Download - Justice Reinvestment
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Justice Reinvestment: A Framework forJustice Reinvestment: A Framework for
Reducing Spending on Corrections andReducing Spending on Corrections and
Increasing Public SafetyIncreasing Public Safety
April 22, 2009
Raleigh, North Carolina
Michael D. Thompson
Director
Justice Center
Council of State Governments
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Non-profit, non-partisan membership association of state government officials
Represents all three branches of state government
Provides practical, nonpartisan advice informed by the best available evidence
Support from the U.S. Department of Justice and private grantmakers such as The
Pew Charitable Trusts
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Overview
Justice Reinvestment: A framework to reduce spending on
corrections and increase public safety
Case studies illustrating the application of Justice
Reinvestment
Applying the framework to North Carolina
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National Projects
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Justice Reinvestment: Key Funders
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Unprecedented Momentum in the States
Half the state supreme court chief justices seeking to establish
task forces regarding people with mental illness
Governors and legislatures in at least one dozen states have
established statewide councils to address prisoner reentry
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LandmarkFederal Legislation:
Second Chance Act
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Excitement and Energy
Slam into Reality
Fiscal picture in the states is bleak.
Prison populations are growing.
Crime rates are creeping upwards in some areas of the country
How do we use data to cut spending and increase public safety in those areas that are
driving crime and incarceration rates?
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Justice Reinvestment Strategy
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Step 1: Analyze the prison population and spending in thecommunities to which people in prison often return
Step 2: Provide policymakers with options to generate savings andincrease public safety
Step 3: Quantify savings and reinvest in select communities
Step 4: Measure the impact and enhance accountability
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Incarceration Rates in 4 Large States
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Sources: US Census 2005; BJS Probation and Parole in US, 2005; jail figures from BJS
Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005; prison figures from BJS, Prisoners in 2005,November 06 report
19.2 million14.6 adults
22.8 million16.4 adults
36.1 million26.4 adults
752,8172.8% of adults
767,7654.6% of adults
264,8361.8% of adults
State Population Probation, Jail, Prison andParole Population
17.1 million
13.6 adults
436,006
3.2% of adults
TX
CA
FL
NY
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Changes in Crime Rates
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Population
1980: 14,229,1912005: 22,859,968
+61%
Source: Population US Census Historical Report; Crime, FBI Crime in US; Incarceration, BJS,Prisoners in US
1980: 24,037,6262005: 36,132,147
+50%
1980: 17,558,0722005: 19,254,630
+10%
1980: 9,746,3242005: 17,789,864
+82%
Incarceration Rate*
1980: 2262005: 691
+206%
1980: 1622005: 466
+188%
1980: 2422005: 499
+106%
1980: 1872005: 326
+74%
Crime Rate*
1980: 6,0302005: 4,862
-19%
1980: 6,4682005: 3,849
-40%
1980: 6,8212005: 4,716
-31%
1980: 5,5772005: 2,554
-54%
Incarceration and Reported Index Crime Rate by FBI per 100,000 population
TX
CA
FL
NY
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Overview
Justice Reinvestment: A framework to reduce spending on
corrections and increase public safety
Case studies illustrating the application of Justice
Reinvestment
Applying the framework to North Carolina
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Kansas
Prison Population Projection
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
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Current Capacity (9397)
1834
bedshortfall
$500 m10 yr Costs
$180 mConstruction
$320mOperating
26%increase
20%increase
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Kansas
Recidivism a Key Driver
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65 %
35 %
65 % of admissions
27 % of prison population
Annual cost of $53 million
5 percent
29 percent
27percent
Prison AdmissionsFY2006
36 percentProbationViolations
ParoleViolations
Prob./Parole,New Sentence
New Court
Commitments
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Kansas
Focus on Reducing Recidivism
Before & After Release
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8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Current Capacity: 9,397
Status Quo
Option 1Option 2
Option 3
Combined Impact
Kansas: Options for Policymakers
FY2008-2016 (9 years) Projected Prison Population
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Kansas
Estimated Savings & Reinvestment
$80 million in projected savingsover the next 5 years
$4.5 million reinvested incommunity corrections grantprogram
$2.4 million reinvested inexpanding in-prison andcommunity-based program
capacity
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Kansas
Prison Population Impact
Current Capacity: 9397
$80 m
5 Year Savings
2007 Projection
Impact of SB14
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August 8, 2006 19
40 percent of prisonadmissions come fromtwo counties
Kansas
Identifying Reinvestment Opportunities
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04
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Crime
Despite declines in crime,
Arizona still #1
Homicide rate in Phoenix
is double New York Citys
rate
Prison Population
~40,000, projected to
increase 50% over next
10 years
$2-3 billion needed
$2 billion budget hole for
FY2009
$100 million spent on
probation revocations
Arizona
The Problem
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Prison Admissions Hotspots
Arizona, 2004
60% of the States prison population comesfrom and returns to the Phoenix-Mesametropolitan area.
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Prisoners
Admissions, 2004
Maricopa County
1/2 Mile Grid Map
Ahwatukee Foothills
Population = 50,000
Prison Admissions = 1.1 per 1000 adults
South Mountain
Population = 55,000
Prison Admissions = 12.3 per 1000 adults
A single neighborhood in Phoenix is hometo 1% of the states total population but6.5% of the states prison population
Further, in 2007 the state spent more than$70 million to incarcerate residents from asingle Phoenix zip code (85041).
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Prisoners
Admissions, 2006
Maricopa County
1/2 Mile Grid Map
South Mountain Zip Code 85041
Prison Admissions = 31.8 per 1000 adults
Jail Bookings = 96.5 per 1000 adults
Probation = 25.1 per 1000 adults
P i E dit
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Prison Expenditures
Dollars, 2004
Maricopa County
1/2 Mile Grid Map
South Mountain
Maryvale
Central City
Estrella
Laveen
Encanto
Alhambra
North Mountain
Paradise Valley
Camelback East
Deer Valley
GLENDALE
Within high expenditureneighborhoods there arenumerous, smaller area,million dollar block groups
$1.8 Million
$1.1 Million
$1.6 Million
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High Density of Probationers in South Phoenix
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Arizona
Performance Driven Funding Incentive
Legislative Budget StaffCalculates ProbationFailures by County
Crime Up?No Funding Incentive
Crime Down & Revocation RateDown? Legislature Provides theCounty with 40%of Averted Costs
Drug and MentalHealthTreatment &
Interventions
VictimServices
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3.
Reduce spending
on corrections
2.
Lower recidivism
1.
Deter criminalactivity
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Michigan
Analysis & Framework
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Michigan hasthe highestviolent crimerate in the GreatLakes region
but the fewest
lawenforcementpersonnel percapita in the
regionSource: FBI UCR Crime in the United States, 2007. Great lakes region includes: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
Michigan
Violent Crime & Police Per Capita
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34Source: 2008 FBI UCR Crime Statistics.
Michigan NationalAverage
Violent IndexCrime
28 % 44 %
Murder 37 % 61 %
Michigan
Clearance Rates
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35Source: CSG Analysis of 2007 parole e and probation populations matched to Michigan State Police arrest records.Note: MI UCR Estimated Arrests are using 2006 data, due to 2007 data not yet having been released by Michigan State Police.
Michigan
Re-Arrests of People on Felony
Probation & Parole, 2007
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Spending on corrections increased 57percent over the past 10 years
One out of every three state workersis employed by the MichiganDepartment of Corrections
36Source: Data analyzed by Citizens Research Council.
As a share of general fundexpenditures, corrections grew from16.2 to 22.6 percent
Michigan
Unsustainable Spending on Corrections
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Estimated
FY2011-2015Cumulative Savings:
$262
million
Michigan
Impact of Policy Options
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1150,834
16
164,592
162,298
159,492157,029
153,849
140,000
145,000
150,000
155,000
160,000
165,000
170,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2Source: Legislative Budget Board, June 06 and January 07, Adult and Juvenile CorrectionalPopulation Projections
Population
OperationalCapacity
BedShortfall
3,015
17,332
Texas
Prison Population Projection
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Expanding
Capacity of
Treatment &Diversion
Programs
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1 5 3 , 8 4
1 5 5 , 6 1
1 5 1 , 8 11 5 3 , 8 4
1 6 8 , 1 6
1 6 4 , 5 9
1 6 2 , 2 9
1 5 9 , 4 9
1 5 7 , 0 2
1 5 3 , 8 4
1 4 5 , 0 0 0
1 4 7 , 5 0 0
1 5 0 , 0 0 0
1 5 2 , 5 0 0
1 5 5 , 0 0 0
1 5 7 , 5 0 0
1 6 0 , 0 0 0
1 6 2 , 5 0 0
1 6 5 , 0 0 0
1 6 7 , 5 0 0
1 7 0 , 0 0 0
2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2Source: Legislative Budget Board, January 07 Scenarios Impact Analysis
Parole Scenario
$543 million in probablesavings 08-12
Baseline
Probation/Treatment
75% Diversions$65.1 million in probable
net savings 08-12
Potential $377 millionin avoided prisonconstruction costs
Texas
Impact of Policy Options
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Texas
Estimated Savings & Reinvestment
$451 million in projected savings over the next 2years
$241 million to expand in-prison and community-based treatment and diversion programs
Texas
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Texas
Impact of Policy Options
Actual Population
$443 million insavings from 2008-2009
2007 BaselineProjection
$241 million to expandin-prison and community-based treatment anddiversion programs
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Overview
Justice Reinvestment: A framework to reduce spending on
corrections and increase public safety
Three case studies illustrating the application of Justice
Reinvestment
Applying the framework to North Carolina
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Next Steps
Demonstrate bipartisan, bicameral, and interbranchinterest
Commit to using analyses constructively
Provide access to data
Create a mechanism to guide and advise Justice Centeranalyses
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Overview
Justice Reinvestment: A framework to reduce spending on
corrections and increase public safety
Case studies illustrating the application of Justice
Reinvestment
Applying the framework to North Carolina
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Thank you.
Michael Thompson
Council of State Governments Justice Center
100 Wall Street / 20th Floor
New York, NY 10005t. 212-482-2320
www.justicecenter.csg.org
http://www.justicecenter.csg.org/http://www.justicecenter.csg.org/