {]m¿∞\mtbmK
Øn¬sh®v At±lw ]cnip≤mflmhn
\m¬ \nd™p. B kabØv Xm≥ Xd
bn¬ hogpIbpw Znhyamb A\p`qXn
bn¬ apgpIpIbpw, B apdn ssZhnI
tXP n\m¬ {]IminXambnØocp
Ibpw sNbvXXmbn At±lw Xs∂
km£ys∏SpØnbn´p≠v.
]nt‰ h¿jw apX¬ D∂Xamb
Bflob PohnXw \bn°phm\m{Kln
°p∂h¿°pth≠n aqUn {]tXyI
tbmK߃ kwLSn∏n°phm≥ XpSßn.
akm®psk‰vknse t\m¿Øv ^o¬
Un¬h®v \S∂ Cu ktΩf\ßfn¬
]s¶SpØ ]ecpw hy‡n]cambn
"s]s¥t°mkvX'\p`hØn\pSaIfm
bn. (]n∂oSv At±lw thZ]T\Øn
te°v {i≤Xncn®p. 1889 ˛¬ aqUn
ss__nƒ C≥Ãn‰yq v́ ÿm]n®Xns‚
{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ hym]rX\mbncp∂p
sh¶nepw 1899˛ ¬ Xs‚ acWtijhpw
]cnip≤mfl kv\m\sØ∏‰nbp≈
¢m pIƒ "aqUn ss__nƒ C≥Ãn
‰yq´n'¬ \S∂ph∂ncp∂p).
1867˛¬ s{]m´Ã‚p k`IfpsS
hnizmkXymKØn¬ a\waSpØ
\yqtbm¿°nse ]Xnaq∂p saYUnÃv
ip{iqjI¿ hnizmkØn\pw hnip≤n
°pwth≠n \nesIm≈phm≥ B{Kln
°p∂ F√mhtcbpw £Wn®psIm≠v
Hcp "Iymºv ao‰nwKv' kwLSn∏n®p. A`n
\h tlmfns\ v kwLßfpsSbpw
AXv P∑w \¬Inb s]s¥t°mkvXv
{]ÿm\Øns‚bpw Bcw`ambncp∂p
B"Iymºv ao‰nwKv'. Ccp]Xp h¿j߃
Cßs\bp≈ ao‰nwKpIƒ XpS¿®bmbn
1905se shbn¬kv DW¿Δn\p \mbI\mbn
cp∂Xv Ct±lamWv. Ncn{XImc∑m¿ B
DW¿Δns\ Hcp s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δmbn
IW°m°p∂ns√¶nepw, s]s¥t°mkvXp
{]ÿm\sØ AXpeyambn kzm[o\n® Hcp
DW¿Δmbncp∂p shbn¬knse DW¿Δv
Chm≥ tdm_¿ v́kv
-
22tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
\S∂p. hyhÿm]nX k`ItfmSp th¿
s]´ \nch[n tlmfns\kv kwL߃
DSseSp°phm≥ CXv apJm¥cambn.
s]s¥t°mkvXv F∂ hm°v
tlmfns\ v tbmKßfn¬ [mcmfambn
D]tbmKn®ncp∂p. Hcn°¬ "N¿®v Hm v̂
\m dn≥' AhcpsS HutZymKnI\ma
Øn¬ "s]s¥t°mkvXv' F∂v IqSn
tN¿Øncp∂p. (F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv s]s¥
t°mkvXv {]ÿm\w i‡n {]m]n®
t∏mƒ \m dn≥ {Kq∏v AXns\Xncm
bmWv \nesIm≠Xv.)
tlmfn\ v {]ÿm\°m¿, c£n°
s∏´Xn\ptijw Ir]bpsS Hcp c≠mw
A\p`hambn hnip≤oIcWsØ a\
nem°n. AhcpsS tbmKßfn¬ Nne
t∏msgms° tcmKim¥nbpw A\y`mjm
`mjWhpwt]mep≈ ]cnip≤mflhc
ßfpsS {]Z¿i\w Zriyambn. F¶nepw
c£n°s∏´Xn\ptijap≈ hnip≤o
IcWm\p`hØns‚ {]Xy£ e£W
amtbm at‰m AXns\ IW°m°m≥ A
h¿ ]cn{ian®n√. (]cnip≤mflkv\m
\p`hsØbpw DbcØn¬\n∂p≈
i‡ntbbpw _‘s∏SpØn Hcp D]
tZiw ÿm]n®Xv aqUn N¿®nse Hcp
ip{iqjI≥ Bbncp∂ Chm≥PenÃv
B¿.F.t‰mdnbmWv).
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah
km\ ZiIØn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXv
Bflhc߃ tlmfn\ v tbmKßfn
emsI hym]Iamb \nebn¬ {]Z¿in
°s∏´p. 1896˛¬ t\m¿Øv Itcmeo\m
bnse jnbd¿ kvIqƒ lukn¬h®v
\S∂ Hcp DW¿ΔptbmKØn¬ ]ecpw
]cnip≤mflkv\m\w {]m]n°pIbpw
A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkmcn°pIbpw
sNbvXncp∂p. 1900˛¬ sS∂knbn¬
\S∂ Hcp ao‰nwKn¬ \mev]Xp t]¿
Bflkv\m\w {]m]n®v A\y`mjI
fn¬ kwkmcn®p. (Stanley H. Frodsham,With Signs Following, 1946, Page9,10,16,17)Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠v
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠v Bcw`n°p∂
Xn\p apºpXs∂ Cu \q‰m≠nse
s]s¥t°mkvXv {]h¿Ø\Øn\p
]mXsbmcp°s∏´ncp∂psh∂p a\ n
embt√m. "t{K‰v Athbv°\nwKv'
XpS¿∂ntßm´p≈ DW¿ΔpIfnsem
s° ]cnip≤mflhc߃ {]Z¿in∏n°
s∏´ncp∂psh¶nepw \h s]s¥t°m
kvXv {]ÿm\Øn\p hgnacp∂n´ aq∂p
khntij i‡nIƒ Ign™ \q‰m
≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤ØnemWv DSseSp
ØXv.
1901˛¬ \hs]s¥t°mkvXn\p Bcw`w
Ipdn® t‰m∏n° ss__nƒ kvIqfns‚
ÿm]I\pw {]n≥kn∏epambncp∂
Nmƒkv t^mIvkv ]¿lmw (1873˛1929)
Nmƒkv ]¿lmw
24
-
23 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Akqkm DW¿Δns‚
\mbI\mbncp∂ hneyw
tPmk v̂ skbvaq¿
1906˛¬ Akqkm
sXcphn¬ Bcw ǹ®
DW¿ΔptbmK߃ aq∂p
h¿jw \o≠p\n∂p.
hneyw sP. skbvaq¿
-
24tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
H∂v : A¥yImeambn F∂ [mcW
]pe¿Øn Bflhc߃°mbn
ImØncn°m≥ P\ßsf {]t_m[n
∏n® bmYmÿnXnI t\XrXzw.
c≠v: sIkvhn°v I¨h≥js‚
]›mØeØnep≠mb D∂X hnizmk
PohnXØn\mbp≈ A`nhmRvO.
(Atacn°bn¬ aqUnbpw ̂ n∂nbpw Cu
A`nhmRvObv°v Xo ]nSn∏n®p).
aq∂v : hnip≤oIcWsØ c≠mw
A\p{Klambn hymJym\n® tlmfn
\kv aqhvsa‚ v
B≠dpXn tbmKØn¬ kw`hn®
Bfl]I¿®
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠nse s]s¥
t°mkvXv {]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®p≈
]T\ßsfms° 1901 P\phcn H∂n\p
I≥kmkv kn‰nbnse t‰m∏n°bn¬
Nmƒkv ]¿lmw \SØnb _tY¬
ss__nƒ tImsfPnse hnZym¿∞n\n
bmb B·kv Hmkvam≥ A\y`mj
]dbp∂ kw`htØmSpIqSnbmWv
Bcw`n°p∂Xv. B h¿jw (1900˛¬)
AhcpsS tImtfPnse hnZym¿∞nIƒ
]cnip≤mflmhns\∏‰n \SØnb Hcp
]T\Øn¬ A\y`mjm`mjWw
]cnip≤mfl kv\m\Øns‚ {]Xy£
ASbmfamsW∂ \nKa\Øn¬ Ah¿
FØnt®¿∂ncp∂p. B≠dpXn tbmK
Øn¬ ]Xns\´p hb p≈ B·kv
AhfpsS A≤ym]It\mSpw kl
hnZym¿∞nItfmSpw ""Rm≥ A\y`mj
bn¬ kwkmcn®psIm≠v ]cnip≤mfl
kv\m\w {]m]nt°≠Xn\v Fs‚ Xe
bn¬ ssIhbv°pI'' F∂v Bhiy
s∏´p. Ah¿ B·kns‚ Xebn¬
ssIh®p {]m¿∞n®p. s]s´∂pXs∂
Ahƒ A\y`mjbn¬ kwkmcn®p
XpSßn.
BZyZnhkw B·kv ssN\okv
`mjbmWv kwkmcn®Xv. Cw•ojv Ah
fpsS \mhn¬ h∂tXbn√. F¥mWp
\ns‚ A\p`hw F∂p kl]mTnIƒ
AhtfmSp tNmZn®p. AXn\hƒ adp]Sn
]d™Xpw ssN\okn¬ Xs∂.
Cw•ojv am{Xadnbmhp∂ s]¨Ip´n
bmbncp∂p B·kv. Imcy߃ FgpXn
ImWn°m≥ kl]mTnIƒ AhtfmSm
hiys∏´p. AhnsS A¤pXw ho≠pw
Bh¿Øn°s∏´p. ssN\okv `mjbn
emWv Ahƒ FgpXnbXpw. (A∂p
]{X߃ B·kv Hmkvams‚ "ssN
\okv FgpØpIƒ' tªms°SpØp
{]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂p).
c≠mw Znhkw an v Hmkvam≥
s_mloanb¬ `mj kwkmcn®p
XpSßn. {ItaW Hmtcm Znhkhpw Ign
™t∏mƒ AhfpsS kl]mTnItfm
tcmcqØcmbn A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkm
cn®pXpSßn. `mjIƒ°v hymJym\
ap≠mbn (F∂m¬ a‰p≈h¿ A\y`mj
Ifn¬ kwkmcn°p∂Xp I≠v an v
Hmkvam≥ A¤pXs∏´p. ImcWw
Ahƒ Nn¥n®Xv Cu hcw Ahƒ°p
am{Xw \¬Is∏´XmsW∂mWv)
Akqkm sXcphv
t‰m∏o°bnse ss__nƒ kv°q
fn¬ Nmƒkv ]¿lmans‚ t\XrXz
Øn¬ Bcw`n® DW¿Δv a‰nSßfnte
°pw hym]n°phm≥ At±lw Nne
tbmK߃ \SØn. As∏mkvXenIv
s^bvØv aqhvsa‚ v F∂mbncp∂p At±
lØns‚ {]ÿm\Øns‚ t]cv .
F∂m¬ Hcp henb apt∂‰ambn AXv
hf¿∂Xv ªm°v tlmfn\ v {Kq∏n¬
s∏´ Hcp bph {]`mjI\mbncp∂
hneyw sP. skbvaq¿, ]¿lmans‚
ss__nƒ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn°ms\Ønb
tXmsSbmWv.
22 t]Pn¬ \n∂pw...˛mw
-
25 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
1901̨ ¬ Nmƒkv ]¿lmans‚ ss__nƒ
kvIqfn¬ BZyambn A\ỳ mjIfn¬
kwkmcn®psIm≠v \hs]s¥t°mkvXp
Ncn{XØns‚ H∂mw Xmfnte°v Ibdn°qSnb
B·kv Hmkvam≥. 1870̨ ¬ P\n®v, 1937̨ ¬
acn® Hmkvams‚ Cu Nn{Xw AhcpsS
acWØn\p Aev]\mfpIƒ°p
apsºSpØXmWv.
B·kv Hmkvam≥
skbvaqdns‚ cwK{]thiw Hcp
]pXps]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{XØn\p
\mμnbmbn. ]cnip≤mflkv\m\w
{]m]n® skbvaq¿ 1906˛¬ temkv
B©eknse Hcp ªm°v tlmfn\ v
k`bn¬ {]kwKn°ms\Øn. henb
Hcp DW¿Δns‚ XpS°ambncp∂p AXv.
B tbmKßsf XpS¿∂v skbvaq¿
Akqkm kv{So‰nemcw`n® {]tXyI
DW¿Δv ktΩf\߃ aq∂p h¿jw
\o≠p \n∂p. ]cnip≤mflmhns‚
]n≥ag AhnsS Xnan¿Øp s]bvXp.
]Xn\mbnc°W°n\p P\߃
Akqkm kv{So‰ntes°mgpIn.
skbvaq¿ F∂ IdpØ {]kwKI≥
P\kap{ZØn\p Xs∂ am¿§Z¿in
bmbn.
Cw•≠nse ]WvUnX\pw Ipeo
\\pw ssZhimkv{X⁄\pamb ]mÿ
C¿hnwKv hmekn\p Ignbm™Xv
Atacn°bnse \ot{Km hwiP\mb
Hcp km[cW°mc≥ hneyw skbvaq¿
ssZhIr]bm¬ t\SnsbSpØp. Hcp
]cn[nhsc B IdpØ bph{]kwK
I\mWv B[p\nI s]s¥t°mkvXv
{]ÿm\Øns‚ XesXm´∏≥.
312, Akqkm sXcphv
1906-̨ ¬ hneyw sP.
skbvaq-dns‚ tbmK
߃ apJm-¥cw
DW¿Δv Bcw-̀ n®
temkvG©-e-kn-se 312
Akqkm kv{So‰v sI´n-
Sw. ]mÿ skbvaq¿
BWv sI ń-S-Øns‚
t]m¿®n¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv
-
26tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
BZyIme DW¿ΔpIfnseBflhc{]IS\߃
{InkvXph¿jØns‚ F√m \q‰m
≠pIfnepw k`bv°p≈n¬ DW¿Δns‚
Im‰p hoinbn´p≠v. F∂m¬ AsXm
s° an°t∏mgpw hy‡nIfntem sN
dnb kaqlßfnsems°bmbn HXpßn
t∏mbn. {]tXyIn®pw a≤yImeL´Øn
se DW¿ΔpIsfms° AImeØn¬
ASn®a¿Øs∏´p. {]tWXm°fpsS
Hm¿Ωt]mepw Ncn{X]pkvXIØn¬
\n∂v ambn°s∏´pt]mbn. tPm¨
hn¢n^v (GItZiw 1329˛84) apXep≈
\hoIcW hoc≥amsc∏‰ntb \ap°v
Ncn{Xap≈p. (Ct±lamWv em‰n≥ ̀ mj
bn¬\n∂pw Cw•ojnte°v ss__nƒ
X¿÷a sNbvXXv) . ]Xns\´mw
\q‰m≠n¬ tPm\mYm≥ FUvth¿Uvkn
eqsS Bcw`n® "t{K‰v Athbv°\nwKv'
A∂sØ bqtdm˛Atacn°≥ ss{I
kvXhtemIsØ Cf°nadn°pI
Xs∂ sNbvXp. Atacn°bnse
akm®psk‰v tÉn¬ t\m¿Ømw]vS¨
2
]´WØn¬ 1735se th\¬°meØv
Bcw`n® B DW¿Δv Hcp ZiIØn
\Iw sh≈°mcpsS temIsØ√mw
]S¿∂ncp∂p.
t{Kbv‰v Athbv°\nwKn\ptijw
_lp]pcpjmcsØ sXm´pW¿Øp∂
henb DW¿ΔpIƒ [mcmfap≠mbn.
18˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yØn¬ Zriy
amb "sk°‚ v Athbv°\nwKv' 1800 ̨
1801 h¿jßfnep≠mb "t{Kbv‰v dnssh
h¬', 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤amcw
`n°ptºmƒ BwKteb temIsØbpw
IS∂v Gjy≥ cmPyßfnte°pIqsS
hym]n® 1860Ifnse DW¿Δv, ^n∂n,
aqUn XpSßnb {]K¤ kphntijI
cpsS tbmKßtfmS\p_‘ambn 19˛mw
\q‰ms≠mSphn¬ \S∂ henb DW¿Δv,
shbn’nse DW¿Δv.... Aßs\ c≠p
\q‰m≠n\nSbv°v t]scSpØp]dbm
hp∂ henb DW¿ΔpIƒ ]eXp≠mbn.
-
27 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Cu DW¿ΔpImeßfnsems°
Bflmhns‚ hc߃ {]IS\mflI
amb \nebn¬ {]Z¿in∏n°s∏´n´ps≠
∂Xv Hcp Ncn{XbmYm¿∞yamWv. {]Xy
£Ønes√¶n¬Øs∂ DW¿Δns‚
cNn°s∏´ Ncn{Xw AXn\p kqN\Iƒ
\¬Ip∂p≠v.
t{Kbv‰v Athbv°\nwKns‚ Ncn
{Xw ]Tn®m¬ AXv hym]n®nSsØms°
_p≤nbnsemXp°phm≥ IgnbmØ
Bflhc{]IS\߃ D≠mbn´ps≠
∂p ImWmw. BflhcßfpsS Cu {]I
S\mflIXsb∏‰n 18˛mw \q‰m≠nse
DW¿Δns‚ \mbIcmb tPm¨
sh…nbpw tPm¿Pv ssh‰v^o¬Upw
XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp kw`mjWw tPm¨
sh…nbpsS tP¿Wenep≠v.
1739 Pqsse 6, sh≈n
""C∂v D®Xncn™v an. ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv
e≠\n¬ \n∂p h∂p. RßtfmsSm
cpan®v _m]v‰nÃv an¬knte°pt]mbn.
AhnsS "hnizkn°p∂hscms°bpw
]cnip≤mflmhns\ {]m]n°Ww' F∂
hnjbsØ∏‰n ssh‰v^o¬Uv {]kw
Kn®p. t{imXm°ƒ \√ hnizmknIfpw
kphntij Xm¬]cyap≈hcpambncp
∂n´pIqsS Ahcn¬ AXphsc ]cnip
≤mflmhv C√mbncp∂p F∂ a´nemWv
At±lw {]kwKn®Xv.
Pqsse 7, i\n
ssZhmfl {]h¿Ø\w D≈n¬ D≠m
Ip∂hcn¬ NnecpsS imcocnI {]IS\
ßsf∏‰n ssh‰v̂ o¬Upambn kwkmcn
°phm≥ C∂v F\n°v Ahkcw
e`n®p. AXn\t±lØn\p bp‡n]c
hnip≤oIcWsØ \oXnIcWØn\ptijap≈ c≠mw A\p`hambn
Nn{XoIcn® tPm¨ shkvfn, s]s¥t°mkvXenkØns‚
apXpapØ—\msW∂mWv Ncn{XImc\mb sPbnwkv U¨
{]kvXmhn®ncn°p∂Xv. Xs‚ lrZbw bp‡yXoXambn
DtØPn∏n°s∏Smdps≠∂v shkvfn ]dbpambncp∂p. ssZhoI
{]h¿Ø\߃°v ]cn[nhbv°phm≥ ]mSns√∂pw AhnSptØ°v CjvSap≈
coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°m≥ \mw A\phZn°Wsa∂pw shkvfn ]d™p.
tPm¨ shkvfn ̨ s]s¥t°mkvXenkØns‚ apXpapØ—≥
-
28tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
amb Hcp hniZoIcWw \¬Im\mbn
s√¶nepw A∂p sshIn´sØ tbmK
Øn¬ Bfl]I¿®bp≠mbt∏mƒ
Nne hnizmknIfn¬ Zriyamb imcocnI
{]IS\߃ ImWphm≥ F\n°p
Ign™p. Hcmƒ h√msX hndbv°p∂p
≠mbncp∂p. a‰v c≠p t]¿ kzicoc
ßsf \nb{¥n°phm\mhmsX Nen®p
sIm≠ncp∂p. ASpsØmcmfmIs´,
D®Øn¬ IcbpIbpw D®cn°m\m
ImØ Zo\i_vZ߃ ]pds∏Sphn°p
Ibpw sNbvXp. B kabw apX¬
ssZhnI {]h¿Ø\߃°v ]cn[nhbv
°phm≥ ]mSns√∂pw AhnSptØ°v
CjvSap≈ coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°p
hm≥ \mw A\phZn°Wsa∂pw F\n
°p a\ nembn.'' (The Jourmal of JohnWesley P. 76).
sh…nbpsS tbmKßfnsems°
]n¬°meßfn¬ i‡amb Bfl
]I¿®bp≠mbn. AXv {]IS\mflI
ambncp∂pXm\pw.
s]s¥t°mkvXenkØns‚ Ign
™ \q‰m≠pIfnse h‡mhmbmWv
tPm¨ sh…nsb Ncn{XImc\mb
Pbnwkv U¨ hntijn∏n°p∂Xv.
""Xs‚ lrZbw bp‡yXoXambn
DtØPn∏n°s∏Smdps≠∂v sh…n ]d
bpambncp∂p. hnizmknItfmSv Bflm
hns‚ A¥¿km£yØn\mbn ImØn
cn°m≥ At±lw Bhiys∏´p. hnip
≤oIcWsØ "\oXoIcWØn\ptij
ap≈ Ir]bpsS c≠ma\p`hambn'
Nn{XoIcn®Xpw sh…nbmWv. (s]s¥
t°mkvX¿ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ c≠m-a-
\p-`-h-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pw-t]mse)
tPm¨ sh…nsb s]s¥t°mkvX
enkØns‚ apXpapØ—\mbn Nn{Xo
Icn°p∂Xn¬ Hcp A]mIXbpan√...''
(James Dun, The Pentecostals- History ofChristianity P. 618)
t\m¿Ømw]vSWnse DW¿Δv A\p
`hßfnepw Bflhc߃ {]Z¿in∏n
°s∏´ncp∂psh∂v tPm\mYm≥ FtUz
¿Uvkns‚ ""{So‰okv Hm¨ Zn dnenPn
bkv A^£≥kv'' hy‡am°p∂p≠v.
tlmf≠n¬ \S∂ Hcp DW¿ΔptbmK
sØ∏‰n 1749˛¬ h∂ dnt∏m¿´v ]d
bp∂Xv, "B kw`h߃ hnhcn®m¬
AXv As∏mkvXe{]hrØn 2˛mw
A≤ymbØns‚ X\nbmh¿Ø\am
bncn°p'sa∂mWv. (John Gillies,Historical Collections-1845).
19˛mw \q‰m≠nse DW¿ΔpIƒ°v
\Sp\mbIXzw hln® Un. F¬.
aqUnbpw Nmƒkv ^n∂nbpw a‰pw ]cn
ip≤mflhcßfpsS i‡nbdn™hcm
bncp∂p. ^n∂n ssZhmfli‡nbn¬
\ndbs∏Sp∂ A\p`hsØ∏‰n ]d
™Xv, ""Xm≥ sshZypX XcwKßfm¬
{Xkn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xpt]mse tXm∂p
∂p''sh∂mWv. ]et∏mgpw Bfli‡n
bpsS Cu {]hmlsØ Xmßphm≥
Ignbm™n´v ""ssZhta Aev]kab
tØ°v AßbpsS i‡amb Ic߃
F∂n¬ \n∂pw ]n≥hent°Wta.
As√¶n¬ Rm≥ acn®p t]mIpw'' F∂
t±lw hne]n®n´p≠t{X. (SteveDurasoff, Bright Wind of the Spirit,Page 50)
aqUnbpsS tbmKßfnepw Bfl
hcßfpsS i‡amb {]Z¿i\w D≠m
bXmbn s]s¥t°mkvXv Ncn{XImc
\mb Ãm≥en t{^mUv jmw {]kvXmhn
®n´p≠v. 1873˛¬ t{Kbv‰v {_n´Wnse
ssh. Fw. kn. F.bn¬ kwLSn∏n°
s∏´ Hcp tbmKØn¬ aqUnbpsS
{]kwKw Ign™t∏mƒ t{imXm°fmb
-
29 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
bphm°ƒ A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkmcn
°pIbpw {]hNn°pIbpw sNbvXncp
∂psh∂v At±lw ]dbp∂p. AtX
h¿jw \yq Cw•≠n¬ \S∂ DW¿Δp
tbmKßfnepw A\y`mjm`mjWw
Dƒs∏sSbp≈ Bflhc{]IS\߃
km[mcWambncp∂psh∂pw t{^mUv
jmw {]kvXmhn®n´p≠v. (Stanly H.Frodsham, With Signs Following, Page9,10).
]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ BwKteb
temIØn¬ Bcw`n® DW¿Δv Gjy≥
cmPyßfnte°pw hym]n®ncp∂p. A∂
sØ DW¿Δp tbmKßfn¬, BwKteb
temIØv D≠mbXns\°mƒ hym]I
ambn a‰v cmPyßfn¬ ]cnip≤mflhc
߃ {]ISambn F∂XmWv hmkvXhw.
C¥ybn¬Øs∂, 1860˛¬ Xncps\¬
thenbnepw, 1870 Ifn¬ a≤yXncphnXmw
Iqdnepw Acpf∏s‚ t\XrXzØn¬
\S∂ DW¿Δp-tbm-K-߃, ]Øp h¿j-
߃°p-tijw tUhnUv s^≥, IqSm-c-
∏-≈n¬ sXmΩ≥, hnZzm≥Ip´n F∂n-h-
cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ a≤yXncphnXmw
Iqdn¬Øs∂ \S∂ tbmK߃, AtX
h¿jßfn¬Xs∂ ep[nbm\bnepw a‰v
Nne DØtc¥y≥ \Kcßfnepw \S∂
DW¿ΔptbmK߃ ChnsSsbms°
s]s¥t°mkvXv hym]mcap≠mbXmbn
tcJIƒ D≠v.
sh¬jv DW¿Δns\ Hcp s]s¥
t°mkvXv DW¿Δmbn IW°m°m≥
s]s¥t°mkvXp hntcm[w ]pe¿Øp
∂ kphntijhnlnX¿°pw, ISpØ
bmYmÿnXnIcpw Atacn°≥ ]£
hmZnIfpamb s]s¥t°mkvXv Ncn{X
Imc≥am¿°pw _p≤nap´p≠v. shbn¬
kn¬ DW¿Øs∏´ P\X A\y`mjm
`mjWØn\p {]m[m\yw sImSpØn√
F∂XmWv AXn\p ImcWambn c≠p
Iq´cpw ]dbp∂Xv.
F∂m¬ A\y`mjm`mjWw {]IS
a√mbncp∂psh¶n¬°qsS, sh¬jv
DW¿Δn\p Hcp s]s¥t°mkvXv am\w
D≠mbncp∂psh∂XmWv kXyw.
Cw•≠nse DW¿Δns‚ \mbI\mbncp∂ tPm¿Pv
ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv Bflhc߃ {]ISambncn°p
sa∂v hnizkn® hy‡nbmWv. At±lw Xs∂
Bflhc߃ {]ISn∏n®ncp∂ BfpamWv.
Hcn°¬, kz¥ ]´WØn¬ ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv
\SØnb {]kwKw 15 t]sc
{̀ m¥≥amcm°nsb∂v CShI°m¿ _nj∏nt\mSp
]cmXnt_m[n∏n®p. {]kwKthfIfn¬ "Hm !!!
F∂ i_vZtØmsS At±lw {]ISn∏n®
BflmÀmZw Xs‚ t{imXm°sf
tPm¿Pv ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv
kz¿§obm\p`qXnIfnte°v \bn°m≥ ]cym]vXambncp∂p. A∂sØ {]kn≤
\S\mbncp∂ tUhnUv Kmcn°v Hcn°¬ Cßs\ ]d™p, ""anÿ
ssh‰v̂ o¬Uns\t∏mse "Hm ! ! !' F∂p ]dbm≥ F\n°p Ign™ncps∂¶n¬
\qdp kz¿Æ\mWbßsf¶nepw AXn\p {]Xn^ew In´ntbs\.''
-
30tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
shbn¬kn¬ DW¿ΔpImeØv Icnkv
am‰nIv {]Xn`mkw Zriyambncp∂p
sh∂p Xs∂bmWv s]s¥t°mkvXn
Xc DW¿ΔpNcn{XImc\mb FUzn≥
Hm¿ ]dbp∂Xv. ""shfn∏mSpw Bfl
hnhiXbpw Z¿i\hpw XpSßn Bfl
hcßsfms°Øs∂ shbn¬kv DW¿
Δn¬ {]Z¿in∏n°s∏´ncp∂p. F∂m¬
A\y-̀ m-jm-̀ m-jWw (t•mt m emenb)
dnt∏m¿´p sNøs∏´ncp∂n√. (J. EdwinOrr, The flaming Tongue, ch. 24, ThePentecostal Aftermath).
C∏d™XpsIm≠v sh¬jv DW¿
Δv s]s¥t°mkvXv hncp≤ambncp∂p
sh∂√ A¿∞w. hmkvXhØn¬
shbn¬knepw bqtdm∏nepw temIØn
emIam\hpambn ]S¿∂p ]nSn® Cu
alm DW¿ΔpXs∂bmWv s]s¥t°m
kvXpW¿Δnt\mSv G‰hpw ASpØp
\n¬°p∂Xv. sh¬jv DW¿Δns‚
]›mØeØn¬ Hcp Bflob DW¿®
bn¬ \n∂psIm≠v ]›na bqtdm]y≥
P\Xbv°v s]s¥t°mkvXv ktμi
sØ Dƒs°m≈phm≥ {]bmkap≠m
bn√. Nne bqtdm]y≥ cmPyßfnem
hs´ P\d¬ Athbv°\nwKns\
s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δp hngpßpI
Xs∂ sNbvXp.
shbn¬knse Bflob DW¿Δp
apJm¥cw ]mcºcy k`Ifnse AwK
kwJybv°v F¥psIm≠v ]n¬°me
ßfn¬ (FÆØn¬) hf¿®bp≠mbn√
F∂ tNmZyØn\p FUzn≥ Hmdns‚
adp]Sn ""]pXpXmbn cq]wsIm≠
s]s¥t°mkvXv {]Xn`mkØnte°v
P\߃ tNm¿∂pt]mbn'' F∂mWv.(Edwin Orr, Evangelical Awakenings inIndia, Page 55).
]d™ph∂Xv H∂mw \q‰m≠n\p
tijw ss{IkvXhk`bnep≠mb
G‰hpw henb DW¿Δmb "t{Kbv‰v
Ashbv°\nwKv' apX¬ Ctßm´p≈
F√m DW¿Δp kw`hßfnepw ]cn
ip≤mflhc߃ {]Xy£amb \ne
bn¬ {]ISambncp∂psh∂mWv. AXp
sIm≠p Xs∂ B DW¿ΔpIƒ Ccp
]Xmw \q‰m≠nse i‡amb s]s¥
t°mkvXv {]hmlØn\p apt∂mSn
bmbn ]cnKWnt°≠XmWv. DW¿Δp
Ncn{XcN\bn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXv hn`m
KØn¬ Xs∂ ]ecpw C°mcyw hy‡
am°nbn´n√.
Hcp \h s]s¥t°mkvXv DW¿Δn
\mbp≈ Hcp°w 1901 se BZy A\y
`mjm {ihWØns‚ Ncn{XØn\p
\q‰m≠pIƒ°p ap≥]p XpSßnb
XXzNn¥I\pw ssZhimkv{X⁄\pambncp∂
tPm\mYm≥ FtUz¿Uvkv 1735˛¬ Atacn°bnse
akm®psk‰kv tÉn¬, t\m¿Ømw]v‰¨ ]´
WØn¬ \SØnb Hcp {]kwKØnemWv "t{K‰v
Ath°\nwKv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂
DW¿Δv s]m´n∏pds∏Sp∂Xv. DW¿Δv F∂Xv
Ir]bpsS X\Xmb Hcp {]h¿Ø\amsW∂pw
AXn¬ am\koIhpw imcocIhpamb hnImtcm
ØP\Øns‚ {]Z¿i\ap≠mbncn°psa∂pw
hnizkn® Bfmbncp∂p FtUz¿Uvkv.
tPm\mYm≥ FtUz¿Uvkv
-
31 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
XmWv. a≤yImeL´Ønse H‰s∏´
DW¿ΔpkwLßfneqsS, \hoIcW
ØneqsS, ]yqcn‰≥ ˛ sk∏tdj\nÃv
Nn¥mKXnIfneqsS, Hcp c≠ma\p`
hambn hnip≤oIcWsØ Nn{XoIcn®
sh…nbneqsS, s{Kbv‰v Ashbv°\nwKv,
sk°‚ v Athbv°\nwKv, t{Kbv‰v
dnsshh¬ XpSßnb DW¿Δp kw`h
ßfneqsS, `‡n {]ÿm\ØneqsS,
Nmƒkv ̂ n∂nbneqsS, Un. F¬. aqUn
bneqsS, sIkznIv I¨h≥j\pIfn
eqsS, tlmfn\ v {]ÿm\ØneqsS
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Ønse
P\d¬ Ashbv°\nwKneqsS Nhn´p
]SnIƒ Ibdn AXp {]Xy£amIphm≥
Ime saSpØpsht∂bp≈q. F∂m¬
Cu Imeßfnsems°, {]tXyIn®v
Ign™Ime DW¿Δp kw`hßfnsem
s° BflhcßfpsS {]Z¿i\w Zriy
ambn´p≠v F∂Xv Hcp bmYm¿∞yamWv.
]et∏mgpw A\y`mjm`mjWw \S∂n
´pap≠v. F∂m¬ AXv {]ÿm\h¬
°cn°s∏´ns√t∂bp≈q.
-
32tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
s]s¥t°mkvXv C¥ybn¬]cnip≤mflhcßfpsS {]IS\w
]e DW¿ΔptbmKßfnepw {]Z¿inX
ambncp∂psh¶nepw Cu \q‰m≠nse
s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δns‚ Bcw`
ambn ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂Xv 1901 P\p
hcn H∂n\p s‰m∏o°bn¬ Nmƒkv
]¿lmans‚ s_tY¬ ss__nƒ
kvIqfn¬h®v B·kv Hmkvam\m¬
A\p`hamb A\y`mjm`mjWsØ
bmWv. AXpt]mse Ign™ \q‰m≠n
s‚ DØcm¿≤Ønepw Cu \q‰m≠ns‚
BZyh¿jßfnepw C¥ybn¬ \S∂
DW¿ΔptbmKßfn¬ BflhcßfpsS
{]ISamb {]Z¿i\w ]ebnSßfnep
ap≠mbn F¶nepw C¥ybnse s]s¥
t°mkvXpW¿Δns‚ Bcw`ambn IW
°m°s∏Sp∂Xv 1905˛¬ ap‡nanj\n¬
D≠mb ]cnip≤mfl]I¿®sbbmWv.
DW¿ΔpImeßfnse Bflhc
{]IS\߃ H‰s∏´hbmbncp∂p. Ah
]pdwtemIw {i≤n°Ø° \nebn¬
i‡ntbdnbX√mbncp∂Xn\mepw
kwLSnXcq]w ssIhcn°Ø°\ne
bn¬ Zo¿Lambn \ne\n¬°m™Xn
\mepamWv "ap‡nbnse DW¿Δv' \h
s]s¥t°mkvXv Ncn{XØns‚ {]mcw`
]pdßfn¬ Ibdn°qSnbXv
ap‡nanj\nse ]cnip≤mfl
DW¿Δns‚ {]tXyIX AXns‚ `mc
Xob ASnÿm\amWv. Akqkm kv{So
‰nse s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δv Bcw`n
°p∂Xn\p apºmWv ap‡nanj\n¬
s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δp s]m´n]pd
s∏´Xv. 1905 Pq¨ 29\p ]pe¿s® aq∂c
bv°v anj≥luknse Hcp ko\nb¿
s]¨Ip´nbnemWv DW¿Δns‚
Bcw`w. ]nt‰∂v cmhnse cam`mbn
tbml∂ms‚ kphntijw F´mw
A≤ymbw Bkv]Zam°n thZ]mT
¢m pIƒ \SØptºmƒ tIƒhn°mcn
te°v DW¿Δp hym]n®ncp∂p. s]¨
Ip´nIfpsS D®Ønep≈ Ic®nen\pw
{]m¿∞\bv°panSbn¬ cmam`mbnbpsS
thZ]mT¢m pIƒ apßnt∏mbn.
3
-
33 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
A\y`mjm`mjWw Dƒs∏sSbp≈
F√m BflhcßfpsSbpw {]Z¿i\w
ap‡n DW¿ΔptbmKßfn¬ D≠mbn
cp∂p.
Bw•n°≥ a\ p≈ cam`mbn Cu
A\y`mjsbbpw _lfsØbpw
Fßs\bmWv t\m°nI≠Xv? ""Rm\m
Zyw AXns\∏‰n hfsc t_m[hXnbm
bncp∂p. F∂m¬ ssZhØns‚ {]h¿
Ø\Øn¬ GsX¶nepw \nebn¬ ssI
ISØm≥ Rm≥ B{Kln®n√.'' (Pan-ditha Ramabai H.S. Dyer, P II).
ap‡n DW¿Δn¬ `mK`m°mbh¿
a≤yC¥ybnepw DØcC¥ybnepw
DW¿Δv hmlIcmbn k©cn®p.
F∂m¬, ]n¬°mesØ s]s¥t°m
kvXvhym]\Øn\v AhcpsS {]h¿
Ø\w klmbamsb¶n¬°qsS, ap‡n
bnse BfpIƒ XßsfØs∂
s]s¥t°mkvXcmbn IcpXpItbm
kwLSnX \nebn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXn
s‚ hf¿®bv°v D]IcWßfmhqItbm
sNbvXn√.
C¥ybn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXn\v Hcp
kwLSnX`mhw \¬Ip∂Xv hntZianj
\dnam¿ Xs∂bmWv. Akqkm kv{So‰n
se DW¿ΔptbmKßfn¬ Bfl
kv\m\w {]m]n® ]ecpw s]s¥t°m
kvXv anj\dnamcmbn C¥ybnte°p
t]m∂ncp∂p. ̀ mcXØnse kwLSnX
s]s¥t°mkvXv {]ÿm\߃°v
Gsd IS∏mSp≈Xv Xo¿®bmbpw B
anj\dnamtcmSmWv.
]WvUnX cam`mbnbpsS ap‡n
anj\n¬h®v 1905˛¬ ]cnip≤mfl
kv\m\w {]m]n® Atacn°≥ anj\dn
h\nX an∂n Aw{_mwkns\ Hgn®p
\n¿Ønbm¬ s]s¥t°mkvXns‚
ktμihpambn C¥ybnte°v BZysa
Ønb anj\dn F.Pn. Km¿ BsW∂p
tXm∂p∂p. 1906 Pq¨ ]Xn\mdn\p Km¿
Bflkv\m\w {]m]n®p. Akqkm
kv{So‰nse DW¿Δp\mbI\mbncp∂
hneyw sP. skbvaq¿ F∂ IdpØ
h¿§°mc\mb ]mÃdpsS tbmK
ßfn¬ ]s¶SpØv ]cnip≤mfl
kv\m\w {]m]n°p∂ BZysØ sh≈
°mc≥ ]mÿ Bbncp∂p F.Pn. Km¿.
]WvUnX cam`mbn \bn® ap‡n
anj\nse DW¿Δp tbmKØn¬
h®mWv 1905˛¬ C¥ybnse
s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δp
s]m ń∏pds∏Sp∂Xv.
]WvUnX cam`mbn
F.Pn. Km¿
-
34tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Akqkm sXcphn¬h®pXs∂
C¥ybnte°v anj\dnbmbn t]mIm≥
Km¿ Xocpam\saSpØp. 1907˛¬
At±lw I¬°ØbnseØn. AhnsS
anj\dnamcpsS Hcp I¨h≥j\n¬
]cnip≤mflkv\m\sØ°pdn®v {]kw
Kn®tijw ]WvUnX cam`mbnbpsS
ap‡nanj\nte°pw ]ns∂ t_mws_
bnte°pw bm{X sNbvXv s]s¥t°m
kvXns‚ {]NmcI\mbn 1912˛\p apºv
Km¿ s]s¥t°mkvXv ZqXpambn an°
Gjy≥ cmPyßfpw kμ¿in®ncp∂p.
Akqkm kv{So‰n¬\n∂pw sXs°
C¥ybn¬ FØnb BZy anj\dn
tXmakv _mc‰v (t\m¿sΔ) BsW
∂mWv tcJIƒ. bqtdm∏ns‚ s]s¥
t°mkvXv As∏mkvXe≥ F∂dnb
s∏Sp∂ _mc‰v kzoU\nepw, Cw•
≠nepw, P¿Ω\nbnepsa√mw BZyambn
s]s¥t°mkvXv ktμisaØn®
alXvhy‡nbmWv. 1907˛¬ At±lw a‰v
cmPyßfnse∂t]mse C¥ybnepw
FØn. a{Zmkv {]hniybnse Ip\qcn¬
anj\dnam¿°mbn s]s¥t°mkvXv
DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \SØnb _mc‰n\v
Gsd BfpIsf injycm°phm≥ Ign
™p. Cu tbmKßfn¬ ]cnip≤mfl
kv\m\w {]m]n® ankv _u¨kn¬,
BƒUv hn¶nƒ F∂o {_Zd¨ anj
\dnamcmWv ]n∂oSv sX°≥ XncphnXmw
Iqdn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ ktμihp
ambn FØnbXv.
CXnt\mSSpØ ImeØmWv P¿Ω≥
hwiP\mb tPm¿Pv _¿Kv Atacn°
bn¬\n∂p s]s¥t°mkvXv ktμihp
ambn _mw•qcnseØp∂Xv. X\n°p
apºp h∂ anj\dnam¿ ]m›mXy anj
\dnamcpsS CSbntem, BwKteb ̀ mj
ssIhiambhcpsSbnSbntem, Xß
{InkvXy≥jq¨ta°¿
tXmakv _mc‰v
fpsS {]h¿Ø\w HXp°n\n¿Ønb
t∏mƒ _¿Kv kztZiobcmb P\ß
fpsS CSbnte°p s]s¥t°mkvXv
ktμihpambn bm{X sNbvXp.
\m´pIm¿°nSbn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXv
IqSnhchpIƒ Bcw`n°phm≥
Ign™bmƒ F∂ khntijXbpw
_¿§n\p≠v.
1907˛¬ C¥ybnseØnb as‰mcp
Atacn°≥ anj\dnbmbncp∂p
{InÃy≥ jq¨ta°¿. {InÃy≥ B≥Uv
anj\dn Asse≥kv (CMA) kwLØns‚ anj\dnbmbmWv At±lw
C¥ybn¬ h∂Xv. ]cnip≤mflkv\m\
Øn\mbn ImØncnt°≠Xv AXymh
-
35 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
iyamsW∂v At±lw P\ßtfmSp
i‡nbmbn {]t_m[n∏n®p. F∂m¬
A∂v At±lw ]cnip≤mflkv\m\w
{]m]n®ncp∂n√. 1908˛¬ At±lw
]cnip≤mflmhn\m¬ \ndbpIbpw
tcmKim¥nbpƒs∏sS ]e Bflhc
ßtfmsS Xs‚ ip{iqj XpScpIbpw
sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv Akwªokv Hm^v
tKmUn¬ tN¿∂ jq¨ta°¿ 1917˛¬
F.Pn. anj\dnbmbn ho≠pw C¥y
bnseØn. 1918˛¬ klmc≥]qcn¬
C¥y≥ Akwªokv Hm^v tKmUv
kwLSnX cq]w {]m]n®t∏mƒ jq¨
tabv°¿ Bbncp∂p AXns‚
sNb¿am≥.
an∂n Aw{_mkns\t∏mse C¥y
bn¬ anj\dnbmbn hkn°pw Imew
Bflkv\m\w {]m]n® Cw•ojpImcn
bmWv Beokv Cuhven≥ eqkv. 1896˛¬
BWv kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dnbmbn
Ah¿ C¥ybnseØp∂Xv. AkowKm
dn¬ t{]jnXhrØnbnencn°ptºmƒ
]cnip≤mflkv\m\sØ°pdn® v
hmbn®dn™ Beokv AXn\mbn
ImØncn°pIbpw 1910˛¬ AXv
{]m]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv c≠p
h¿j߃ Xs‚ t{]jnX hb¬ {]tZ
ißfn¬ Beokv s]s¥t°mkvXv
{]NmcIbmbn Pohn®p. F∂m¬
AkpJ_m[nXbmbXns\ØpS¿∂v
kn. Fw. Fkv. t\XrXzw Ahsc
XncnsI hnfn®p. 1914˛¬ Beokv kn.
Fw. Fkv. hn´v Akwªokv Hm^v
tKmUn¬ tN¿∂p.
1915˛¬ F.Pn. Beokn\p Hm¿Un
t\j≥ \¬Insb¶nepw BtcmKy
]camb ImcWßfm¬ Ah¿°p C¥y
bn¬ aSßnhcm\mbn√.
1910˛\ptijw C¥ybn¬ s]s¥
t°mkvXv anj\dnamcpsS Hcp {]hmlw
Xs∂ D≠mbn. F∂pXs∂b√ kztZin
Ifmb ]ecpw s]s¥t°mkvXv ip{iq
jbv°v {]m]vXcmbn Fgpt∂¬°p
Ibpw sNbvXp.
an∂n F v̂. A{_mwkv
1887˛¬ C¥ybnseØnb Atacn°≥
anj\dnbmbncp∂ an∂n A{_mwkv
1905˛¬ ap‡n anj\nse DW¿Δp
tbmKØn¬ h®v Bflkv\m\w {]m]n®p.
Beokv Cuhven≥ eqkv
1896̨ ¬ kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dnbmbn C¥y
bnseØnb Beokv 1910 emWv
Bflkv\m\w {]m]n°p∂Xv.
-
36tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
tIcfØns‚ BflnIDW¿Δp Ncn{Xw
tbip{InkvXphns‚ injy\mbn
cp∂ tXmakv As∏mkvXe≥ F.Un.
52˛¬ tIcfw kμ¿in®v ss{IkvXh
k` ÿm]n®psh∂mWv Gsd {]Nmcw
e`n®n´p≈ sFXnlyw. Ncn{X]cambn
CXv sXfnbn°s∏SpItbm \ntj[n°
s∏SpItbm sNbvXn´n√. F∂m¬
Bdmw \q‰mt≠msS tIcfØn¬ hyh
ÿm]nXamb coXnbn¬ {InkvXym
\nXzw hf¿∂ncp∂psh∂v A°meØv
C¥y kμ¿in® CuPn]v‰pImc\mb
"tImkvtamkv' cNn® "{InkvXy≥ t‰m
t∏m{Km^n' (Christian Topography) F∂{KŸØn¬ \n∂pw a\ nemIp∂p.
Xmt{]ms_bn≥ (kntem¨), ae_m¿,
Ieym¨ (sIm√w) F∂o ÿeßfn¬
ss{IkvXh k`Isf Z¿in®ncp∂Xmbn
Cu {KŸØn¬ At±lw tcJs∏Sp
Ønbn´p≠v.
C°meØv sXs° C¥ybnse k`
4
hym]vXnbnepw kapZmb \nebnepw
hfsc ]ptcmKan®ncp∂p. (sI.sI.
Ipcphnf, `mcXØnse ss{IkvXh
k`Iƒ, t]Pv 7) F∂m¬ tIcf k`
bn¬ DW¿Δns‚ Ncn{Xw Xncbm≥
A{X BgØnte°v apßnbndßnbn´pw
Imcyan√. 19˛mw \q‰m≠phsc, IrXy
ambn ]d™m¬ 1850˛Iƒ hsc ae¶c
k`bn¬ Hcp DW¿ΔpNcn{Xan√.
k`bpsS BZnaImebhn¬ kphn
tij Imcyßfn¬ AXv hfsc {i≤
]Xn∏n®ncp∂ncn°Ww. As√¶n¬
ss{IkvXh k`bv°v Ggmw \q‰mt≠m
sS C{X henb {]Nmcap≠mIbn√mbn
cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]Xn\memw \q‰m≠n¬
t]m¿´pKokpIm¿ C¥ybn¬ h∂
t∏mƒ k`IfpsS ÿnXn {]mtbW
£tbm≥apJambncp∂p. CXn\p c≠p
ImcW߃ Ncn{XImc\mb sI.sI.
Ipcphnf Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p≠v.
-
37 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
""A∂v C¥ybnse k`Iƒ°v
t]¿jy≥ (s\kvtXmdnb≥) k`Ifp
ambmWv _‘ap≠mbncp∂Xv.... Bdmw
\q‰m≠n¬ D¤hn®v ASpØ ImeØn
\p≈n¬ hfsc i‡n {]m]n® apk¬
am≥ km{amPyw a≤yGjybnep≈
ss{IkvXh cmPyßsf ]nSn®S°n
bXns‚ ^eambn C¥ybv°v
]ekvXo≥ kndnb apXemb cmPyßfp
ambp≠mbncp∂ _‘w apdn™pt]m
bn..... ]ckv]cap≈ {InkvXob Iq´m
bvabpw t{]m’ml\hpw Bibhn\n
ab kuIcyhpw Cs√¶n¬ AXv
kwbp‡ {InkvXob hnImksØ inYn
eoIcn°p∂ Hcp {]Xn_‘ambn ]cn
Wan°mhp∂XmWv. tIcf ss{IkvXh
k`bpsS Ncn{XØn¬ Cu ]cam¿∞w
{]kv]jvSambn ImWp∂p.
ae¶c k`IfpsS Bflnb A[x
]X\Øn\p as‰mcp ImcWhpw D≠v.
Ggmw \q‰mt≠mSpIqsS tIcfØn¬
\mSphmWncp∂ cmPm°∑m¿ {InkvXym
\nIƒ°p Nne ÿm\am\ßfpw ]Zhn
Ifpw Iev]n®p \¬InbXmbn ]db
s∏Sp∂p. cmPZØamb Cu ÿm\
am\mZnIƒ A∂sØ ss{IkvXh kap
ZmbØn¬ Hcp PmXobt_m[sØ D±o
`hn∏n®p. X߃ kh¿Æ lnμp°sf
t∏mse Hcp {]tXyI PmXnbmsW∂v
Ahcn¬ Nne¿ `mhn®p. {InkvXym\n
Ifn¬ Nne¿ Ass{IkvXhsct∏mse
PmXnhyXymkwt]mepw A\pjvTn®p
XpSßn. a\pjy\pw a\pjy\pw XΩn¬
Cßs\bp≈ PmXnhyXymk߃
A\pjvTn°p∂ Hcp ss{IkvXh k`
bn¬ ss{IkvXhmZ¿iw A\pkcn
®p≈ PohnXcoXnIƒ {]tbmKØn¬
hcpØpI km≤ya√t√m.'' (sI.sI.
Ipcphnf, tIcfØnse Bflob
DW¿Δv, t]Pv 31˛̨ 33).
{InkvXym\nXzØns‚ kØbmb
kmtlmZcysØ ]cnXyPn® ae¶ck`
AXv kpdnbm\n°mcmIs´, ItØmen
°cmIs´ Hcp "PmXn' F∂ \nebn
emWv XßsfØs∂ I≠ncp∂Xv.
ssZhØns‚ ]cnip≤mflmhn\p {]h¿
Ø\thZn Hcp°m≥ Cßs\sbmcp
hyhÿm]nX kwLØn\p IgnbmXn
cp∂Xn¬ AXniban√t√m. BNmc
ßfpw Fgp∂≈Øpw s]cp∂mfpIfpw
am{Xambncp∂p AhcpsS aX{]Z¿i\w.
{InkvXym\nXzØns‚ A¥xkØ
bdnbm≥ Ah¿°p XncphN\Øns‚
km∂n≤yhpan√mbncp∂p.
]Xn\©pw ]Xn\mdpw \q‰m≠p
Ifn¬ thZ]pkvXI kmao]yw kr
jvSn® hnπhØn¬ bqtdm∏nemsI
\hoIcWw Xnf®ps]mßnbt∏mgpw
]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠nse "t{Kbv‰v Ath
bv°\nwKv' BwKteb temIsØ IogS
°nbt∏mgpw CsXm∂padnbmsX ae¶c
k` XßfpsS "htcWy]Zhn'bpsS
hymPkwXr]vXnbn¬ apgpIn DdßpI
bmbncp∂p.
DW¿Δpw XncphN\hpw
GXpW¿Δpw thZ]pkvXIØns‚
hniZamb ]T\ØneqsS am{Xta kw`
hyamIp∂p≈p. DW¿Δp Ncn{XImc
\mb FUvhn≥ Hm¿ ]dbp∂Xv, Hcp
BflnI DW¿Δv, ]cnip≤mflmhv
{InkvXphns‚ k`sb ]pXnb\nba
{InkvXym\nXzØns‚ kam\m\p`h
ßfnte°v \bn°p∂ {]Xn`mkamsW
∂mWv. (Edwin Orr, EvangelicalAwakenings, Page1). ]pXnb\nba{In kvXym\nXzØns‚ {]tXyIXIfdn
bm≥ XncphN\Øns‚ shfn®w
IqSntb Xocq.
F∂m¬ kpdnbm\n k`IfpsS
-
38tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
G‰hpw henb {]iv\w, 19˛mw \q‰m
≠phsc AXn\p thZ]pkvXIhpambn
henb _‘sam∂pan√mbncp∂psh∂
XmWv. amXr`mjbn¬ Hcp thZ]pkv
XI X¿÷at]mepw A∂phsc \S∂n
´n√mbncp∂p. sshZnI`mjbmb kpdn
bm\nbn¬ thZ]pkvXIw hmbn®dnbp
hm≥ Ignhp≠mbncp∂Xv ]´°mcpsS
Hcp \yq\]£Øn\p am{Xambncp∂p.
A‘ImcbpKØn¬ bqtdm]y≥ k`bv
°p≠mbncp∂ AtX ZptcymKw!!
F∂m¬, ]´°m¿°p am{Xw hmbn°m
\mhp∂ kpdnbm\n thZ]pkvXIw
t]mepw A∂v ae¶c k`bn¬ kpe`
a√mbncp∂psh∂XmWv G‰hpw henb
Zpc¥ambn ̀ hn®Xv.
1806˛¬ t¢mUnbkv _p°m\≥
(Claudius Buchanan) F∂ t{]m´Ã‚ vanj\dn XncphnXmwIq¿ kμ¿in®
t∏mƒ A∂sØ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv
H∂ma≥ Xs‚ ssIhiap≠mbncp∂
kpdnbm\n thZ]pkvXIw At±lsØ
G¬∏n®p. _p°m\≥ AXns‚ \qdv
tIm∏nIƒ Cw•≠n¬ A®Sn∏n®v
XncphnXmwIqdnte°b®p sImSpØp.
1818-̨ ¬ ]pXn-b-\n-baw am{X-ambn kpdn-
bm-\n-bn¬ A®-Sn-∏n®v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-
Øp. F∂m¬ CsXms° kpdnbm\nbn
embncp∂Xn\m¬ km[mcW°m¿°v
AXpsIm≠p≈ {]tbmP\w e`n®n√.
CXn\nSbn¬ Zoh∂mtkymkv
sa{Xmt∏meoØm \mep kphntij
߃ kpdnbm\nbn¬\n∂p ]cn
`mjs∏SpØn _p°m\≥ kmbv∏ns\
G¬∏n®p. AXv kmbn∏v t_mws_
bn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn A®Sn∏n®v ae¶c
k`bv°p \¬In. henb \nehmcw
]pe¿Øp∂Xs√¶n¬t∏mepw ae¶c
k`bv°p In´p∂ BZysØ aebmf
thZ]pkvXIambncp∂p AXv. s_bven
bpsS ]pXnb\nba ]cn`mj ]pdØnd
ßp∂Xv 1829emWv. apgpthZ]pkvXIw
1841epw. ae¶ck`bn¬ \hoIcWØn
s‚ hnØp]mInbXv Cu thZ]pkvXI
X¿÷aIfmsW∂p ]dbp∂Xn¬
AXniban√. ]n∂oSv Kp≠¿´ns‚ ae
bmf thZ]pkvXIw {]kn≤oIrXam
sb¶nepw a≤yXncphnXmwIqdpImcs\
Gsd kzm[o\n®Xv s_bvenbpsS thZ
]pkvXI X¿÷aXs∂bmbncp∂p.
thZ]pkvXI ]T\Øns‚bpw anj
\dnamcn¬\n∂p e`n® A`yk\Øn
s‚bpw ̂ eambn kpdnbm\n k`bn¬
henb \hoIcWw kwPmXambn. k`
bpsS D]tZiw thZ]pkvXIØneSn
ÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈Xmbncn°W
sa∂Xmbncp∂p Cu \hoIcWØns‚
k¿Δ {][m\amb XXzw. A{_lmw
aev]m\pw amXyqkv am¿ AØt\
jykv sa{Xmt∏meoØbpw thZ]pkvX
Im\pkrXßfmb D]tZi߃ k`
bn¬ {]Ncn∏n®p.
ae¶cbn¬ DW¿Δp hym]n°p∂p
ae¶cbn¬ DW¿Δv ]cØp∂Xn
\p amXyqkv am¿ AØt\jykv hln®
]¶v \n oaamWv. RmbdmgvN Znhkß
fn¬ ]≈nbmcm[\°ptijw {]m¿∞
\mtbmK߃ IqSp∂Xn\pw thZ]mT
߃, {]kwK߃, Ch \SØp∂
Xn\pw sa{Xmt∏meoØm Iev]\Iƒ
aqew CShI°msc t{]m’mln∏n®p
t]m∂p. AXpIqSmsX Xangv\m´n¬
\n∂pw a‰pw kphntij {]h¿ØIsc
tIcfØnte°v £Wn®v tbmK߃
\SØp∂Xn\p At±lw Ahsc
t{]m’mln∏n®p. Xncph\¥]pcØv
e≠≥ anj≥ k`bnse tamih’ew
imkv{Xnbmsc a≤yXncphnXmwIqdn¬
]ebnSØpw Xmakn∏n®v ss{IkvXh
-
39 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
kwKoXcoXnIƒ k`mP\ßsf A`y
kn∏n°p∂Xn\v G¿∏mSp sNbvXXv
sa{Xmt∏meoØm Xs∂bmbncp∂p.
19˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ XncphnXmw
Iqdnse Bflnb DW¿ΔpIƒ°v
\Sp\mbIXzw hln®hcn¬ an°
t]cpw Xangv\m´n¬ \n∂pw IpSntbdn
bhcmsW∂Xv hnNn{Xambn tXm∂mw.
1864˛¬ X©mhqcn¬ \ns∂Øn
ae¶ck`Ifn¬ k©cn®v, IYmKm\
ßfneqsSbpw, {]kwKßfneqsSbpw,
kphntijtbmK߃ \SØnb
AΩmƒ thZ\mbIhpw Iq´cpw P\ß
fn¬ kphntijtØmSp Xm¬]cyw
hf¿Ønb Hcp t{]£nXkwLambn
cp∂p. 1870˛Ifn¬ Xangv\m´n¬ \n∂p≈
thZm≤ym]I\mb tPm¨ {InkvXy≥
Acpf∏\mWv ae¶ck`sb hym]I
amb \nebn¬ DW¿Δnte°p \bn®
as‰mcp Xangv\m´pImc≥. ]n¬°me
DW¿Δp\mbI≥amcmb hnZzm≥Ip´n
b®≥, tUhnUv XpSßnbhcpw Xangv
\m´n¬ \n∂pXs∂ D≈hcmbncp∂p.
(1930˛¬ ]qhØqcn¬ \S∂ s]s¥
t°mkvXpW¿Δn\p t\XrXzw hln®
X¶øm AXnibhpw Xangv\m´pImc≥
Xs∂bmbncp∂p.)
1859˛¬ Atacn°bnepw {_n´\nepw
\S∂ DW¿ΔpNcn{Xw hmbn®dn™
Acpf∏≥ B coXnbn¬ Xs‚ \mSn
t\bpw DW¿ØWta F∂p {]m¿∞n
®psIm≠ncn°pIbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬
B DW¿Δv X∂neqsSXs∂ {]kcn∏n
°phm\mWv ssZhØn\p {]kmZw
tXm∂nbXv. 1860 am¿®v \men\p Acpf
∏s‚ ÿeamb Xncps\¬thenbnse
{InkvXy≥t]´bn¬ DW¿Δp s]m´n
]pds∏´p.
""DW¿Δv {]Xo£n®ncp∂ Hcp
P\XbpsS CSbntem, Ah¿°mbn
kphntijw sIm≠ph∂ anj\dnam
cpsS km∂n≤yØntem Bbncp∂n√
CØhW AXp s]m´n]pds∏´Xv F∂
XmWv {]m[m\ytadp∂ hkvXpX. Cu
DW¿Δv tbmKßfn¬ BZy\q‰m≠nse
t∏mse A\y`mjbpw Z¿i\ßfpw
{]hN\ßfpw F√mw D≠v.'' (IndianWatch Man, October 1860, Quoted from,Evangelical Awakenings in India, J. EdwinOrr, Page 33).
GsdØmaknbmsX Acpf∏≥
DW¿Δv ktμihpambn XncphnXmw
IqdnseØn. Acpf∏\pw, kn.Fw.
Fkv. {]h¿ØI\mbncp∂ tUhnUv
s^∂pw a≤yXncphnXmwIqdn¬ \S
Ønb tbmK߃ ]e h¿j߃ \o≠
DW¿Δv {]Xn`mkØn\p \mμnbmbn.
Hcp Znhkw sNß∂q¿ am¿
tØmΩm ]≈nbnseØnb tUhnUv
s^≥ I≠Xv, Ccp\qtdmfw hcp∂
hnizmknIƒ ap´n≥ta¬ \n∂p {]m¿
∞n°p∂Xpw Bflhnhicmbn B\
μn°p∂XpamWv. an° tbmKßfnepw
BfpIƒ XßfpsS ]m]ßsftbm¿Øv
hfsc h\yamb \nebn¬ s]m´n
°c™p. Iq´mb Ic®nepw {]m¿∞\
Ifpw Cu tbmKßfpsS {]tXyIX
Ifmbncp∂p.
Acpf∏s‚ tbmKßfnep≠mb
DW¿Δv a≤yXncphnXmwIq¿ DS\ofw
]S¿∂p]nSn®p. A∂sØ {][m\
s∏s´mcp DW¿ΔptI{μambncp∂p
]qhØq¿. sP.Fw. kv]o®venbmbncp∂p
AhnsS DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \bn®Xv.
as‰mcpW¿Δv tI{μambncp∂
tIm´bØv, kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dn
sl≥{Sn t_°¿ \SØnb tbmKß
fpsS ^eambn 1875 P\phcnbn¬ Hcp
-
40tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
Znhkw Xs∂ A™q‰nF¨]Øn
H≥]Xp t]¿ kv\m\s∏´v k`tbmSp
tN¿∂p.
Gsd°gnbpw apºv kn.Fw.Fkv,
]´°mc\mbncp∂ hnZzm≥Ip´nb®≥
(bqkvXqkv tbmk v̂) ae¶c k`bnse
Cu DW¿Δns‚ \mbIXzw ssIbn
seSpØp. Hcp Xangv {_m“WIpSpw_
Øn¬\n∂pw {InkvXpaXw kzoIcn®v
DW¿Δp{]kwKI\mbnØo¿∂ hnZzm≥
Ip´nbpsS tbmKßfn¬ A\nXc
km[mcWamb \nebn¬ Bflhc
߃ {]Z¿in∏n°s∏´ncp∂p. At±l
Øns‚ kl{]h¿ØI\mbncp∂
IqSmc∏≈n¬ sXmΩ≥, 1875 sabvamkw
15 apX¬, Bdp h¿jØn\papºv tbip
{InkvXphns‚ c≠masØ hchp
≠mIpsa∂p {]hNn®p.
Bbnc°W°n\v A\pbmbnIƒ
hnZzm≥Ip´n°p≠mbn. Z¿i\ßsfbpw
shfn∏mSpIsfbpw thZ]pkvXI shfn
®Øn¬ hnebncpØm\p≈ hnthN\m
t_m[w Ah¿°n√msX t]mbn. Bw•n
°≥ k` Cu Zpcp]tZitØmSp FXn¿
Øp \n∂t∏mƒ hnZzm≥Ip´n "I∂o‰v
DW¿Δpk`' F∂ t]cn¬ kz¥amb
Hcp {]ÿm\w Bcw`n®p. sXmΩs‚
{]hN\w hy¿∞ambtXmsS B k`
A[x]X\Øn¬ sNs∂Øn.
CsXms°bmsW¶nepw thZ]p
kvXI ]T\Øn\p≈ A`qX]q¿Δ
amb B{Klw k`m P\߃°nSbn¬
Cu DW¿ΔpImeØp≠mbn. 1874˛¬
am{Xw XncphN\Øns‚ hnev]\bn¬
Fgp]Xp iXam\w h¿≤\hp≠mbn.
ssZhhN\w km[mcW P\߃°nS
bn¬ Cdßns®∂Xv ]n¬°mesØ
DW¿ΔpIsf A¿∞hØm°n F∂
Xn\p kwiban√. ]n∂oSp≠mb DW¿
ΔpIfn¬ `mK`m°pIfmbh¿ Xncp
hN\ kXyßtfmSv IqSpX¬ [\mflI
ambn {]XnIcn°phm\pw ssZhhN\
Ønse D]tZi߃ PohnXØn¬
Gs‰Sp°phm\pw XømdmbXv Cu Xncp
hN\ kmao]yw aqeamWv.
1888˛¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse
am¿tØmΩm k`°m¿°nSbn¬ Fcnth
dnb DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \SØnb
hy‡nbmWv e£vWcmb¿ F∂bmƒ.
CtX Imebfhn¬ _mdnwKv KuƒUv
(Baringold) Im¿Wn (Kearney) F∂oanj\dnamcpw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ h∂v
DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \SØnbXmbn
Ncn{Xap≠v. 1892-˛¬ thm°¿ kmbv]v
XncphnXmwIqdn¬h∂p. kn.Fw. Fkv.
anj\dnamcmbncp∂ sP. F®v .
_ntjm∏v, B¿®v Uo°≥ tPm¨
sIbven F∂nhcpsS £Wa\pkcn
®mWv thm°¿ kmbv]v FØnbXv.
kmbv]ns‚ tbmKßfn¬ hnImc{]IS
\߃ Gsd t{]m’mln∏n°s∏´n√m
sb¶nepw ]nt‰ h¿jw Bcw`n®
ae¶cbnse {][m\s∏´ Hcp DW¿
Δn\v B tbmK߃ hgnsbmcp°n.
Acpf∏s‚bpw hnZzm≥Ip´nbpsS
bpw DW¿ΔpIƒ°ptijw ae¶cbn¬
i‡amb Hcp DW¿Δp≠mIp∂Xv
Xangv\m´n¬ \n∂p≈ hn. Un. tUhnUv
(Xangv tUhnUv F∂mWv Ct±lw Adn
bs∏´ncp∂Xv) F¬.Fw. thUvkv
h¿Øv F∂o ssZh`rXy≥amcneqsS
bmWv. dh. tPm¿Pv {K^v F∂ anj
\dntbmsSm∏w kntem¨, Hmkvt{S
enb, {_n´≥ XpSßnb ÿeßfn¬
k©cn®v {]h¿Øn®n´p≈ tUhnUv
Hcn°¬ sIkvhn°v I¨h≥j\nepw
{]kwKI\mbncp∂p. (DW¿Δns\∏‰n
Xangv tUhnUv cNn® Hcp eLpteJ
DKm≠bn¬ anj\dnbmbncp∂ Pn.F¬.
-
41 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
]n¬InwKvSWv e`n®p. AXn¬\n∂pw
DW¿Δp{]m]n® B anj\dnbmWv 1895
apX¬ 1897 hsc DKm≠bn¬ AXni
‡amb DW¿Δv \bn®Xv. 1897˛¬
At±lw h[n°s∏´p.)
B¿®v Uo°≥ DΩ≥ amΩs‚bpw
C©bv°¬ kn. Nmt°mbpsSbpw
£Wa\pkcn®mWv tUhnUpw thUv
kvh¿Øpw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ h∂Xv.
a≤yXncphnXmwIqdnepS\ofw Ah¿ \S
Ønb tbmK߃ ]n∂oSv \S∂ s]s¥
t°mkvXv DW¿ΔptbmKßsft∏mepw
AXnibn°p∂Xmbncp∂p.
""]m]߃ ]ckyambn G‰p]d
bpI, XΩn¬ XΩn¬ am∏p tNmZn°pI,
Xs∂Øm≥ s\©ØSn®v D®Øn¬
Ic™p {]m¿∞n°pI F∂o k{ºZmb
ßfpw AtXmsSm∏w km£n]d®nepw
Cu tbmKßfn¬ km[mcWambn. Ch¿
CShIIƒtXmdpw k©cn®v DW¿Δp
tbmK߃ \SØnbXns‚ ^eambn
G‰hpw sNdnb Ip´nIƒ apX¬ {]mbw
sN∂h¿ hsc Bflc£sb∏‰n
Nn ¥n®pXpSßn. C°meØv Xev°me
c£, ]cnip≤mflkv\m\w F∂o c≠p
hnjbßsf∏‰n P\kmam\yw Imcy
ambn BtemNn∏m\pw AXn¬\n∂pw
]e hmZ{]XnhmZ߃ D¤hn∏m\pw
CSbmbn... C∂p temI{]kn≤ambn
Øo¿∂ncn°p∂ amcma¨ I¨h≥
j≥ tUhnUns‚bpw th¿Uvkvh¿Øn
s‚bpw D’mlØm¬ AhcpsS
ImeØv Bcw`n°s∏´n´p≈XmsW
∂p≈ hkvXpX Cu AhkcØn¬
{]tXyIw kvacWobamWv. kn.]n.
^oent∏mkv Iioimbmbncp∂p Cu
I¨h≥js‚ apJy kwLmSI≥.''
(sI.sI. Ipcphnf, tIcfØnse
Bflob DW¿Δv, t]Pv 49, 50).
{_Zd¨ {]ÿm\w Bcw`n°p∂p
Xangv tUhnUns‚ tbmK߃
kpdnbm\n k`sb G‰hpw kºpjvS
am°n F∂Xpt]mseXs∂, thZ
]pkvXIØn¬ P\Øn\p ]pXnb
Xm¬]cyhpw Adnhpw \¬IpIbpw
sNbvXp. AXv am¿tØmΩm k`bpsS
]mcºcy hnizmkßsf thZ]pkvXI
shfn®Øn¬ hniIe\w sNøp∂Xn\v
Ahsc t{]cn∏n®p. CXpaqew
am¿tØmΩm. kn.Fw.Fkv. k`mhn`mK
ßfn¬ \n∂pw At\I¿ th¿]mSv
hnizmknIfmbn amdn.
am¿tØmΩm°mcmb ]ecpw th¿
]mSp hnizmkØnte°mI¿jn°s∏Sm
\p≈ as‰mcp {][m\ apJm¥cw
sIkvhn°v kaqlØns‚ anj\dn
bmbn XncphnXmwIqdnseØnb s{KKv
k¨ kmbv]ns‚ {]kwK ]cyS\ß
fmWv. 1897-˛¬ At±lw amcma¨
I¨h≥j≥ {]kwKI\mbncp∂p.
sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsSbpw am¿tØmΩm
k`mP\ßfpsSbpw kvt\lmZc߃
°p ]m{Xo`qX\mb kmbv]v ]nt‰h¿jw
ae¶ck`Ifnse√mw {]kwKtbmK
߃ kwLSn∏n®p.
Imcy߃ Xncn™padn™Xv
hfsc s]s´∂mbncp∂p. XncphnXmw
Iqdn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ kabw Ip∂w
IpfØv {_Zd¨ anj\dnbmbncp∂
hn. \mK¬ kmbv]pambn s{KKvk¨
]cnNbs∏´p. (\mK¬ _mk¬ anj
\dnbmbmWv BZyw tIcfØnseØp
∂Xv. ]n∂oSv th¿]mSp hnizmkw
kzoIcn®v _mk¬ anj≥ hn´p)
th¿]mSv D]tZißfn¬ BIrjvS\mb
s{KKvk¨ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ XncnsI
h∂v ]e ÿeßfnepw Cu ]pXnb
D]tZiw {]Ncn∏n®p.
-
42tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
hnizmk kv\m\sØ∏‰nbp≈
t_m≤yw shfns∏SpØnbXn\m¬ s{KKv
k\v sIkvhn°v kwLhpambp≈
_‘w hntOZnt°≠nh∂p. Xs‚
ss__nƒ ¢m pIfn¬ ]s¶SpØ
Ipº\mSv ]pØ≥]pcbv°¬ amΩ≥
I»oim Ip∂wIpfØpt]mbn lm≥
Uven t_¿Uv kmbv]ns‚ Iogn¬
kv\m\ta‰tXmsS s{KKvk\p am¿tØm
Ωm k`bnte°p≈ hmXnepw sIm´nbS
bv°s∏´p. F∂m¬ CXv ]pXnsbmc
≤ymbØn\p XpS°ambncp∂p. tIcf
Øn¬ {_Zd¨ {]ÿm\w i‡n
{]m]n°phm≥ AXv ImcWambn.
s{KKvk¨ kmbv]v ]pXnb hnizm
kw ]n≥]‰nbXv am¿tØmΩm k`bv°v
hensbmcmLmXambncp∂p. IqSmsX
ss«lnI ]mcºcysØ∏‰nbpw a‰pw
kpdnbm\n k`bpambn \S∂ tI n¬
am¿tØmΩm k` ]cmbPs∏´Xp aqew
`uXnIambpw ]e {]Xnk‘nIƒ
k`bv°v t\cntS≠nh∂p. `uXnI
\jvSw £oWwhcpØnb k`sb
Bflnbamsb¶nepw ]nSn®p \n¿tØ
≠Xv k`mt\XrXzØns‚ NpaXe
bmbn. CØcpWØnemWv am¿tØm
Ωm sa{Xmt∏meoØm kpdnbm\n
k`bpsS tbmKßfn¬ {]kwKn°m≥
Xncps\¬thenbn¬\n∂pw thm°¿
kmbv]ns\ hcpØp∂Xv. (t\csØ
kn.Fw.Fkv.ImcmWv At±lsØ
tIcfØn¬ sIm≠ph∂Xv.)
hfsc {]K¤\mb Hcp {]kwKI
\mbncp∂p thm°¿ kmbv] v .
am¿tØmΩm k`tbmSp hnLSn®v
At\Iw "hnip≤kwL'߃ hnImc
{]m[m\yap≈ DW¿ΔptbmK߃
\SØnbncp∂ A°meØv, Xs‚
tbmKßfn¬ tIƒhn°mcpsS hnImc
{]IS\߃ AXncp IhnbmsX
\nb{¥n°phm≥ At±lw {i≤n®n
cp∂p. F¶nepw ]cnip≤flmhns‚
{]h¿Ø\sØ XS™p\n¿Øphm≥
At±lw ]cn{ian®n√.
amcma¨ I¨h≥js‚ Hcp Znh
ksØ {]kwKkabw At±lØn\p
≠mb A\p`hw kl{]h¿ØI\mb
F.‰n. B¿®n_mƒUn\p thm°¿
kmbv]v C{]ImcsagpXp∂p: ""Rm≥
kwkmcn®psIm≠ncn°ptºmƒ ]Xn
t\gmbncw hcp∂ t{imXm°ƒ s]s´∂v
Hcpan®v D®Øn¬ {]m¿∞n°m≥ XpS
ßn. Hmtcm \nanjw Ignbpt¥mdpw
i_vZw DbcpIbmWv. F¥p sNøW
sa∂p Rm≥ AhnSptØmSv BtemN\
tNmZn®p. CXv Cßs\ Xs∂ XpScs´,
XmaknbmsX Ah¿ \ni_vZcmIp
sa∂p AhnSp∂p adp]Sn ]d™p''(Amy Carmichael, A.W. Walker ofTinnelvelly, age 391. Quoted from Evange-lical Awakenings in India, Page 100).
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠p XpSßptºmƒ
Xs∂ Acpf∏s‚bpw Xangv tUhnUn
s‚bpw Hs° \nebn¬ ]cnip≤mfl
hym]mcØn\p {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂
Hcp DW¿Δv \bn°m≥ ssZhw ]p©
aÆn¬ amΩ≥ D]tZinsb sXcs™
SpØp. 1905˛¬ Bbncp∂p Cu DW¿
Δns‚ Bcw`w. D]tZin BZytbmKw
\SØp∂Xv Ihnbqcp\SpØv Ing°≥
apØqdnemWv. AXns\ØpS¿∂v sh¨
aWnbn¬ \S∂ tbmKØn¬ ]cnip≤m
flhcßfpsS hy‡amb {]Z¿i\
ßfpw D≠mbn.
""{]kvXpX tbmKØn¬sh®v ]e
cpw A¤pXIcamb ImgvNIƒ I≠p.
Ah¿°p≠mb Bflkt¥mjw
sIm≠v \rØw sNøpIbpw XpS¿®
-
43 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw
bmbn tbmKw ]sØm≥]Xv Znhkw Zo¿
Ln®p \n¬°pIbpw sNbvXp.'' (tIcf
Ønse Bflob DW¿Δv, t]Pv 58).
]n∂oSv tIcfØnse kpdnbm\n
k`bpsS CSbn¬ \S∂ {]ikvXamb
DW¿Δv Ccp]XpIfpsS Bcw`Øn¬
apØmw]m°¬ km[p sIm®pIp™p
]tZin \bn®XmWv. F∂m¬ At∏mtg
bv°pw s]s¥t°mkvXv DW¿Δp
tbmK߃ tIcfØn¬ ]ebnSØpw
hym]Iambncp∂p. sIm®pIp™p
]tZinbpsS tbmKØn¬ ]s¶SpØ
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