Download - k18 - Malaria & Permasalahannya Di Kab
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MALARIA & PERMASALAHANNYA
DI KAB. BANYUMASDI KAB. BANYUMAS
dr. Yudhi Wibowo, M.PH
Department of Public Health & Community Medicine
Medical Faculty
Jenderal Soedirman University
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Outlines
• 10 facts on Malaria
• Epidemiologi MALARIA
• Determinan Kejadian Malaria
• Siklus Hidup Plasmodium• Siklus Hidup Plasmodium
• Hasil Penelitian Malaria di Kab. Banyumas
• Permasalahan Malaria
• Rencana Tindak Lanjut
• Strategi Pengendalian Malaria
• Kerangka Kerja Program Pengendalian Malaria
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10 facts on malaria
(http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/malaria/en/
1. Malaria is caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through
the bites of infected mosquitoes
2. Half of the world's population is at risk of malaria
3. Every minute, a child dies from malaria
4. Malaria mortality rates are falling
5. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of malaria prevents deaths
6. Emerging artemisinin resistance is a major concern6. Emerging artemisinin resistance is a major concern
7. Sleeping under long-lasting insecticidal nets protects against malaria
8. Indoor residual spraying is the most effective way to rapidly reduce
malaria transmission
9. Pregnant women are particularly at risk of malaria
10. Malaria causes significant economic losses in high-burden countries
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Epidemiologi Malaria
(Global)1. Globally, an estimated 3.3 billion people in 97 countries and territories
are at risk of being infected with malaria and developing disease, and
2. 1.2 billion are at high risk (>1 in 1000 chance of getting malaria in a year).
3. in December 2014, there were about 198 million cases of malaria in
2013 (with an uncertainty range of 124 million to 283 million) and
4. an estimated 584 000 deaths (with an uncertainty range of 367 000 to 4. an estimated 584 000 deaths (with an uncertainty range of 367 000 to
755 000)
5. The burden is heaviest in the WHO African Region, where an estimated
90% of all malaria deaths occur, and in children aged under 5 years, who
account for 78% of all deaths
6. The number of confirmed malaria cases reported in the region decreased
from 2.9 to 1.5 million between 2000 and 2013. Three countries
accounted for 97% of cases in 2013: India (55%), Myanmar (21%) and
Indonesia(21%).
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• Six countries out of 10 achieved
>75% decrease in case incidence
between 2000 and 2013. Sri
Lanka reported zero locally
acquired cases for the first time.
Bhutan reported only 15 cases
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Epidemiologi Malaria
(Indonesia)
– 35% penduduk Indonesia tinggal di daerah
berisiko
– 54% dari 497 kab/kota merupakan daerah
endemisendemis
– KLB akibat kasus import sering terjadi di daerah
endemis rendah
– Propinsi Jawa Tengah:
– API 0,05 per 1000 penduduk (2014), tapi masih
ada kasus indigenous di 5 Kabupaten:
Purworejo, Banjarnegara, Purbalingga,
Banyumas dan Kebumen.
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Penyebab Tingginya Kasus dan KLB
Malaria di Indonesia:1. Adanya perubahan lingkungan yang berakibat meluasnya
tempat perindukan nyamuk penular malaria;
2. Mobilitas penduduk yang cukup tinggi;
3. Perubahan iklim yang menyebabkan musim hujan lebih
panjang dari musim kemarau; panjang dari musim kemarau;
4. Krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan, berdampak pada
masyarakat di daerah tertentu, mengalami gizi buruk
sehingga lebih rentan untuk terserang malaria;
5. Tidak efektifnya pengobatan karena terjadi resisten
klorokuin dan meluasnya daerah resisten, serta
6. Menurunnya perhatian dan kepedulian pemerintah dan
masyarakat terhadap upaya pengendalian malaria secara
terpadu.
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Epidemiologi Malaria
(Kab. Banyumas)
• Pada awal tahun 2012 kembali terjadi KLB malaria, yaitu di
Desa Binangun (36 orang penderita malaria positif).
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Determinan Kejadian Malaria
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Siklus Hidup Plasmodium
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Hasil Penelitian
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SPOT Survei Nyamuk Anopheles 2006-2012
di Kab. Banyumas
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Permasalahan
1. Gender
2. Tingkat sosial ekonomi:
a. Tingkat Pendidikan---tingkat pengetahuan
b. Tingkat pendapatan
c. Aksesibilitas
d. Migrasi Penduduk
3. Perilaku3. Perilaku
4. Lingkungan: kondisi geografis, hand man made,
5. Bionomik Vektor����spot survei
6. Parasit: spesies, resistensi?
7. Disparitas epidemiologi
8. SD Terbatas: SDM yg kompeten (Medis, Paramedis, Laboran/Analis,
JMD terlatih), dana,
9. Lemahnya kerjasama lintas sektor
10. Kemandirian masyarakat dalam pengendalian malaria
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RTL
• Promotif-Preventif-Early Diagnosis & Promt
Treatment
• Surveilans Migrasi penduduk
• Ketersedian dana• Ketersedian dana
• Program terpadu
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Strategi Pengendalian Malaria
1. penemuan dini dan pengobatan yang tepat, dengan
akses pelayanan kesehatan berkualitas,
2. penurunan risiko penularan dengan memanfaatkan
forum gebrak malaria, forum gebrak malaria,
3. memperkuat sistem surveilans, monitoring dan
evaluasi,
4. memperkuat SDM dan pengembangan teknologi,
5. advokasi dan sosialiasi,
6. penggalangan kemitraan,
7. pemberdayaan dan penggerakan masyarakat
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Daftar Pustaka
• WHO (2014). World Malaria Report 2014.
Geneva:WHO
• Kemenkes RI (2015). Data dan Informasi tahun 2014
(Profil Kesehatan Indonesia). Jakarta:Kemenkes RI(Profil Kesehatan Indonesia). Jakarta:Kemenkes RI
• DinKes Jateng (2015). Profil Kesehatan Jawa Tengah.
Semarang:DinKes Prop. Jateng
• WHO (2015). Global Technical Strategy for Malaria
2016-2030. Geneva:WHO
• Dirjen PP&PL(2014). Pedoman Manajemen Malaria.
Jakarta:Kemenkes
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