S U B M I T T E D T O : P R E S E N T E D B Y :
D R . A N I L K U M A R A S H I S H S I N G H
T E J A S V I S P U T E
M B A – P O W E R M A N A G E M E N T
NORTH EASTERN STATES OF INDIA – RURAL
ELECTRIFICATION
Outline
Background – Jyoti Gram Yojana
Jyoti Gram Yojana – Gujarat State
North Eastern States of INDIA
-- North Eastern States of INDIA
-- Introduction
-- Demographic and Social Infrastructure
-- Agriculture
-- Physical Infrastructure
-- Power
Reason for the development of Energy Sector
Power Scenario of North Eastern States of INDIA
Key Challenges Issues, and way forward
Background
Though Gujarat villages were largely electrified as per prescribed parameters, However a significant gap in quality of power supply still existed
Quality of Power Supply below par due to
-- unauthorized use of power through illegal means resulting in Frequent Transformer failure
Poor voltage stability
Poor reliability of Power Supply
Grid Disturbance
Rapid increase in Demand Annual average increase of around 8 %
Reasons for Launch
Need for Reliable and Quality Power Supply for grown of Rural Economy
Minimizing possibility of unauthorized use of power
Reduction on migration from rural to urban area
Increase employment opportunities and better quality of life in rural areas
Efficient and optimum use of water thereby helping conservation of
ground water
Provision of 24 X 7 three phase power supply for residential, commercial and industrial consumers in all villages
Provision of reliable and continuous power supply to Agriculture for minimum 8 hours at predetermined time schedule
Power Sector Reforms
Unbundling of Erstwhile Gujarat
Electricity Board (GEB) into Seven
companies w.e.f 01/04/2005
One holding company for trading
One Generation Company
One Transmission Company
Four Distribution Company
Key Challenges for DISCOMS
AT&C Losses: bringing & maintaining below 15 %
Tariffs, metering, Billing and Collection
Checking Theft
Increasing cost of Power Purchase
Demand – Supply Gap High UI charges to pay
Open Access option above 1 MW Loss of essential consumers in competitive market
Efforts to achieve profit
Agriculture sector – difficult to access / book the energy consumption
Key Challenges – Ag Sector
Different Tariffs
-- Metered Tariff : Tatkal, Normal
-- Theft of power : bypassing meter during night hours
-- Flat Tariff (unmetered) : Unauthorized load
-- Resistance to install meters (even for energy auditing)
-- Low efficiency pumps
Farm House 24 X 7 hours power requirement
-- Extra cost to cater single phase power and billing
High Distribution Losses
-- DTC metering equipment's not safe
-- Consumers attempt to put it out of service
-- Consumers density very poor
-- Require more staff for vigilance activity and services
Rural Sector Problems
Erratic Power Supply
Low voltages
Mixed feeders with Agriculture
Load Shedding in domestic supply
Unreliable Metering/ Billing/ Collection
High failure rate of Distribution Transformers
Frequent failure of submersible pumps
Lowering of water tables
No energy accounting
High AT&C losses
Rural Power Reforms
24 hours domestic / commercial supply
8 hours agriculture supply
improved reliability f power supply
Preventive maintenance in place
Improved Metering/ Billing / Collection
Reduction in failure rates of pump motors
Migration to cities reduced
Better education & health services
Commercial / Industrial Development
Jyoti Gram Yojana (JGY)
Jyoti Gram Yojana in September 2003 on pilot basis
Jyoti Gram Yojana as a Government – local body participatory scheme but largely funded through State Phase Government’s Grant
The pilot covering 8 districts having large Agriculture demand successfully completed in October 2004
From November 2004 onwards all villages of the State covered under this scheme
Implemented throughout the State Covering 18000 villages and 9700 petaparas
Completed in March 2006
Total cost of the Scheme – Rs. 1189 crores of which grant from GOG is Rs. 1017 crores
Scheme Details
Bifurcation of rural load into two separate feeders :
Rural feeders getting 24 hours continuous 3 – phase power supply (called Jyotigram Feeders) catering to residential, commercial and industrial consumers
Agriculture feeders catering to demand for Agriculture purposes
Installation of Specially Designed Transformers (An innovation by the Engineers of Distribution Companies) on Agriculture Feeders to cater 1 – phase power supply to farmers residing in farms for the remaining period of the day after getting continuous 3 – phase power supply through Agriculture Dominant feeders
Metering of Transformers on JGY Feeders
Planning for Launch
Planning
-- Assessment of the nature and quantum of works involved
-- Assessment of resources (Manpower, Material and Funds) required
-- Deciding mode and methodology of execution of works
Works involved
-- Laying of 70,500 ckt Km of new HT/LT lines creating 1502 new Rural Feeders
-- Installation of 1572 nos of Specially Designed Transformers on
Agriculture feeders
-- Expansion of existing sub – stations by adding 1275 nos of 11/22 KV
vacuum Circuit Breaker Panels
-- Installation of 15,500 nos of new Transformers Centers
-- Expenditure incurred upto 31st Dec. 2006 is Rs. 1191 crores, which
included Rs. 1004 crores as Govt. gran
Cont.
Execution
-- Timely mobilization and procurements of materials ensured
-- Timely mobilization of required manpower through outsourcing for
the works in the field and supervision done through own personnel
Supervision
-- A special Jyoti Gram Yojana cell created at GUVNL exclusively to
monitor JGY implementation
-- Very close monitoring done at various levels including the
State Government
Benefits of the Scheme
Reduction in migration from Rural to Urban areas
Housewives able to use electrical appliances
More opportunity of local employment
Development of cottage/home industries and small scale industries
Provision of better health services and infrastructure facility
Power supply available to villages at the most needy time i.e. during morning and evening
Students encouraged to use computers for education
Entertainment available through TV, VCR, VCD. Local/ National/Inter National news also made available
Local dairy and milk testing processes helped
Improved life standards of villagers
Installation of meters on each village Transformer Centre for energy accounting
Cont.
Pilfer proofing of all electrical connection of villages
Reduction in Distribution loss and Distribution Transformer failure rate
Better Revenue Collection
No power cut in villages, major urban areas, Nagar Palikas and Industrial Estates GIDCs
Regulated but improved quality power supply to agriculture enabled efficient and optimum use of water, which in turn contributes to conservation of ground water resources
Reduction in failure of motor pumps sets of the farmers saving the maintenance cost
Outcome
Before JGY
Pre – JGY Load
Rostering System
8 – 14 hours of 3 –phase power
supply
10 – 12 hours of single – phase power supply
3 -4 hours of no power supply
Outcome
After JGY
• 24 hour 3 – phase supply to JGY feeders
• Min 8 hour 3 – phase continuous supply to Agriculture feeders
Load Rostering System under
JGY
Outcome
Reduction in T&D loss 4.88 % during year 2005 – 06
Reduction in Distribution Transformer Failure rate by 1.17 % during
year 2005 – 06
Better quality and reliability of power supply
Speedy restoration of Power supply at the time of calamity due to availability of parallel network
Improved load management which results in no load shedding in the state
Outcome
Rise in sold units of 1968.7 Million Units against rise in sent out units of 226.76 million units during April’ 05 to March ‘06 as compared with similar period of previous year
Net Gain : 1765 Million Units
Net Benefits Rs. 528 crores (considering Rs. 2.99 as average rate of
realization per unit)
Rise in sold out units of 1382.85 Million Units against rise in sent out units 84.73 Million Units during April ‘06 to September ‘06 as compared with similar period of previous year
Net Gain : 1280 Million Units
Net Benefit Rs. 383 crores (considering Rs. 2.99 as average rate of
realization per unit)
Total Gain : 3045 Million Units
Net Benefits : Rs. 910 crores
North Eastern States of INDIA
Population : 38,857,769
Area : 101,250 sq mi
Population Density : 380 sq mi
States and Territories : Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Sikkim
Tripura
Cont.
Official Languages : Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, English, Garo, Khasi, Kokborok, Manipuri, Mizo, Nepali,
Sikkimese, Urdu
Religion : Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Anismism, (Senamahism, Seng Khasi etc.)
Cont.
Northeast India is the eastern most region of India connected to East India via a narrrow corridor squeezed between Nepal and Bangladesh
It comprises the contiguous Seven Sister States (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura), plus the Himalayan state of Sikkim
These states are grouped under the MDONER ministry of the Government of India
Except for the Goalpara region of Assam, the rest were the entrants to the British India
The Brahmaputra valley area of Assam became a part of British India in 1824
Sikkim was annexed to the Indian union through a referendum in 1975 and was recognized as part of Northeast India in 1990s
Introduction
India’s North East Region (NER) is endowed with huge untapped
natural resources
The region is witnessing a series of insurgencies
It is alienated from the economic resurgence that the rest of the country is experiencing
The World Bank describes conditions in the region as a low – level equilibrium of poverty, non – development, civil conflict and lack of faith in political leadership
In spite of being endowed with vast natural resources in terms of forest, biological diversity, hydro – electricity, the region has remained largely underdeveloped
Cont.
Exploitation of the large hydro potential in the NER could be used for exporting to the power deficit northern and western regions
The improvement in power generation will in turn help in establishing lead industries
Opening up and augmenting trade with the neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh, Myanmar
development of any kind, particularly infrastructure, in this part of India will be associated with socio-political issues such as land acquisition and displacement of people, the policy and aids of the central and state governments should address these issues to accelerate the completion of developmental projects
Demographics and Social Infrastructure
The region comprises eight states-Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and Assam
Occupying 8% of India’s geographical spread,
The states are home to only 4% of the country’s population, while Assam accounts for 68% of the population
The region stands way below in comparison with the rest of India in socio-economic indicators
As per the 2001 census, the annual per capita income of NER is 6,625 INR against
the rest of India average of 10,254 INR
Nearly 34.28% of the population is below poverty line as compared to the national average of 26.1%.
However, the NER is a highly literate region. Except for Arunachal Pradesh, all the other states have literacy rates about or above national average of 64.8% which provides a good pool of educated human resources in the region.
Agriculture
The region is endowed with a varied topography and agro-climactic conditions which offer vast potential for agriculture, horticulture and forestry
However the region is lagging in agricultural development contrary to the national ethos
Reasons include a lack of appropriate strategies for the development of natural resources, inadequate infrastructure facilities and low adoption of improved technology
Current Scenario
-- Agriculture provides livelihood to 70% of the region’s population
-- In Mizoram, around 51% of the population lives in rural areas and is
dependent on agriculture
-- The figure in Sikkim is high at 89%.
-- The states continue to be net importers of food grains even for their
own consumption.
Cont.
This is due to the limited land available
for agriculture
The region has a forest cover of more
than 66.1% (ranging from 35.3% in
Assam to 90.7% in Mizoram) against
the national average of 21.1%
It accounts for about 8% of the total
geographical area of the country,
It has only 3.4% of land for agricultural
It contributes only 2.8% to the total
agricultural production
States Geographical Area
Forest Cover
% Forest Cover
Arunachal Pradesh
83743 67410 80.5 %
Assam 78438 27873 35.3 %
Manipur 22327 17090 76.5 %
Meghalaya 22429 17275 77.0 %
Mizoram 21081 19117 90.7 %
Nagaland 16579 13318 80.3 %
Sikkim 7098 3359 47.3 %
Tripura 10488 7977 76.1 %
NER 262179 173219 66.1 %
All India 3287263 692027 21.1 %
Forest Cover, 2011
Physical Infrastructure
Road and Railways
-- Road is an important mode of travel in the hilly areas as other mode
of travel is either too expensive or difficult.
-- The road infrastructure is relatively deficient in the NER
-- The total length of NHs in the region is 8,480 km
-- These are being developed and maintained by three agencies-the
state Public Works Departments, Border Road Organization (BRO)
and National Highway authority of India (NHAI)
-- Of the total length of 8,480 km, about 2,118 km is with the BRO and
5,409 km is with the respective state PWDs
-- The remaining length of 953 km is with the NHAI.
Cont.
The states have 2,473 km of NHs,
5,711 km of state highways, and
15,154 km of major district roads
The states have funds (from various
agencies such as Asian Development
Bank, etc.) to upgrade the
worn out state roads
States Road density per 1000 sq
km
Road density per 1000
population
Arunachal Pradesh
196.98 13.77
Assam 2936.51 7.83
Manipur 739.11 6.98
Meghalaya 438.67 3.89
Mizoram 292.11 6.35
Nagaland 1345.32 10.27
Sikkim 263.95 3.17
Tripura 3026.23 9.09
India 965.73 2.77
Road Density, 2008
Cont.
Airways and Waterways
-- Inland water transport can be a viable, cost-effective alternative in the
plain areas of NER given the high cost of expanding other mode
of transportation.
-- It will also create employment opportunities, promote tourism and open
up inter-country routes for trade and commerce
-- However, the following needs to be done:
-- There is a need to improve facilities for night navigation
-- Cargo vessels and terminals should be increased to meet the
rising demands
-- Emphasis should be on PPPs for the development of fairways
and infrastructure in IWT
Cont.
Major river routes in the NER are the Brahmaputra and the Barak in Assam which has a combined navigable length of around 1,000 km
In all the NER has about 3,839 km of navigable river routes
There are seven operational port locations in the state for import and export to the Kolkata and Haldia ports
There is an inland container depot (ICD) at Amingaon, 10 km from Guwahati, operated by the Container Corporation of India Ltd (CONCOR)
Waterway connectivity between Mizoram and the port of Akyab Sittwe s under construction and this could lead to enhanced trade opportunities within the country
The NE region has one international airport in Guwahati, Assam-the LokpriyaGopinath Bordoloi International (LGBI) Airport
Power
The region is endowed with perennial rivers and water bodies, therefore,
it has a huge hydroelectricity potential
This potential, if tapped well, can be used to export power to other regions
of the country
The spill-over benefts will be the development of infrastructure such as roads, communications, and electricity supply to remote hilly areas, resulting
in better quality of life.
States such as Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Meghalaya have huge potential
in hydropower generation.
Cont.
2394
50328
4286 6249
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Identified Potencial (MW)
0102030405060708090
100
Capacity yet to be developed
Cont.
Many policies such as the ‘50,000MW hydro initiative, the Hydro Policy 2008 have been formulated by the central government to promote investment in hydropower in the region.
Under the Mega Power Policy, the qualifying threshold capacity for setting up hydropower plants in the region and for availing the special benefts thereof is 350 MW, whereas for the rest of the country, it is 500 MW.
Under the Hydro Policy 2008 the project developers in the central and state sector can explore the possibility of foreign assistance to fnance their projects.
This assistance is already being utilised by NEEPCO for Pare Hydro Electric Project and MeSEB for Renovation and Modernisation of Umiam II HEP.
Reason for Development of Energy Sector
Growth of Indian economy will depend on large-scale investments in its energy sector.
As per the planning commission’s estimates, India needs an installed capacity of 1200 GW by 2020 which is 7 times the existing capacity, to sustain the future economic growth
India has an installed capacity of around 255 GW (Nov 2014).
Investment requirement for the above expansion is estimated at USD 1200 Billion, of which USD 600 Billion is required in generation and USD 300 Billion each in transmission & distribution sectors
The pace of investments and implementation of projects have been slow in past leading to high peak (14%) and energy demand (11%) deficits
Cont.
There have been significant capacity additions in the past few years
The total transmission line length (220 kV and above) increased at a CAGR of 6.64% during the past three years
Total transmission transformation capacity (220 kV and above) grew at a CAGR of 4.87%
With over 75% of coal reserves and 45% of country’s hydro-electricity potential located in the eastern and north-eastern states of India, these states can transform themselves into a power hub for India
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh, the largest among all the North-eastern states shares international boundaries with Myanmar to the east, Bhutan to the west, and China to the north
The state is sparsely populated and the wide dispersion in population makes the centralized generation and long T&D network a costly option
The Arunachal Pradesh Electricity Department, a vertically-integrated entity, is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power in the State
Although the state has a huge hydro potential to the order of 55,000 MW, it is mostly unexplored
The State’s own installed capacity is only 61 MW and is primarily dependent on purchase of power from CPSUs (share of 119 MW)
Peak demand of the state stood at 130 MW in 2008-09 and peak demand and energy deficit stand at 39.2% and 36.4% respectively which are way above the national average figures
Cont.
21
54
25
Installed Capacity (MW) in %
Thermal
Hydro
Others
Source : CEA, 2009
Arunachal Pradesh
Population (Million) 1.21
No of Consumers (,000) 122
Villages Electrified (%) 56.80
AT&C Losses (%) 61.59
Energy Availability (MUs)
271
Per Capita Consumption (Units)
224
Source : 2001 Census, CEA, PFC
Sikkim
Sikkim borders Nepal in the west, Tibet to the north and east, and Bhutan in the southeast, while the Indian state of West Bengal borders Sikkim to its south
Sikkim plans to develop its hydropower resources and utilize the hydropower revenue for the social, educational, economic and other developmental aspects of its people
The state has an installed capacity of 46.11 MW (as on 31.03.2009) and has a share of 148 MW (as on 31.12.2009) in the Central Sector Generating Stations
In 2008-09 the state experienced a 13 MU (3.8%) energy shortage and a 2 MW (2.1%) peak demand deficit
The State’s transmission system primarily consists of 132 kV lines and 66 kV lines
The state of Sikkim has huge untapped hydro power potential to the tune of 8000 MW on the river Teesta, Rangit and their tributaries
Therefore, Sikkim has developed a liberalized power policy to facilitate capital investment through public, private or joint sector
Cont.
40
39
21
Installed Capacity (MW) in %
Thermal
Hydro
Others
Source : CEA, 2009
Sikkim
Population (Million) o.60
No of Consumers (,000) 66
Villages Electrified (%) 94.40
AT&C Losses (%) 51.32
Energy Availability (MUs)
330
Per Capita Consumption (Units)
552
Source : 2001 Census, CEA, PFC
Cont.
In order to expedite the hydro power development in the state through private sector participation the Sikkim Government has formed Sikkim Power Development Corporation Ltd (SPDCL) to facilitate joint venture between private power developers and the government
Apart from development of various small hydel projects, SPDCL has also awarded more than 25 projects with an estimated installed capacity of 4,694 MW to NHPC and other private developers under private, joint or public sector schemes
Assam
Assam is the only state in NER with a separate generation (APGCL), transmission (AEGCL) and distribution Companies
The State’s own installed capacity accounts to around 447 MW and central share of 509 MW as against peak demand of 958 MW in 2008-09
Peak deficit of 16.8% and Energy deficit of 10.6%
Assam’s transmission system consists of 1333 ckt km of 220 kV lines, 2712 ckt km of 132 kV lines and 602 ckt km of 66 kV lines
Assam System has got relatively strong 220 kV and 132 kV network in comparison with other NER states with a number of touch points with the NER grid
The Govt. of Assam has been implementing rural electrification programme in Assam through Distribution Company With a view to achieve electrification of all villages of Assam and provide access to electricity to all households in line with the National Rural Electrification Policy 2004 & Rural Electrification Policy of Govt of Assam, Rural Electrification works particularly under Rajiv
Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) scheme have been carried out
Cont.
5344
3
Installed Capacity (MW) in %
Thermal
Hydro
Others
Source : CEA, 2009
Assam
Population (Million) 29.81
No of Consumers (,000) 1531
Villages Electrified (%) 78.60
AT&C Losses (%) 34.18
Energy Availability (MUs)
4567
Per Capita Consumption (Units)
153
Source : 2001 Census, CEA, PFC
Cont.
There are 2145 remote villages in the state which cannot be electrified through grid
These villages have been taken up under MNRE programme for electrification through the means of non-conventional sources of energy
ASEB, AEDA and the Forest Department will implement the programme
Village wise projects are under preparation in these agencies as per the guidelines of the Ministry of New and Renewable Sources of Energy,
Govt. of India
Assam has state generation of around 447 MW, but the effective generation comes to around 200 MW (max)
Meghalaya
Meghalaya is one of the few states in the region with surplus power generation
The river basins of Meghalaya have a potential of about 2,400 MW of Hydel Power
The State is a major benefciary of the South West Monsoon
All the rivers of Meghalaya are monsoon fed
The Umiam-Umtro basins have only been partly developed during the past forty years
The State is in the process of identifying agencies that can invest in the development of Meghalaya’s considerable hydro power potential
Meghalaya State Electricty board (MeSEB) is responsible for electricty generation, transmission and distribution
Peak demand of the state stood at 457 MW in 2008-09 as against the available generation of 293 MW
The state’s installed capacity stands at around 190 MW and effective capacity at around 170 MW
Peak demand defcit and energy defcit stand at 35.9% and 19.1%
The transmission is primarily at 132 kV level of around 685 ckt km
Cont.
10
79
11
Installed Capacity (MW) in %
Thermal
Hydro
Others
Source : CEA 2009
Meghalaya
Population (Million) 2.56
No of Consumers (,000) 248
Villages Electrified (%) 59.30
AT&C Losses (%) 39.45
Energy Availability (MUs)
1386
Per Capita Consumption (Units)
541
Source : 2001 Census, CEA, PFC
Manipur
The state of Manipur is endowed with plenty of hydropower potential in its hilly streams and rivers
It is estimated that the hydro power potential of the state is around 2,000 MW
However, barely 108.2 MW has been harnessed in the form of one medium project and micro projects
The Loktak Hydro Electric Project (3x35 MW) commissioned in 1984 is so far the main source of power supply in the State
Tipaimukh H. E. Project of 1500 MW for which environmental clearance has
already been given, MOU with the Govt. of Manipur has been executed
and NOC from the Govt. of Mizoram & Assam obtained will make Manipur
as one of the largest power producing state in the region
Mizoram
Mizoram has an installed capacity of 69.33 MW (as on 31.03.2009) contributed majorly by isolated diesel power stations scattered at various places and has a share of 42.47 MW (as on 31.03.2009) in the Central Sector Generating Stations
In 2008-09 the state experienced a 61 MU (18.5%) energy shortage and a 36 MW (36%) peak demand deficit
Mizoram, being a hilly terrain, steep, and separated by rivers following either to the north or to the south, creating deep gorges between the hill ranges, has potential for small and seasonal small hydro project
Small Hydel plants thus have advantage of modest front-end costs and benefits that are not far off in time
Nagaland
Nagaland is located in the extreme North-eastern end of India, bounded by Myanmar in the east, Assam in the west, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in the north with Manipur in the south
The Department of Power, Nagaland, is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power in the State of Nagaland
The state has negligible capacity of its own
Majority of the Nagaland’s demand (86 MW in 2008-09) is met from the central sector allocation and peak demand deficit and energy deficit are of the order of 9.5% and 8.2% respectively
Nagaland has potential of around 1,600 MW in Hydel power generation which provides a scope of investment opportunities in the Power sector
Tripura
Tripura is a landlocked hilly state in northeastern India with the majority of the population living in the plains
Tripura has an installed capacity of 243.36 MW (hydro: 25 % and thermal: 68%)
The state is having a Peak demand of 167 MW, peak deficit of 6.6% and energy deficit of 9.0%
In 2008-09, out of the total energy requirement of 800MU, 728 MU could be met by the state.
Tripura has vast reserves of high methane content (up to 97%) natural gas which can be utilized as a cheaper source of energy for various energy-intensive industrial projects
The present estimated production potential is about 4.03 MMSCMD
ONGC has been actively engaged in exploration activities in the state since 1972
With the ongoing efforts, the availability of natural gas in Tripura is expected to significantly go up in near future
Key Challenges, Issues & Way Forward
R&R issues : —Land acquisition in NER arises due to inaccurate or incomplete data of land ownership and resettlement issue of native people dependent on land/forests
Environmental Concerns :— Obtaining MoEF clearance has become a major issue in the recent past and this particularly applies to NER with its rich bio-diversity
Physical infrastructure :—Power projects require massive infrastructure backing especially roads to transport heavy equipment and helicopters to transport smaller sized equipment, particularly for Small Hydro Plants
Transmission & Distribution : — Due to scattered demand in the region, per unit cost of transmission in NER is higher compared to other parts of the country
Development of Micro Grid for rural electrification because of low density of population