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Juhm Farming in Nagaland
Sustainable slash and burn agriculture in North East IndiaAll photos © Julian Swindell
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Nagaland, NE Indian state
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Kohima, Capital of Nagaland
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Kohima War Cemetery
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Nagaland is intensely tribal
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Quite tough tribes…
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Angouli, from the Angami tribe
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Hekani, from the Suomi tribe (with a “European”)
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Kohnoma, home village of the Angami
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Angouli at the very edge of the British Empire
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All firewood is moved on foot in back baskets
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Traditional clothing is based on warm, woollen shawls, woven on back-strap looms
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The valley is intensively cultivated in terraces
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Smaller “market garden” terraces run up to the village itself
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Villagers can be in the fields in minutes
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Potatoes, corn, beans and over 20 varieties of rice
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There are no written histories and all constructions are said to be “about one hundred years old. They are clearly ancient.
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Flooded terraces are used for rice at low level and fish farming at higher levels
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Crops are planted and managed by hand and rotated
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Towards the top of the terracing, things start to look different. Notice all the trees
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Juhm shifting farming, based on Nepalese alder trees
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The trees are pollarded, traditionally on an eight year Rotation. Branches are used for firewood and building
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The trees are not cut down. After each pollarding, waste wood is burnt and ash spread around trees, and crops planted.
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These trees show about one year’s growth, and the land around is still being cropped.
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After two years of cropping, the land and trees are left to regenerate for another six years.
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After four years it looks like completely abandoned farm land, but it is actually under a careful management system
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The Angami valley is unique in Nagaland. In all other tribes, nearly all of the trees have been cleared and the land farmed conventionally
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The Juhm system extends beyond the terraces, up the open valley sides
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Farming on the hillsides is not as easy or as productive as in the terraces.
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Where undergrowth is cleared on hillsides, steps are taken to stop open soil erosion.
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Livestock, semi-wild cattle, are confined to the hillsides above the arable fields. They are brought into the village for slaughter. Every household also has a pig. Nagas eat anything that moves…
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Kohima market is not for the faint hearted, (such as me)These eels come from the terraced fields. I didn’t ask where the wriggly black things with a million little legs came from
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But do go to Nagaland, it is wonderful and welcoming. But note,If two of you want to go together, you do have to be married!