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Jari Perttunen1
Risto Sievänen1
Eero Nikinmaa2
1. The Finnish Forest Research Institute 2. University of Helsinki (Dept. of Forest Ecology)
LIGNUM: Towards Forest Scientist's Workbench
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CONTENTS
The Model LIGNUM
Current Applications
Modeling Sugar Maple
The Design and Implementation of the Forest Scientist's Workbench
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LIGNUM: General features
Simple structural units describe both structure and functioning of trees.
Carbon budget models the metabolism:
Annual net production is used to new growth.
Pipe model and functional balance steer growth.
Time step one growth period (one year).
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LIGNUM: Structure
Capture the structure of a tree with simple structural units:
Tree Segment (TS)
Branching Point (BP)
Bud (B)
Axis (A)
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LIGNUM: Tree Segment
Structure:
Dead heartwood (H)
Living sapwood (S)
Bark layer (BL)
Foliage (F)
Tree segment is the main functioning unit.
H S FBL
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LIGNUM: Deciduous trees
Explicit leaves instead of cylindrical layer of foliage:
Leaf ellipse, use parameter to denote "degree of filling".
Track the 3D position of each leaf.
Dormant (suppressed) buds.
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LIGNUM: Releasing suppressed buds
Maintain the structural integrityof the model:
Split the segment into two.
Insert a new branching point.
The released bud will become the terminating bud in the new axis.
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LIGNUM: Implementation
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LIGNUM: Carbon balance
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LIGNUM: Segment length
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LIGNUM: New buds
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LIGNUM: Pipe model
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LIGNUM: The Radiation Submodel
Standard overcast sky.
Divide the sky into sectors and assign each sector a radiant intensity.
Number of inclinations and azimuths can be defined by the user.
MJ
Y X
Z
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LIGNUM: The Radiation SubmodelConiferous trees:
Compare segments to compute the distances light beams travel in foliage.
Compute attenuations of radiation.
Compute intercepted radiation.
Compute photosynthesis.
Deciduous trees:
Compare leaves.
Shading
Shaded
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Voxel space: Alternative radiation model
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LIGNUM: Applications
Gliricidia sepium
Sugar maple
Scots pine
Mountainbirch
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Scots pine
Scots pine and Jack pine the first two tree species implemented.
Proved the modeling approach feasible.
Modeled (published) trees 10 years old.
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Mountain birch
Structural analysis of mountain birch
Based on detailed measurements done in Finnish Lapland
Position and orientation of each segment known.
Position of leaves known.
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Gliricidia sepium
Nitrogen fixing tropical tree species used in agroforestry.
Study the optimal management (frequency of cuttings).
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Analysis of Daily Sapflow
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Sugar mapleStudy the survival and growth of sugar maple saplings in forest gaps.
Long term goal to develop new cutting guidelines for natural regeneration of sugar maple:
Size of the canopy openings
Frequency of cuttings
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Modeling Sugar maple in forest gapsSt-Hilaire, Quebec
Typically when modeling tree species with LIGNUM the following growth processes are assessed:
Metabolism:
Photosynthesis, respiration.
Structural Dynamics:
Birth, growth and senescence of tree compartments.
Tree Architecture:
Currently ad hoc descriptions.
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Modeling Gaps in St-Hilaire
Field data: radiation measurements and fish-eye photographs from the gaps.
Analysis of field data resulted masks (Closed Gap and Open Gap) that can be superimposed on SOC.
INC RAD (MJ) CG% RZ% OG%0 456 96.4 96.4 961 598 90.4 90.4 77.32 622 77.7 77.7 67.83 507 84.9 84.9 60.4 4 270 76.9 0 51.2
Zenith 2 4 51.6 0 49SOC for St-Hilaire
Masks
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Diameter Growth (Pipe model)
For newly created segments sapwood must support foliage.
For other segments match the sapwood coming above.
Asf
=A
f
SLA ´ U
Anew
= max[Asu
+ dAs + A
h, A
ts]
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ParametersSearch, deduce and compile parameters from various sources (or make your best guess)
mf Respiration rate of a leaf. 0.26ms Respiration rate of sapwood. 0.040mr Respiration rate of roots. 0.240p0 Photosynthetic efficiency. 0.0010q Tree segment shortening factor. 0.40 Density of wood. 280.0 kg/m3
SLA Specific leaf area. 30.0 m2/kgrs Root senesence. 0.330ss Sapwood senesence. 0.070 Transmission coeffient of a leaf. 0.060Y Foliage mass supported by sapwood. 123.8 kg
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Three 5 year old saplings in St-Hilaire
Closed Gap Released Zenith Open Gap
L = 1.37m
L = 2,43mL = 2.84m
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LIGNUM: Scientist's Workbench
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Class Hierarchy
TreeCompartment
Tree A BPTS B
CfTS HwTS
ScotsPine Birch
BirchBud
1.#include <Lignum> 2.using namespace Lignum; 3. 4. int main() 5.{ 6. Tree<ScotsPine> t1; 7. Tree<Birch> t2; 8. Tree<Birch,BirchBud> t3; 9. double p,m;10. 11. t1.growth(5);12. ForEach(t2,P<Birch>());13. ForEach(t2,M<Birch>());14. p = Accumulate(t2,0,CP<Birch>());15. m = Accumulate(t2,0,CM<Birch>());16. PropagateUp(t2,p-m,Allocate<Birch>());17. 18. exit(0);19.}
ScotsPine<TS,BUD>::P(){ p = Po*I;}
Birch<TS,BUD>::P(){ for_each(leaves,p());}
Sample Program
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Concluding Remarks
To develop LIGNUM to a Forest Scientist's Workbench use simple, independent and easily customizable workbench components.
C++/OpenGL implementation is available on:
SGI IRIX, Linux, (Microsoft Windows NT).
Computer graphics aid understanding and presenting the results of simulations:
In the future the Virtual Reality can be used.
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LIGNUM in HUTCAVE Virtual Room