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I. Third Estate
II. Economic Problems
III. Social Problems
France Pre-
Revolution
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About 27 million people(98% of population)
Classes were:Bourgeoisie(middle class): bankers,
merchants, and manufactures, lawyers, doctors, journalists, professors, and skilled artisans
Rural peasants(bulk of estate; nine out of ten people):landowners, tenant farmers, day laborers
Urban workers(poorest):servants, stable hands, porters, construction, or even unemployed
THE THIRD ESTATE
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Deficit Spending: governments is spending more money than it is taking in
Costs of bread and crops had risen in 1700’s
By 1789- half of government tax went to pay the interest of debt (Same with U.S today)
Economic Troubles
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In the 1770’s: a general decline began, meaning trade was not accessible or successful as before
Late 1780’s: bad harvests sent food prices soaring in price
Lack of food had inflamed people, causing riots demanding bread
Raised taxes left people with no option to buy necessitates
Economic Troubles
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I. Tennis Court Oath
II. Storming of the Bastille
III. Great Fear
IV. King & Queen
1789
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The Third Estate established the National Assembly
Got locked out of their regular meeting place (at Versaille)
They moved to the indoor tennis court
Pledge to not leave France until a new Constitution was formed
Took place June 20th, 1789
Tennis Court Oath
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Bastille-medieval fortress used as a prison
July 14, 1789More than 800 Parisians
assembled outside the BastilleTroops were sent to Paris by King
Louis XIV, looking for gunpowder and weapons.
Army killed hundreds as well as the Governor and mayor of Paris
Storming The Bastille
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A period of panic and riot by peasants and others
Along with rumors of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king
Had the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate
Led to the abolishment of the feudal regime and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
The Great Fear
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Group of Paris women invaded Versailles
Demanded to see the king & queen
Sought out to bring King Louis XIV to Paris and succeeded
Wanted the king to no longer ignore their suffering
Showed that the king was subject to the pressure of the people.
What Happened ToThe King and Queen?
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A. National Convention-Louis XIV & Marie Antoinette
B. Maximilien Robespierre involvement
C. How was Reign of Terror stopped??
REIGN OF TERROR 1792-1794
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Chief of architects of the Reign of TerrorWanted to further his idealism and impose it on the French Nation which resulted in “The Reign of Terror”He killed whoever opposed his views(estimated 25,000 people were)Feared members of convention turned on Committee of Public SafetyRobespierre was arrested on July 27, 1794 & executed
Maximilien RobespierreInvolvement
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Radicals calling for a new election for a new legislative body (National Convention)
Convention met in Sept. 1792
Voted to abolish the monarchy and declare France as a Republic
Numbered 749 deputies including tradesmen, businessmen, and many professional men
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION
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Louis XIV was put on trialTrialed as a traitorWas convicted by a single voteSentenced to death/beheading Tried to speak but his words were drowned out by drumsMoments after his speaking, the king was beheaded
What Happened To Louis XIV?
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Lasted from July 1793 to July 1794Maximilien Robespierre rose to wield great power in the revolutionary governmentHe was instrumental in instituting the Reign of Terror
When Robespierre was killed, The Reign Of Terror ended because he was the leader of it (the realization that Robespierre was wrong stop it as well)
Reign Of Terror
HOW THE REIGN OF TERROR
ENDED?
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o Set up a five-man Directory and a two house legislature elected by males
o The directory faced growing discontent
o Peace was made with Prussia and Spain
o Was prepared by the Thermidorian Convention
Constitution Of 1795
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Women did not gain rights for some timeAs the revolution progressed, women’s right to express their views were attackA committee of the National Convention declared that women lacked “Moral and physical strength” to practice political rightsWomen’s revolutionary clubs were bannedViolators were arrestedWomen were imprisoned and sent to the guillotine
Women Rights
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Red “liberty caps” and the tricolor symbols established the equality and liberty of all males
The title citizen had applied to people of all social classes
Revolution war gave French people a strong sense of national identity
By the year 1793, France was a nation in arms
Changes In Daily Life
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Revolutionaries pushed for social reform as well as religious tolerationSet up state schools to replace religious schoolsOrganized systems to help the poor, war widows and war soldiersThe Convention tried to de-Christianize France
Social Reform
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a) Becoming dictator
b) Changing France & Napoleonic Code
c) Building an empire
Napoleon Takes Charge
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› Was determined & eager› 1793-drove British forces out of French port of Toulon. Won several victories
› By 1799-he went from general to political leader
› 1802-had himself named consul for life
Becoming Dictator
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Main goal was to strengthen the central government
Controlled prices, encouraged new industry, & built roads/canals
System of public schools under strict government control
Made peace with Catholic Church
Changing France
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° Embodied enlightenment principals such as:
° Equality of all citizens before the law° Religious toleration° Advancement based on merit
° What happened to women rights??° Well, they lost most of them° They could not exercise the rights of
citizenship° Males regained complete authority over
them
Napoleonic Code
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Faced down combined forces of the greatest European powersMade effective use of his large armiesAdded territory to France like:
The NetherlandsBelgiumParts of Italy & Germany
BUILDING AN EMPIRE
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I. Napoleon & France disliked in
Europe
II. Napoleon’s army defeated in Russia
III. Napoleon’s legacy
Napoleon’s Downfall
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• Lots of benefits to the people like reduced trade barriers & stimulating industry
But……Saw Napoleon’s army as foreign oppressorsNationalism unleashed revolts against FranceNapoleon wanted to undermined the Catholic Church but the Spanish resisted resulting in well-armed French forces responding with brutal repression
Napoleon & France Disliked In Europe
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Russians were unhappy with the effects economically of Napoleon’s Continental systemsNapoleon had enlarged the Grand Duty of Warsaw that had bordered Russialed to czar to withdraw Russia from the Continental SystemRussian attacks and brutal Russian winters took a terrible toll on Napoleon
DEFEAT IN RUSSIA
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Good That came out:
Centralized state with a constitutionRights to propertyAccess to educationIdeas of revolution spread
Bad That came out:
Failed to make Europe into a French empireFrench citizens lost many rights promised
Died in 1821Was he “the revolution on horseback” or “traitor to the
revolution”
Napoleon’s Legacy
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A. Restoring Stability in Europe
B. Major Changes after Revolution & Napoleon’s Reign
Congress Of Vienna
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Wanted to create a lasting peace by establishing balance of power & protecting system of monarchy:
Balance of power-Redrew map of Europe; ringing France with strong countriesGave Prussia lands along The Rhine River to prevent French expansion
Restoration of Monarchs-Promoted legitimacy (Principal by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored)
Restoring Stability In Europe
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Didn’t see war on a “Napoleonic
scale” until 1914 (Napoleon fought
the biggest war until World War 1 )
Inspired people to seek equality &
liberty
Nationalism remained strong
Congress created a framework of
peace
Major Changes After Revolution & Napoleon’s
Reign