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E`sus, tg` Hiaaj` @mst`ro Vtdryt`jj`rcy Lmry H. Curl`
Qg` pmrmcj`s db E`sus fdh` mjiv` ms o`v`r c`bdr` wg`o Lmry H. Curl`
uofdv`rs tg` fujtur` tgmt liv`s tg`h tg`ir a``p`st h`moiol. Gis `xp`rt,
ijjustrmt`a luia` sgdws io `v`ryamy t`rhs gdw tg` fustdhs, jit`rmtur`
moa vmju`s db tg` mofi`ot wdrja fmo iobdrh moa lrdw ydur bmitg io tdamy’s
ailitmj ml`.
Mcdut tg` Mutgdr5
Lmry H. Curl` ([gA, Niol's Fdjj`l`, Mc`ra``o Poiv`rsity) is m prdb`ssdr db
O`w Q`stmh`ot io tg` A`pmrth`ot db Cicjifmj & Qg`djdlifmj Vtuai`s mt
\g`mtdo Fdjj`l` moa Lrmaumt` Vfgddj. Lmry gms mutgdr`a m ouhc`r dbcddns, iofjuaiol \gd Mr` Lda’s [`dpj` io tg` Hiaaj` @mst4 \gmt
Fgristimos Mr` Odt C`iol Qdja Mcdut Isrm`j moa tg` [mj`stioimos> Edgo moa
J`tt`rs db Edgo io tg` OIR Mppjifmtido Fdhh`otmry s`ri`s> Qg` O`w
Q`stmh`ot io Motiquity (fdmutgdr`a witg Jyoo Fdgifn moa L`o` Lr``o)>
moa tg` birst twd vdjuh`s io tg` Mofi`ot Fdot`xt, Mofi`ot Bmitg s`ri`s,
Qg` Cicj` moa tg` Jmoa moa E`sus, tg` Hiaaj` @mst`ro Vtdryt`jj`r. Lmry
sp`fimjiz`s io tg` Hiaaj` @mst, its fgurfg`s, moa its gistdry io tg`G`jj`oistif p`rida.
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UDOA@SRMO
E`sus, tg` Hiaaj` @mst`ro Vtdryt`jj`r
Fdpyrilgt © 3;;9 cy Lmry H. Curl`
S`qu`sts bdr iobdrhmtido sgduja c` maar`ss`a td5
Udoa`rvmo, Lrmoa Smpias, Hifgilmo 1906;
Jicrmry db Fdolr`ss Fmtmjdliol-io-[ucjifmtido Amtm
Curl`, Lmry H.
E`sus, tg` Hiaaj` @mst`ro stdryt`jj`r / Lmry H. Curl`.
p. fh. (Mofi`ot fdot`xt, mofi`ot bmitg)
IVCO 9<7-;-6=;-37;10-6 (sdbtfdv`r)
=. E`sus Fgrist ‖ [mrmcj`s. 3. Cicj`. O.Q. Jun` ‖ Fritifish, iot`rpr`tmtido, `tf. 6.
Vtdryt`jjiol ‖ S jilidus msp`fts ‖ Fgristimoity. 1. Hiaaj` @mst ‖ Fivijizmtido. I. Qitj`.CQ6<0.6 .C7< 3;;7
332.7’;2 ‑ af33 3;;7;3=6=9
Vfriptur` tmn`o brdh tg` Gdjy Cicj`, Qdamy’s O`w Iot`romtidomj R`rsido℣. QOIR®. Fdpy-
rilgt © 3;;=, 3;;0 cy Iot`romtidomj Cicj` Vdfi`ty. Ps`a cy p`rhissido db Udoa`rvmo. Mjj
rilgts r`s`rv`a.
Moy Iot`ro`t maar`ss`s (w`csit`s, cjdls, `tf.) moa t`j`pgdo` ouhc`rs priot`a io tgis cddn
mr` dbb`r`a ms m r`sdurf`. Qg`y mr` odt iot`oa`a io moy wmy td c` dr ihpjy mo oadrs`h`otcy Udoa`rvmo, odr ad`s Udoa`rvmo vdufg bdr tg` fdot`ot db tg`s` sit`s moa ouhc`rs bdr
tg` jib` db tgis cddn.
Mjj rilgts r`s`rv`a. Od pmrt db tgis pucjifmtido hmy c` r`prdauf`a, stdr`a io m r`tri`vmj
syst`h, dr trmoshitt`a io moy bdrh dr cy moy h`mos ‑ j`ftrdoif, h`fgmoifmj, pgdtdfdpy,
r`fdraiol, dr moy dtg`r ‑ xf`pt bdr cri`b qudtmtidos io priot`a r`vi`ws, witgdut tg` pridr
p`rhissido db tg` pucjisg`r.
Iot`ridr a`silo cy Nirn Adu[dof`, www.Adl@mr`aA`silo.fdh
Hmps cy Iot`romtidomj Hmppiol
[riot`a io tg` Poit`a Vtmt`s db Mh`rifm
;9 =; == =3 =6 =1 =0 =2 =< =7 • =0 =1 =6 =3 == =; 9 7 < 2 0 1 6 3 =
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Fdot`otsi
V@SI@V IOQSDAPFQIDO 9
Mofi`ot Fdot`xt, Mofi`ot Bmitg
= E@VPV’ VQDSYQ@JJIOL \DSJA =0
3 QG@ BSI@OA \GD F MH@ MQ HIAOILGQ 6=
Jun` ==5= ‖ =6
6 VQDSI@V MCDPQ @WFPV@V 16
Jun` =15=0 ‖ 31
1 VQDSI@V MCDPQ FDH[MVVIDO 00
Jun` =;530 ‖ 6<
0 VQDSI@V DB BDSLIR@O@VV 29
Hmttg`w =753= ‖ 60
2 BIOAIOL QG@ JDVQ 76
Jun` =0
< QG@ BDDJIVG CPIJA@S 99
Jun` =35=6 ‖ 3=
i
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9 M O F I @O Q FD O Q @ W Q, M O F I @O Q B M I Q G
V ` r i ` s I o t r d a u f t i d o 5
Mofi`ot Fdot`xt, Mofi`ot Bmitg
i
@R@SY FDHHPOIQY db Fgristimos tgrdulgdut gistdry gms
brmh`a its uoa`rstmoaiol db spiritumj jib` witgio tg` fdot`xt
db its dwo fujtur`. Cyzmotio` Fgristimos jiviol io tg` bibtg
f`otury moa [uritmo Fgristimos jiviol dv`r m tgdusmoa y`mrs
jmt`r us`a tg` wdrja io wgifg tg`y jiv`a td wdrn dut tg` prio-
fipj`s db Fgristimo bmitg, jib`, moa ia`otity. Qg` r`bj`x td cuija
gdus` fgurfg`s, hdomstif fdhhuoiti`s, h`ai`vmj fmtg`armjs,
st``pj`-lrmf`a moa vijjml`-f`ot`r`a fgurfg`s, dr muaitdriuhs
witg tg`mt`r s`mtiol wijj mjwmys spriol brdh tg` adhiomot fuj-
turmj bdrf`s mrduoa us.
@v`o tg` wmy w` uoa`rstmoa ‚bmitg io Fgrist‘ is td sdh`
a`lr`` sgmp`a cy tg`s` fujturmj bdrf`s. Bdr iostmof`, io tg`
jmst tgr`` guoar`a y`mrs, \`st`ro Fgristimos gmv` mcmoado`as``iol bmitg ms m fgi`bjy fdhhuomj `x`rfis` (mjtgdulg tgis is
odt tru` io Mbrifm dr Msim). Mhdol tg` hmoy `oadwh`ots db
tg` @urdp`mo @ojilgt`oh`ot, ioaiviaumjish r`ilos supr`h`5
Fgristimo bmitg is m p`rsdomj, privmt` `oa`mvdr. \` pr`b`r td smy,
‚ I gmv` mff`pt`a Fgrist,‘ rmtg`r tgmo a`bio` durs`jv`s tgrdulg
m fdhhuoity tgmt bdjjdws Fgrist. Jin`wis` (mlmio, tgmons tdtg` @ojilgt`oh`ot) w` gmv` `j`vmt`a rmtidomjish ms m pr`hi`r
vmju`. Mhdol hmoy Fgristimos bmitg is m fdostruft db tg` hioa,
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=; E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
mo `bbdrt mt nodwj al` lmio`a tgrdulg stuay, mo mss`ot td m s`t
db tg`djdlifmj prdpdsitidos. Vdh`tih`s `v`o nodwiol wgmt ydu
c`ji`v` truhps c`ji`b its`jb.
Qd c` sur`, hmoy Fgristimos tdamy mr` fgmjj`oliol tg`s`
@ojilgt`oh`ot mssuhptidos moa mr` s``niol td fgmrt m o`w
pmtg. O`v`rtg`j`ss, tgis o`w pmtg is ms hufg m cy-prdauft db
hda`ro fujturmj tr`oas tgmo moy dtg`r. Bdr `xmhpj , w` jiv`
tdamy io m gilgjy tg`rmp`utif sdfi`ty. @v`o ib w` mr` uomwmr` db
tg` aisfipjio` db psyfgdjdly, w` mr` stijj c`iol sgmp`a cy tg`
vmju`s it gms crdulgt td dur fujtur` dv`r tg` jmst guoar`a y`mrs.
Bmitg tdamy gms mo `hdtidomj, b``jiol-f`ot`r`a cmsis. \drsgipis h`msur`a cy tg` `hdtiv` r`spdos`s moa tg` g`mrt. ‚B`jt
o``as‘ db m fdolr`lmtido sgmp` hmoy s`rhdos.
Qg`r`bdr`, a`bioiol Fgristimo bmitg ms m p`rsdomj fgdif`
cms`a do w`jj-iobdrh`a fdoviftidos moa iospir`a cy `hdtido-
mjjy `olmliol wdrsgip is m bdrhujm bdr spiritumj bdrhmtido tgmt
hmy c` omturmj td us ‑ cut it hmy gmv` `j`h`ots tgmt mr` bdr`ilotd tg` `xp`ri`of` db dtg`r Fgristimos io dtg`r fujtur`s dr dtg`r
f`oturi`s. I ihmlio` tgmt bibtg-f`otury Fgristimos wduja b``j
utt`rjy jdst io m hda`ro fgurfg witg its wdrsgip cmoa moa tg`-
mt`r s`mtiol wg`r` jilgtiol, sduoa, r`br`sgh`ots, moa visumj
h`aim mr` fjds`jy hdoitdr`a. Qg`y hilgt wdoa`r ib tgis hda`ro
fgurfg wms fgi`bjy ioa`ct`a td `ot`rtmioh`ot, jin` m tmh`a,
cmptiz`a v`rsido db Sdh`’s pucjif mr`oms. Qg`y hilgt mjsd
wdoa`r gdw =;,;;; p`dpj` fmo lmio moy s`os` db sgmr`a jib`
dr fdhhuoity wg`o `mfg bmhijy fdh`s moa ld`s cy fmr, jiv`s
m jdol aistmof` mwmy, moa cmr`jy r`fdloiz`s tg` p`rsdo sittiol
o`xt td tg`h.
QG @ M O F I @ O Q J M O A V FM [@
Ib it is tru` tgmt `v`ry fujtur` prdvia`s m brmh`wdrn io wgifg
tg` spiritumj jib` is uoa`rstdda, tg` smh` hust c` smia mcdut
tg` mofi`ot wdrja. Qg` s`ttiol db E`sus moa [muj io tg` Sdhmo
@hpir` wms jin`wis` sgmp`a cy fujturmj bdrf`s quit` aibb`r`ot
brdh dur dwo. Ib w` bmij td uoa`rstmoa tg`s` fujturmj bdrf`s,
w` wijj bmij td uoa`rstmoa hmoy db tg` tgiols E`sus moa [mujtmulgt.
Qgis ad`s odt h`mo tgmt tg` fujtur` db tg` cicjifmj wdrja
`oedys sdh` sdrt db aivio` mpprdvmj dr `oadrs`h`ot. \` ad
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== M O F I @O Q FD O Q @ W Q, M O F I @O Q B M I Q G
odt o``a td ihitmt` tg` cicjifmj wdrja io dra`r td jiv` m hdr`
cicjifmj jib`. Qgis wms m fujtur` tgmt gma its dwo pr`b`r`of`s
bdr ar`ss, sp``fg, ai`t, husif, iot`jj`ftumj tgdulgt, r`jilidus
`xpr`ssido, moa p`rsdomj ia`otity. Moa its fujturmj vmju`s w`r`
od hdr` siloibifmot tgmo mr` dur dwo. Hda`sty io motiquity
wms `xpr`ss`a io m wmy w` hmy odt uoa`rstmoa. Qg` mrrmol`-
h`ot db hmrriml` pmrto`rs is bdr`ilo td dur wdrja db p`rsdomj
amtiol. @v`o gdw do` prmys (s`mt`a dr stmoaiol, mrhs uprmis`a
dr bdja`a, mjdua dr sij`ot) gms odrhs aiftmt`a cy fujtur`.
Cut ib tgis is tru` ‑ ib fujturmj vmju`s mr` pr`suppds`a
witgio `v`ry bmitgbuj fdhhuoity, cdtg odw moa twd tgdusmoa y`mrs mld ‑ tg`o tg` stdri`s w` r`ma io tg` Cicj` hmy pr`sup-
pds` tg`h`s tgmt mr` fdhpj`t`jy dcsfur` td us. Hdr`dv`r, wg`o
w` r`ma tg` Cicj`, w` hmy hisr`pr`s`ot its h`ssml` c`fmus`
w` sihpjy ad odt uoa`rstmoa tg` fujturmj iostiofts db tg` birst
f`otury. \` jiv` twd tgdusmoa y`mrs aistmot> w` jiv` io tg` \`st
moa tg` mofi`ot Hiaaj` @mst is odt omtiv` t`rritdry bdr us.
IO Q @ S [S @ Q I O L B S DH M BM S
Qgis h`mos w` hust c` fmutidus iot`rpr`t`rs db tg` Cicj`. \`
hust c` fmr`buj j`st w` pr`suppds` tgmt dur fujturmj iostiofts mr`
tg` smh` ms tgds` r`pr`s`ot`a io tg` Cicj`. \` hust c` fujtur-
mjjy mwmr` db dur dwo pjmf` io tih` ‑ moa w` hust wdrn td fdh-
pr`g`oa tg` fujturmj fdot`xt db tg` Vfriptur`s tgmt w` wisg td
uoa`rstmoa. Qdd dbt`o iot`rpr`t`rs gmv` jmfn`a fujturmj mwmr`-
o`ss wg`o r`maiol tg` Vfriptur`s. \` gmv` bmij`a td r`fdloiz`
tg` lujb tgmt `xists c`tw``o wgd w` mr` tdamy moa tg` fdot`xt db
tg` Cicj`. \` gmv` bdrldtt`o tgmt w` r`ma tg` Cicj` ms bdr`ilo-
`rs, ms visitdrs wgd gmv` trmv`j`a odt dojy td m o`w l`dlrmpgy
cut m o`w f`otury. \` mr` jit`rmry tdurists wgd mr` a``pjy ioo``a db m luia`.
Qg` ldmj db tgis s`ri`s is td c` sufg m luia` ‑ td `xpjdr`
tg`h`s brdh tg` cicjifmj wdrja tgmt mr` dbt`o hisuoa`rstdda.
Io wgmt s`os`, bdr iostmof`, aia tg` pgysifmj l`dlrmpgy db Isrm`j
sgmp` its p`dpj`’s s`os` db spiritumjity4 Gdw aia tg` stdry-
t`jjiol db E`sus pr`suppds` fujturmj tg`h`s odw jdst td us4 \gmt f`j`crmtidos aia E`sus nodw iotihmt`jy (sufg ms m fgija’s
cirtg, m w`aaiol, dr m curimj)4 \gmt mlrifujturmj dr r`jilidus
b`stivmjs aia g` mtt`oa4 Gdw aia g` us` fdhhdo ihml`s db
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=3 E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
jmcdr dr vijjml` jib` dr sdfimj gi`rmrfgy wg`o g` tmulgt4 Aia g`
us` guhdr dr mjjua` td pdjitifs4 Io hmoy fms`s ‑ eust ms io dur
wdrja ‑ tg` hdr` a`jifmt` hmtt`rs mr` gmoaj`a ioair`ftjy, moa it
tmn`s `xp`rt luiamof` td r`visit tg`ir fdrr`ft h`moiol.
Io m wdra, tgis s`ri`s `hpjdys fujturmj motgrdpdjdly, mrfgm`-
djdly, moa fdot`xtumj cmfnlrduoas td dp`o up o`w vistms bdr tg`
Fgristimo r`ma`r. Ib tg` mv`rml` r`ma`r suaa`ojy s``s m stdry dr
mo ia`m io m o`w wmy, ib m bmhijimr pmssml` is suaa`ojy dp`o`a
bdr o`w h`moiol moa mppjifmtido, tgis `bbdrt gms suff``a`a.
I mh ioa`ct`a td hmoy `xp`ri`of`s moa p`dpj` wgd mwmn-
`o`a hy s`os` db url`ofy mcdut tgis iot`rpr`tiv` h`tgda. Hybirst `ofduot`r fmh` ms m stua`ot mt C`irut’s O`mr @mst Vfgddj
db Qg`djdly io tg` =9<;s. Viof` tg`o, sfgdjmrs sufg ms Amvia
Amuc`, E. A. H. A`rr`tt, V. Vmbrmi, H. Vt`ro, @. [. Vmoa`rs,
Fgmrj`s Nrmbt, Emh`s Vtrmol`, N`oo`tg Cmij`y, Cruf` Hmjiom, I.
Gdwmra Hmrsgmjj, moa m gdst db dtg`rs gmv` fdotricut`a td gdw
I r`ma tg` O`w Q`stmh`ot. Cmij`y’s hmoy cddns io pmrtifujmr ms w`jj ms gis jdol bri`oasgip gmv` c``o prdhio`ot io iospiriol
hy `bbdrts iotd tg` fujturmj motgrdpdjdly db tg` mofi`ot wdrja.
Io maaitido, I gmv` c``o w`jfdh`a hmoy tih`s cy tg` Mrmcif-
sp`mniol fgurfg io J`cmodo, Vyrim, Irmq, Edramo, [mj`stio`,
moa @lypt moa tg`r` c`fmh` mttuo`a td tg` wmy tgmt fujturmj
s`ttiol iobju`of`s gdw w` r`ma t`xts. Qd tg`h moa tg`ir lr`mt
moa gistdrif bmitg, I dw` m fdosia`rmcj` a`ct.
Biomjjy, sp`fimj tgmons mr` au` td Nmtym Fdvr`tt moa R`rjyo
R`rcrull` mt Udoa`rvmo [ucjisgiol. R`rjyo’s `xp`rt `aitiol
moa Nmtym’s fr`mtivity ihprdv`a tg` cddn `odrhdusjy. @jizm-
c`tg Aims, hy r`s`mrfg mssistmot, mjsd `ait`a tg` hmousfript
moa bduoa w`mno`ss`s `v`o R`rjyo hiss`a. Moa jmst (moa hdst
ihpdrtmot), hy wib`, Fmrdj, r`ma moa fritiqu`a tg` hmousfriptauriol dur jmst smccmtifmj io Fmhcrial`, @oljmoa. G`r iosilgt
moa wisadh mpp`mr io `v`ry fgmpt`r.
Vdji A`d Ljdrim.
Lmry H. Curl`
\g`mtdo, Ijjiodis
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=0
F g m p t ` r =
E`sus’Vtdryt`jjiol
\drjai
E@VPV JIR@A io m stdryt`jjiol wdrja, moa g` wms w`jj nodwo
bdr gis mcijity ms m stdryt`jj`r. Qgrdulgdut tg` Ldsp`js E`sus is
mjsd r`fdloiz`a ms m lr`mt t`mfg`r. Qg` Lr``n t`rh bdr t`mfg`r
(aiamsnmjds) trmosjmt`s tg` G`cr`w wdra rmcci (wgifg h`mos
‚hy lr`mt do`,‘ Hmtt. 3657> Edgo =567) moa wms us`a ms mo`xmjt`a titj` bdr t`mfg`rs db tg` E`wisg jmw io tg` birst f`otury.
Q`mfg`rs g`ja m jdol moa gdodrmcj` gistdry io mofi`ot Euamish,
moa wg`o E`sus c`lmo td hdv` brdh vijjml` td vijjml`, pmrtifu-
jmrjy io Lmjij``, tg` frdwas ihh`aimt`jy r`fdloiz`a m snijj moa
mo mutgdrity tgmt surpmss`a wgmt tg`y h`t io tg`ir syomldlu`s.
Cut it wms gis stdri`s tgmt `v`rydo` r`h`hc`r`a hdst fj`mrjy.
E@ V P V M V M H I A A J @ @ M V Q @ S O Q@MFG@S
\g`o w` ihmlio` E sus’ t`mfgiol io gis dwo tih` moa pjmf`, w`
fmoodt us` prdbij`s db t`mfg`rs brdh dur dwo wdrja td uoa`r-
stmoa tg` omtur` db gis wdrn. Dur fujtur` is g`ir td tg` Lr``n
trmaitido, wg`r` mcstrmft r`msdoiol moa v`rcmj prds` mr` tg`
h`msur` db tg` t`mfg`r. Io E`sus’ wdrja, fdhhuoifmtido iovdjv`a
Hduot db C`mtitua`sU. Smadvmo/www.Cicj`Jmoa[iftur`s.fdh
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=2 E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
tg` us` db wdra piftur`s, armhmtif mftidos, h`tmpgdrs, moa std-
ri`s. Smtg`r tgmo j`ftur` mcdut r`jilidus fdrruptido, E`sus r`b`rs
td tg` [gmris``s ms ‚wgit`wmsg`a tdhcs.‘ Smtg`r tgmo dutjio`
tg` bmijiols db tg` t`hpj` syst`h, g` furs`s m bil tr``.
E`sus fduja `ot`r
m Lmjij`mo vijjml` moa
witgio amys bioa gih-
s`jb `ofirfj`a cy jmrl`
muai`of`s gmoliol do
`v`ry wdra. It wmso’t
sihpjy tgmt g` wmsr`jilidus dr iospir-
iol> rmtg`r, tg` frdwas
s`os`a tgmt g`r` wms
m snijj`a sp`mn`r wgd
no`w gdw td sduoa
tg`h`s tgmt w`r`ihpdrtmot td tg`h. G` wms m hmo wgd spdn` tg`ir jmoluml`,
wgd uoa`rstdda jmcdr moa tmx`s moa pdjitifmj fdrruptido. G`r`
wms m hmo wgd pifn`a up tg` ihml`s tgmt surrduoa`a tg`h
`v`ry amy moa spuo tg`h iotd `xmhpj`s db tih`j`ss trutg. E`sus
gma mo `jdqu`of` hmtfg`a td surprisiol wit.
Hmttg`w odt`s tgmt wg`o E sus gma bioisg`a gis iomulurmj
s`rhdo io Lmjij`` (Hmtt. 0 ‖ <) tg` muai`of` wms utt`rjy
Q d a a C d j ` o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` [ j m f ` s . f d h
.
.
M bil tr`` o`mr E`rusmj`h
Q d a a C d j ` o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` [ j m f ` s
. f d h
M birst f`otury syomldlu`, Lmhjm, Lmjij``
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=<FG M [ Q@S DO @ , E@VPV ’ VQD S Y Q@J J I O L \D S J A
mstduoa`a, ‚\g`o E`sus gma bioisg`a tg`s` smyiols, tg` frdwas
w`r` mhmz`a mt gis t mfgiol‘ (<537). Jun` writ`s tgmt wg`o E sus
fdhpj`t`a gis birst pr`s`otmtido io gis gdh` syomldlu` io Omzm-
r`tg, tg` muai`of` wms tgrijj`a, tg`o stuoo`a, tg`o orml`a>
biomjjy, tg`y o`mrjy nijj`a gih. Vp`mn`rs nodw wg`o tg`y gmv`
suff`ssbujjy ‚jmoa`a‘ tg`ir h`ssml`5 `itg`r tg` muai`of` fmrri`s
ydu dut do its sgduja`rs witg fg``rs moa mffjmih dr tg`y pjdt gdw
tg`y hilgt tdss ydu dbb m fjibb (Jun` 1539).
Vnijj`a t`mfg`rs io E`sus’ amy fduja spio m ldda tmj`. Qg`y us`a
lrdss `xmll`rmtido moa riaifujdus fdhpmrisdos sihpjy td n``p
tg`ir jist`o`rs witg tg`h. Qg`y us`a guhdr moa puos, armhm moagmrsg fdhpmrisdo io dra`r td hmn` tg`ir pdiot. Do do` dffmsido
E`sus fritifiz`a gis dppdo`ots cy t`jjiol tg`h tgmt tg`ir r`jilidus
pursuits w`r` mcsura. Qg`y dv`rjddn`a w`ilgty spiritumj hmt-
t`rs cut a`cmt`a tg` hioutim db r`jilido ms ib tg` `otir` wdrja
a`p`oa`a do it.
G` tdja tg`h,‚Ydu strmio dut
m lomt cut swmj-
jdw m fmh`j‘
(Hmtt. 36531).
Od aduct wg`o
tg` frdwa g`mra
sufg stmt`h`ots,
tg`y fdujao’t g`jp
cut jmulg mt tg`
ihml` db [gmris``s
pifniol lomts dut
db tg`ir t``tg cut
swmjjdwiol `otir`fmh`js. Qg` lrdss
fdhpmrisdo is
cdtg dbb`osiv` moa
guhdrdus ‑ moa it
is fj`v`r. Io E`sus’
omtiv` sp``fg(Mrmhmif), tg`
wdra bdr lomt is
lmjhm wgij` tg`
L m r y H .
C u r l `
Fmh`js brdh tg` sdutg`ro
Edramoimo a`s`rt
y . .
r
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=7 E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
wdra bdr fmh`j is lmhjm. E`sus gma mftumjjy smia, ‚Ydu strmio dut m
lmjhm cut mjj mjdol ydu swmjjdw lmhjm.‘ S`v`rsiol twd sihpj` j`t-
t`rs lmv` tg` smyiol m sgmrp-`al`a moa h`hdrmcj` pdilomofy.
Bdr sdh` tih`, sfgdjmrs gmv` sull`st`a tgmt E`sus’ stdry-
t`jjiol mcijity wms uoiqu` io gis amy. Cut tgis is odt tru`. Qdamy
w` gmv` m c`tt`r uoa`rstmoaiol db mofi`ot Euamish, moa it is
fj`mr tgmt E`wisg rmccis us`a tg` ijjustrmtiv` stdry witg sdh`
br`qu`ofy. (Io tg` p`rida bdjjdwiol E`sus, w` gmv` mffduots db
dv`r twd tgdusmoa rmccioif stdri`s.) E`sus ‑ witgdut bdrhmj
trmioiol ‑ wms mcj` td hmtfg tg` c`st db tg`h.
E`sus jiv`a io m wdrja wg`r` jit`rmfy wms rmr` moa cddns (drsfrdjjs) w`r` rmr`r stijj. Vfgdjmrjy crijjimof` wms h`msur`a cy
tg` t`mfgiol snijj db tg` rmcci, moa it wms dbt`o j`bt td gis stu-
a`ots td fdpy adwo moytgiol tgmt hilgt c` jmt`r pucjisg`a. Qg`
Ldsp`js w`r` p`oo`a cy E`sus’ bdjjdw`rs, cut w` gmv` od `vi-
a`of` tgmt g` wrdt` adwo moy db gis dwo smyiols ‑ hufg j`ss
tgmt g` wrdt` m cddn. Qg` lr`mt sfgdjmrs db E`sus’ amy w`r` r`f-dloiz`a cy tg` ouhc`r db stua`ots (tmjhia) tg`y fduja mttrmft,
odt cy tg` cddns tg`y wrdt`. Fdhhuoifmtido wms v`rcmj moa
h`hdrizmtido fdhhdopjmf`. Qgus tg` rmcci-sfgdjmrs Edgmomo
c`o Umnnmi, Lmhmji`j, Gijj`j, moa Vgmhhmi aia odt j`mv` tg`ir
dwo writiols c`gioa, cut rmtg`r tg`ir t`mfgiols w`r` fdjj`ft`a
moa jmt`r pr`s`rv`a cy tg`ir bdjjdw`rs (`xmftjy jin` E`sus).
\g`o tg` Ldsp`js t`jj us tgmt mt do` pdiot E`sus gma biv`
tgdusmoa p`dpj` sittiol mt gis b``t (Hmrn 2511), it is odt eust
td r`fdra m ouhc`r> rmtg`r, it ioaifmt`s tg` pucjif mffjmih g`
`oedy`a. G` c`lmo witg tw`jv` tmjhia (dr aisfipj`s) ‑ jmt`r w`
j`mro mcdut s`v`oty ‑ moa mt do` pdiot biv` tgdusmoa moa bdur
tgdusmoa bjdfn mrduoa gih. Cy `v`ry birst-f`otury h`msur`,
E`sus wms m r`sp`ft`a pucjif sp`mn`r io gis amy. It is od wdoa`rtgmt tg` rmccioif sfgddjs s`ot `hissmri`s dut td gih td iov`sti-
lmt` wgmt wms ldiol do.
Qg` mih db tg` lr`mt E`wisg sfgdjmr wms td t`mfg witg `bb`ft. Qd
wio m frdwa. Qd dbb`r t`mfgiols tgmt trmosbdrh`a tgioniol moa
jiviol. Do` Hiaaj` @mst`ro prdv`rcimj smyiol `xpr`ss`a it oif`jy,
‚Qg` lr`mt t`mfg`r o`v`r dbb`rs gis stua`ots m cmsn`t db fufuh-c`rs> iost`ma g` pjmf`s m p`pp`rfdro uoa`r tg` tdolu`.‘ Vd hmoy
db E`sus’ stdri`s gmv` surviv`a io dur Ldsp`js c`fmus` tg`y mr`
‚p`pp`rfdros‘ tgmt r`hmio`a witg gis bdjjdw`rs bdr y`mrs.
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=9FG M [ Q@S DO @ , E@VPV ’ VQD S Y Q@J J I O L \D S J A
QG @ VQ DS I @ V DB
E@ V P V
Qg` Ldsp`js r`b`r td
tg` stdri`s db E`susms pmrmcj`s. [mrmcj`
fdh`s brdh m Lr``n
t`rh ( pmrmcdj ) us`a td
a`sfric` mo ijjustrm-
tiv` stdry tgmt fr`mt`s
m vicrmot fdotrmst dr
ihml` bdr tg` jist`o`r.Io sdh` fms`s, it fr`-
mt`s odtgiol hdr` tgmo
m wdra piftur`5 ‚Odo` db
ydu jilgts m jmhp moa
puts it io m pjmf` wg`r` it
wijj c` giaa`o, dr uoa`rm cdwj. Iost`ma ydu put it
do its stmoa, sd tgmt tgds` wgd fdh` io hmy s`` tg` jilgt‘ (Jun`
==566). Io dtg`r fms`s it hmy c` m omrrmtiv` dr stdry tgmt j`mas tg`
jist`o`r td m fritifmj puofg jio`5 ‚Qg` nioladh db g`mv`o is jin`
m h`rfgmot jddniol bdr bio` p`mrjs . . .‘ (Hmtt. =6510).
Mjhdst do`-tgira db E sus’ t`mfgiols mr` io tg` bdrh dbpmrmcj`s. G` tdja pmrmcj`s mcdut omtur` (w``as io m bi`ja, Hmtt.
=6531 ‖ 6;), wdrn moa wml`s (tg` hmst`r moa s`rvmot, Jun`
=<5< ‖ =;), `v`o w`aaiols moa b`msts (tg` cria`shmias, Hmtt.
305= ‖ =6). Qgis wms E`sus’ bmvdrit` h`mos db t`mfgiol. G` rmr`jy
spdn` io l`o-
`rmj mcdut Lda’s
qu`st bdr tg`jdst cut pr`-
b`rr`a td t`jj m
stdry mcdut m
wdhmo wgd gma
jdst do` db g`r
t`o sijv`r fdiosmoa fdujao’t
r`st uotij sg`
U .
S m a d v m o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` J m o a [ i f t
u r ` s
. f d h
Mo dij jmhp brdh
tg` birst f`otury
U .
S m
d v m o w w w
. C i j ` J m o
[ i f t
u r ` s
. f d h
M jih`stdo` curimj cdx dr
smrfdpgmlus brdh tg` Sdhmo `rm
\ i j j i m h
A .
H d u o f
`
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3; E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
gma bduoa it (Jun` =057 ‖ =;). G` rmr`jy fdobrdot`a tg` [gmris``s
io tg` mcstrmft cut pr`b`rr`a td tgion db tg`h ms ‚wgit`wmsg`a
tdhcs‘ (Hmtt. 3653<). Ihmlio` tg` armhmtif `bb`ft db tgis. Q`mfg-
`rs wgds` dut`r r`jilidus jib` wms pristio` moa y`t wgds` ioo`r
spiritumj hdtivmtidos w`r` ar`mabuj r`hioa`a E`sus db Lr``n
f`h`t`ri`s wg`r` jih`stdo` tdhcs (fmjj`a smrfdpgmli) do tg`
dutsia` w`r` c`mutibuj cut iosia` w`r` bijj`a witg ary cdo`s.
QG @ VN I J J DB E@ V P V
Cut wms E`sus m sdpgistifmt`a t`mfg`r4 Vdh` sfgdjmrs gmv` m
rdhmotif vi`w db gih ms m rurmj vijjml` fmrp`ot`r wgd dbb`r`apitgy moa sihpj` iosilgts mcdut Lda. E`sus `mro`a mo iofdh`
ms m frmbtshmo (witg wdda dr stdo`), moa tgis wms fdhhdo
siof` rmccis usumjjy g`ja sufg prmftifmj edcs. [muj, bdr `xmh-
pj , wms m t`othmn`r moa tg` bmhdus rmcci Vg`hhmi wms m
stdo`hmsdo. Qgis is c`fmus` E`wisg jmw bdrcma m sfgdjmr brdh
hmniol hdo`y brdh gis r`jilidus t`mfgiol. Qg` drmj jmws dbEuamish (tg` Hisgomg) a`sfric`a tg` jmw ms m ‚frdwo‘ wdro
cy tg` t`mfg`r, cut it fduja odt c` us`a td ljdriby do`s`jb dr td
lmio prdbit. Qgis wms m ‚wdrjajy us` db tg` frdwo‘ dr turoiol tg`
frdwo iotd m ‚sgdv`j td ail witg.‘ Iost`ma, tg` rmcci wms td gmv`
mo dffupmtido tgrdulg wgifg Lda lrmot`a tg` h`mos td t`mfg
Q d a a C d j ` o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` [ j m f ` s
. f d h
Q d a a C d j ` o
/
w w
. C i c j
f
. .
`
h
Mo Mrmc stdo` hmsdo usiol tg` snijjs db tg` mofi`ot wdrja
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3=FG M [ Q@S DO @ , E@VPV ’ VQD S Y Q@J J I O L \D S J A
(Hisgomg, Mcdt 150). Qg`r`bdr` it wms odt dojy mff`pt`a, cut it
wms `xp`ft`a tgmt E`sus wduja gmv` m fdhhdo edc.
E`sus c`lmo gis pucjif t`mfgiol hioistry wg`o g` wms mcdut
tgirty y`mrs dja (Jun` 6536) moa wms tg`r`bdr` mo mffdhpjisg`a
frmbtshmo io gis trma` bdr m ouhc`r db y`mrs. Bdjjdwiol gis `mrjy
`aufmtido, g` prdcmcjy h`t r`lujmrjy witg h`o wgd stuai`a moa
a`cmt`a tg` E`wisg jmw dv`r jmt`-oilgt fdhhuomj h`mjs. Vufg
h`o fmjj`a tg`hs`jv`s gmc`rih (G`c., ‚bri`oas, fdhpmoidos‘)
moa tddn tg`ir hmoamt` brdh [smjh ==9526, ‚I mh m bri`oa gmc`r X
td mjj wgd b`mr ydu.‘ Qg` E`ws mt ]uhrmo o`mr tg` A`ma V`m, bdr
iostmof`, aia tgis r`lujmrjy `v`ry oilgt tgrdulgdut tg` y`mr( Amhmsfus Adfuh`ot, L`oizm M, Fdj 253 ‖ =;). Qgis h`mos tgmt cy
tg` ml` db tgirty, E sus gma gdo`a gis stuay moa a`cmtiol snijjs
bdr hmoy y`mrs moa wms ma`pt mt tg`djdlifmj aisfussidos.
Ib tg` pucjif mffjmih r`fdra`a io tg` Ldsp`js is moy ioaifm-
tido, E`sus wms mo dutstmoaiol pucjif sp`mn`r. Frdwas w`r`
ihpr`ss`a odt dojy cy gis mutgdrity cut mjsd cy gis t`mfgiolsnijj. Bdr iostmof`, sihpjifity wms do` db gis gmjjhmrns. G`
rmr`jy (ib `v`r) us`a t`fgoifmj tg`djdlifmj sp``fg witg gis muai-
`of`s. Smtg`r, E`sus pr`b`rr`a td t`jj stdri`s. Cut g`r` w` o``a
m wdra db fujturmj wmroiol5 Vihpjifity moa stdryt`jjiol ad odt
c`trmy m jmfn db prdbuoaity.
Qg` `bb`ftiv`o`ss db E`sus’ wdrn, tg`r`bdr`, st`hh`a brdh
gdw g` smia tgiols. Moa ib w` r`fdloiz` tg`s` v`rcmj strmt`li`s,
w` wijj odt hisiot`rpr`t gis wdras. Bdr `xmhpj , E`sus (moa
gis fujtur`) `oedy`a dv`rstmt`h`ot moa lrdss `xmll`rmtido, cut
tg`s` sgduja odt c` tmn`o ‚jit`rmjjy.‘ Io Hmrn 9516 ‖ 1< E`sus
ad`s odt wmot gis aisfipj`s td pgysifmjjy hutijmt` tg`hs`jv`s
cut wmots td uoa`rsfdr` armhmtifmjjy tg` ihpdrtmof` db amol`r
db sio5 ‚Ib ydur gmoa fmus`s ydu td stuhcj`, fut it dbb.‘ Qg` tru-`st h`moiol db sufg v`rs`s wijj mjwmys c` bduoa io tg`ir bilurm-
tiv` s`os`. G` a`sfric`s gdw w` s`` sp`fns io modtg`r’s `y`, cut
hiss tg` jdl io dur dwo. Qg`s` mr` m b`w `xmhpj`s db guhdrdus
moa armhmtif `xmll`rmtidos h`mot td riv`t muai`of`s.Qgis is p`rgmps wg`r` E`sus’ wdrja a`pmrts sd siloibifmotjy
brdh dur dwo. Dur fujtur` is m hmst`r db ardoiol prds`. Vtd-ryt`jjiol is bduoa io bijh moa jit`rmtur`, cut rmr`jy io pucjifsp``fg. \` c`ji`v` tgmt r`jilidus sp`mn`rs mr` `bb`ftiv` wg`otg`y fmo striol dut jdol mrluh`ots td a`b`oa tg`ir pdiots,
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33 E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
wg`o tg`y fmo p`rsuma` cy tg` bdrf` db mrluh`ot ‑ tgis bdr us istg`djdlifmj sdpgistifmtido. Cut tgis vi`w c`trmys mo ihpdrtmot \`st`ro pr`euaif`, tgmt stdryt`jjiol fujtur`s mr` j`ss sdpgistifmt`a
tgmo prds` fujtur`s jin` dur dwo. Qg`y mr` odt!E`sus’ wdrja wms mjsd bijj`a witg armhm moa `ot`rtmioh`ot
moa tg`mt`r. E`sus gihs`jb wms tg`mtrifmj, moa tgis wms m b`mtur`db gis t`mfgiol strmt`ly. Smtg`r tgmo liviol m sp``fg mcdut mfdrrupt t`hpj`, g` rmosmfn`a it. \g`o E`sus uoa`rsfdr`a tg`fdst db aisfipj`sgip, g` tdja gis aisfipj`s tgmt tg`y sgduja pjmotd fmrry m frdss. Gis fujtur` vmju`a tg` fj`v`r ihml`, tg` frisp
stdry. E`sus gihs`jb wms fj`v`r moa io tgis crijjimof`, p`dpj`iotuit`a gis sdpgistifmtido.
GD\ E@ V P V’ VQ DS I @ V \ DS N
E`sus’ c`st bilurmtiv` stdri`s fdotmio m surpris`. Qg`y mr` jin` mcdx tgmt fdotmios m spriol ‑ moa wg`o it is dp`o`a, tg` uo`x-
p`ft`a gmpp`os. Qg`y mr` jin` m trmp tgmt jur`s ydu iotd its wdrja moa tg`o fjds`s do ydu. M typifmj `xmhpj` fmo c` bduoa io Jun` =35=6 ‖ 3=. Smccis
w`r` dbt`o fmjj`a do td mrcitrmt` fivij aisput`s r`lmraiol prdp-`rty. Do do` dffmsido, m hmo’s crdtg`r wduja odt aivia` tg`iog`ritmof`. It wms m squmccj` mcdut tg` aivisido db prdp`rty.
Moa ^E`susX tdja tg`h tgis pmrmcj`. ‚Qg` lrduoa db m f`rtmio rifghmo yi`ja`a mo mcuoamot gmrv`st. G` tgdulgt td gihs`jb, ‗\gmt sgmjj Iad4 I gmv` od pjmf` td stdr` hy frdps.’
‚Qg`o g` smia, ‗Qgis is wgmt I’jj ad. I wijj t`mr adwo hy cmros moacuija cill`r do`s, moa tg`r` I wijj stdr` hy surpjus lrmio. Moa I’jj smy tdhys`jb, ‚Ydu gmv` pj`oty db lrmio jmia up bdr hmoy y`mrs. Qmn` jib` `msy>`mt, arion moa c` h`rry.‘ ’ ‘
Io tgis sgdrt stdry E`sus s`ts up mo mssuhptido tgmt wmsfdhhdopjmf` io birst-f`otury Euamish5 hmt`rimj prdsp`rity wms m silo db Lda’s cj`ssiol moa lr`mt`r mffuhujmtido wms tg`pr`rdlmtiv` db tgds` wgd `oedy`a Lda’s ldda bmvdr. Mt tgis pdiotio tg` stdry, E`sus’ muai`of` wduja gmv` c``o pj`ms`a, r`fdl-oiziol mt dof` tg` privij`l`s db tg` b`w. Qg`o suaa`ojy, E`susspriols tg` trmp5
Cut Lda smia td gih, ‚Ydu bddj! Qgis v`ry oilgt ydur jib` wijj c`a`hmoa`a brdh ydu. Qg`o wgd wijj l`t wgmt ydu gmv` pr`pmr`a bdr
ydurs`jb4‘
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36FG M [ Q@S DO @ , E@VPV ’ VQD S Y Q@J J I O L \D S J A
Mo uo`xp`ft`a, gmrrdwiol qu`stido is rmis`a io m hmtt`r db
s`fdoas. Qg` `xpmosido db `stmt`s, tg` mffuhujmtido db prdp-
`rty, tg` lmtg`riol db w`mjtg hilgt c` tg` qu`st db tg` bddj c`fmus`
mt moy hdh`ot, w` hilgt ai`. Moa w` fmoodt tmn` dur `stmt`s
witg us. \itg fj`v`r stdryt`jjiol, E`sus adal`s tg` aisput` moa
strin`s mt tg` g`mrt db `mfg p`rsdo’s hdtivmtido.
Qg`r` is fdosia`rmcj` aisfussido mhdol sfgdjmrs wgd try td
liv` luia`jio`s do gdw w` sgduja iot`rpr`t tg` pmrmcj`s. Qg`
iostioft td mjj`ldriz` `mfg db tg`h adwo td tg` shmjj`st a`tmij
gms odw c``o wia`jy r`e`ft`a. Cy hmniol `v`ry `j`h`ot c`mr
sdh` h`moiol, w` wijj iotrdauf` ia`ms iotd tg` pmrmcj`s tgmt
mr` fdhpj`t`jy bdr`ilo td tg`h. Io tg` jmst f`otury sfgdjmrs
`hpgmsiz`a tgmt mt tg` g`mrt db `mfg pmrmcj` ji`s m frisis ‑ mpdiot dr pdiots db stmrn fdotrmst tgmt sgdfn us, bdrfiol us td
hmn` m vmju` eualh`ot do m tg`h` dr fgmrmft`r.
Bdr iostmof`, tg` rifg moa bddjisg cmro cuija`r s``hs
td c` jiviol witg Lda’s cj`ssiol `via`of`a cy gis hmt`rimj
w`mjtg ‑ uotij g` g`mrs Lda’s vdif , ‚Ydu bddj!‘ Vuaa`ojy w`
mr` surpris`a, bdrf`a td r`mjilo dur tgioniol. Moa wgij` do` dbtg` pmrmcj`s ad`s gmv` mjj`ldrifmj `j`h`ots (tg` pmrmcj` db tg`
sdw`r), stijj, tgis is s`fdoamry td tg` frisis db a`fisido tgmt tg`
g`mr`r `xp`ri`of`s wg`o tg` pmrmcj` is g`mra fdrr`ftjy.
Q d a a C d j ` o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` [ j m f ` s
. f d h
M lrmio bi`ja io hda`ro Isrm`j
Q d a a C d j ` o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` [ j m f ` s
. f d h
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31 E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
Do` db tg` pmr-
mcj`s hdst fdh-
hdojy suce`ft td
mcus` is tg` pmrmcj`
db tg` ldda Vmhmr-
itmo. Fgristimos
gmv` r`lujmrjy
sdulgt h`moiol io
`mfg `j`h`ot db tg`
stdry. Qg` wduoa`a
hmo h`mos do`tgiol, tg` adon`y
db tg` Vmhmritmo
modtg`r, tg` ioo
tgmt liv`s gih
mia stijj modtg`r. I wms aisfussiol tgis prdcj`h witg m Hiaaj`
@mst`ro Fgristimo dof` moa g` tdja h` tgmt w` io tg` \`stgmv` utt`rjy jdst tg` h`moiol db tg` stdry. Vd, io E`rusmj`h do`
mbt`roddo g` tdja h` gis dwo v`rsido db it5
Odt jdol mld io E`rusmj`h’s bmh`a Gmamssmg Gdspitmj, mo
Isrm`ji sdjai`r jmy ayiol. G` gma fdotrmft`a MIAV ms m r`sujt db
gis lmy jib`styj` moa wms odw io tg` jmst stml`s db tg` ais`ms`’s
t`rricj` fdurs`. Gis bmtg`r wms m bmhdus E`rusmj`h rmcci, moa
cdtg g` moa tg` r`st db gis bmhijy gma aisdwo`a gih. G` wms
fdoa`ho`a td ai` io gis sgmh`. Qg` oursiol stmbb do gis bjddr
no`w gis stdry moa fmr`bujjy mvdia`a gis rddh. @v`rydo` wms
sihpjy wmitiol bdr gis jib` td `xpir`.
Qg` sdjai`r gmpp`o`a td c` pmrt db m r`lih`ot tgmt pmtrdjj`a
tg` Dffupi`a \`st Cmon, moa gis uoit wms nodwo bdr its b`rdf-
ity moa wmr-bilgtiol snijjs. Qg` [mj`stioimos jiviol io dffu-pmtido gmt`a tg`s` trddps. Qg`y w`r` h`rfij`ss moa fduja c`
fru`j. Qg`ir lr``o c`r`ts mjwmys lmv` tg`h mwmy.
Do` `v`oiol tg` sdjai`r w`ot iotd fmraimf mrr`st. Mjj tg`
usumj mjmrhs w`ot dbb, cut tg` oursiol stmbb aia odt r`spdoa.
@v`o tg` adftdrs jddn`a tg` dtg`r wmy. Y`t do tg` bjddr modtg`r
hmo wms mt wdrn ‑ m [mj`stioimo Fgristimo emoitdr ‑ wgd no`wtgis stdry ms w`jj moa mjsd no`w tg` h`moiol db tg` `h`r-
l`ofy. Iofr`aicjy, g` wms m hmo wgds` vijjml` gma c``o mttmfn`a
cy tgis sdjai`r’s uoit. \g`o tg` [mj`stioimo g`mra tg` mjmrh moa
A m v i a C i v i o
/ w w w
. J i b ` i o t g ` G d j y J m o a
. f d h
M squma db Isrm`ji sdjai`rs
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30FG M [ Q@S DO @ , E@VPV ’ VQD S Y Q@J J I O L \D S J A
wito`ss`a tg` o`lj`ft, gis g`mrt wms bijj`a witg fdhpmssido. G`
ardpp`a gis crddh, `ot`r`a tg` sdjai`r’s rddh, moa mtt`hpt`a
td r`susfitmt` tg` hmo cy liviol gih fmraidpujhdomry r`sus-
fitmtido. Qg` sf`o` wms r`hmrnmcj`5 m pddr [mj`stioimo hmo,
m viftih db tgis sdjai`r’s vidj`of`, odw tri`a td smv` gis `o`hy
wgij` tgds` wgd sgduja gmv` c``o adiol tgis stdda do tg`
sia`jio`s.
Hy Mrmc Fgristimo bri`oa tdja h`5 wg`o ydu uoa`rstmoa tgis
stdry , ydu wijj uoa`rstmoa tg` pmrmcj` db tg` ldda Vmhmritmo.
\g`o ydu uoa`rstmoa wgmt it h`mos bdr mo `o`hy td jdv` mo
`o`hy ‑ moa bdr tg` rilgt`dus td sgdw o`lj`ft ‑ tg`o ydu wijjgmv` m piftur` db tg` pdw`r db Lda’s lrmf` mt wdrn io m p`rsdo’s
g`mrt.
[P S V P I O L Q G @ FPJQPSMJ N@ YV
[`rgmps tg` hdst ihpdrtmot issu` is bdr us td uoa`rstmoa tg`
fujturmj `j`h`ots mt wdrn io `mfg pmrmcj`. Qg`s` mr` stdri`s tdjabrdh modtg`r fujtur` moa tih`, moa w` r`ma tg`h ms bdr`ilo`rs.
\gmt ad`s it h`mo wg`o m yduol sdo msns bdr gis iog`ritmof`4
Dr wg`o m fdio is jdst4 Qg` pmrmcj`s mr` jin` husif c`iol pjmy`a
dut witg rgytghs brdh modtg`r wdrja. Moa ib w` fmoodt r`fdl-
oiz` tgis husif ‑ dr wdrs` y`t, ib w` bmij `v`o td mahit dur dwo
E M
F N
L P @ U
/ V t m
b b / L ` t t y I h m l ` s
Gmamssmg Gdspitmj, E`rusmj`h
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32 E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
bdr`iloo`ss td its sduoas ‑ w` wijj hiss tg`ir a``p`r h`moiols
moa hisr`pr`s`ot wgmt E`sus iot`oa`a td t`mfg.
M pmrmcj` is jin` m pdjitifmj fmrtddo io hda`ro fujtur`. Its
ihml`s hmy c` `xmll`rmt`a (`.l., Cijj Fjiotdo’s ods`, L`drl`
Cusg’s `mrs), its `j`h`ots aistdrt`a, moa its puofg jio` uohis-
tmnmcj` td tgds` wgd uoa`rstmoa its fdot`xt. Io `v`ry sdfi`ty
`bb`ftiv` fdhhuoifmtido `xpjdits pr`aiftmcj` mttitua`s moa
r`spdos`s. Irdoy, guhdr, moa pmio mr` fdov`y`a wg`o tg`s`
vmju`s mr` crdn`o. Cut ib ydu fmoodt r`ma tg` vmju`s, ydu fmoodt
s`` tg` puofg jio`.
Io m E`wisg cddn fmjj`a C`o Virmfg w` mr` tdja tgmt m odcj`-hmo is nodwo cy ‚tg` wmy g` wmjns‘ (Vir. =956;). Virmfg
mssuh`s tgmt w` uoa`rstmoa wgmt sufg ‚odcj` wmjniol‘ jddns
jin` moa bmijs td t`jj us. It is j`bt td us td uojdfn tg` fujturmj
mssuhptidos c`gioa tg` stmt`h`ot, moa tg`o w` j`mro tgmt io
tgis sdfi`ty aistioluisg`a h`o ad odt ruo cut wmjn moa tgmt tg`
sjdw`r tg`y wmjn, tg` hdr` gdodrmcj` tg`y mr`. (Mrfgit`fturmjjytg` E`rusmj`h t`hpj v`o r`iobdrf`a tgis witg irr`lujmr st`ps
cuijt iotd its sdutg`ro pdrfg`s, st`ps tgmt bdrf` m wdrsgip`r td
sjdw adwo.) Ms w` wijj s``, io tg` pmrmcj` db tg` prdailmj sdo,
tgis do` iosilgt wijj h`mo `v`rytgiol.
Io Jun` 9509 ‖ 23 E`sus r`spdoas td m wduja-c` aisfipj` cy
t`jjiol tg` hmo td fdh` moa bdjjdw gih.
Cut tg` hmoX r`pji`a, ‚Jdra, birst j`t h` ld moa cury hy bmtg`r.‘ E`sus smia td gih, ‚J`t tg` a`ma cury tg`ir dwo a`ma, cut ydu ld moa
prdfjmih tg` nioladh db Lda.‘ Vtijj modtg`r smia, ‚I wijj bdjjdw ydu, Jdra> cut birst j`t h` ld cmfn
moa smy ldda-cy td hy bmhijy.‘ E`sus r`pji`a, ‚Od do` wgd puts m gmoa td tg` pjdw moa jddns cmfn is
bit bdr s`rvif` io tg` nioladh db Lda.‘Qg`s` mr` daa r`spdos`s cy moy h`msur`. M jit`rmj r`maiol
ihpji`s tgmt E`sus wduja odt `v`o p`rhit tg`s` h`o td cia bmr`-
w`jj td tg`ir bmhiji`s dr td tmn` up tg` r`spdosicijity db curyiol
m pmr`ot. Qg`o w` j`mro tgmt tg` jit`rmj r`maiol gms c`trmy`a us,
bdr io E`sus’ fujtur` do` mvdias sduoaiol dbb`osiv` cy mvdiaiol
air`ft a`oimjs. (\` hilgt ad tgis ms w`jj. ‚Fdh` td dur gdh`bdr aioo`r Briamy.‘ ‚Qgmon ydu bdr msniol, cut j`t h` fg`fn
witg hy wib`.‘ Fda`5 I r`mjjy ado’t wisg td fdh`, cut I fmoodt
t`jj ydu air`ftjy.)
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3<FG M [ Q@S DO @ , E@VPV ’ VQD S Y Q@J J I O L \D S J A
Cdtg db tg`s` h`o mr dbb`riol hmoubmftur`a `xfus`s tgmt pr -
s`rv` tg`ir gdodr wgij` mjj mjdol a`oyiol E`sus. Qd ‚smy bmr`w`jj‘ is
mo mtt`hpt td mpp`mj td bmhijy auty moa sd sgirn E`sus’ fmjj. Qd
‚cury do ’s bmtg`r‘ mftumjjy h`mos tgmt tg` hmo is mpp`mjiol
td gis auty td r`hmio mt gdh` uotij gis bmtg`r ai`s (is curi`a)
sd tgmt g` fmo tg`o hmn` a`fisidos bdr gihs`jb. Qg` Hiaaj`
@mst bdr f`oturi`s gms c``o m wdrja tgmt sg`jt`rs gdodr cy p`rhittiol
tg` hmoubmftur` db `xfus`s. E`sus nodws it ‑ moa `v`ry mofi`ot
r`ma`r db tg` ldsp`j no`w it. Moa io tgis fms` E`sus is a`oyiol
its us`.
QG S @ @ IOQ@S[S@QMQ IR@ VQ @ [V
Ms w` jist`o td hdst db E`sus’ stdri`s, w` odtif` tgr`` st`pstgmt wijj luia` dur stuay. Birst, ms jist`o`rs w` mr` armwo iotd
tg` bmhijimr moa sdh`tih`s mrr`stiol ihml`s io tg` stdry.
Qg`y mr` m pmrt db tg` mofi`ot wdrja, moa m jist`o`r wgd jiv`a
io tgmt wdrja wduja `oedy tg`h ihh`os`jy. Cut it is tg`ir
bmhijimrity tgmt pujjs us iotd tg` stdry. Dof` E`sus c`lmo witg
tgis dp`oiol jio`5 ‚Io m f`rtmio tdwo tg`r` wms m eual` wgdo`itg`r b`mr`a Lda odr fmr`a wgmt p`dpj` tgdulgt. Moa tg`r`
wms m wiadw io tgmt tdwo wgd n`pt fdhiol td gih witg tg`
pj`m, ‗Lrmot h` eustif` mlmiost hy mav`rsmry’ ‘ (Jun` =753 ‖ 6).
Q d a a C d j ` o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` [ j m f ` s
. f d h
Qg` sdutg `otry st`ps td tg` mofi`ot E`rusmj`h Q`hpj`
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37 E@VPV , Q G @ H I AAJ @ @ MV Q@S O VQD S Y Q@J J @S
Qg` armhm gms c``o s`t, tg` fgmrmft`rs gmv` c``o iotrdauf`a,
moa tg` mofi`ot fdurtrddh witg its cric`s moa odis` mr`
c`bdr` us. Qd tgion db m hda`ro fdurt is td utt`rjy hisuoa`rstmoa
tg` stdry .
V`fdoa, tg` armhm db tg` stdry c`lios td pr`ss us, moa w`
iotuit tgmt w` wijj c` bdrf`a td hmn` m a`fisido, td `xp`ri`of` m
frisis, td fdobrdot m prdcj`h. Io modtg`r stdry, E`sus tdja mcdut
m pddr hmo wgd wms m t`omot bmrh`r pjdwiol modtg`r p`rsdo’s
bi`ja. Cut do` amy wgij` gis pjdw wms futtiol m burrdw, gis cjma`
strufn m curi`a cdx db tr`msur`. Odw wgmt sgduja g` ad4 G` fmo-
odt st`mj it cy fmrryiol it mwmy, odr fduja g` ihmlio` gmoaiol itdv`r td tg` bi`ja’s dwo`r.
Io tg` mofi`ot wdrja tr`msur` wms giaa`o io tih` db fdo-
qu`st dr tgr`mt db rdcc`ry ‑ moa mofi`ot tr`msur`s c`jdol`a td
od do`. (Io =997 mt tg` `xfmvmtido db Adr, Isrm`j, twd guoar`a
pduoas db sijv`r w`r` bduoa io m pdt io tg` bjddr db m gdh`!) Vd
td t`st tg` tr`msur`’s dwo`rsgip, tg` hmo hmn`s m a`fisido5g` wijj r`cury tg` tr`msur`, s`jj mjj g` gms, moa dbb`r td cuy
tg` bi`ja. Ib tg` bi`ja’s dwo`r no`w tg` tr`msur` wms tg`r` moa
dwo`a it g` wduja o`v`r s`jj ‑ cut g` s`jjs c`fmus` it iso’t gis
hdo`y (Hmtt. =6511).
Qgira, tg` stdry bdrf`s us td r`bj`ft do tg` frisis w` gmv` eust
U .
S m a d v m o
/ w w w
. C i c j ` J m o a [ i f t u r ` s
. f d h
Vijv`r fdios brdh tg` Adr `xfmvmtido, Isrm`j
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wito`ss`a. \` ad odt a`fda` tg` `j`h`ots db tg` stdry jddniol
bdr h`moiol> w` iost`ma fdof`otrmt` do tg` frisis moa r`bj`ft
do its hmoy h`moiols. \g`o m sg`pg`ra jddns aijil`otjy bdr
do` jdst sg``p moa bioas it dojy td r`turo gdh` td m vijjml` f`j-
`crmtido, wgmt ad`s it h`mo td nodw m s`mrfgiol Lda tgmt fmr`s
tgmt prdbduoajy bdr moy wgd mr` jdst4
E`sus’ snijj ms m stdryt`jj`r wms w`jj `stmcjisg`a ms gis hio-
istry io Lmjij`` hmtur`a. Cut td g`mr tg`h ms gis birst muai`of`
g`mra tg`h wijj c` jin` pjdwiol m bi`ja w` nodw w`jj ‑ dojy td
aisfdv`r tr`msur`s w` o`v`r no`w `xist`a.