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INFORMAT
SYST
DEVELOPMENT APROGRAMM
LANGUA• SYSTEM D
• PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE AND PROGRAM DEVELO
• PROGRAM D
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INFORMATION SYSTEM
• An Information System (IS) is a collection of hardware, software, data,
and procedures that work together to produce quality information.
•
An information system supports daily, short-term, long-range activitiesusers.
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE SDLCSystem development activities often are grouped into larger categories cphases. This collection of phases sometimes is called the SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC). Many SDLC contain five phases:
1. Planning
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Implementation
5. Operation, Support, and Security
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1. Planning-()Review/prioritize project
request()Allocate resources
()Form project developmentteam
2. Analysis-() Conduct Preliminary
investigation()Study current system
()Determine user requireme()Recommend Solution
3. Design-()Acquire hardware andsoftware, if necessary
()Develop details ofsystem
4. Implementation-()Develop programs
()Install and test newsystems
()Train Users()Convert to new system
5. Operation, Support, andSecurity-
()Perform maintenanceactivities
()Monitor systemperformance
()Assess system security
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project management is the process of planning, scheduling, and then conthe activities during system development. The goal of project manageme
deliver an acceptable system to the user in an agreed-upon time frame, w
maintaining costs.
In smaller organizations or projects, one person manages the entire projelarger projects, the project management activities are separated between
project manager and a project leader.
• Project Leader – manages and controls the budget and schedule of the
project
• Project Manager – controls the activities during system development
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOL
Project leader can use Project Management Software to assist them in pl
scheduling and controlling development projects:
• Gantt Chart
• Pert Chart
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GANTT CHART
• A Gantt Chart, developed by Henry L. Gantt, is a bar chart th
uses horizontal bars to show project phases or activities. A
horizontal axis across the top or bottom of the char representime.
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GANTT CHART
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PERT CHART
• A tool used for planning and scheduling large, complex projects is the P
chart. A PERT chart, short for PROGRAM EVALUATIONS AND REVIEW
TECHNIQUE chart, analyzes the time required to complete a task and
identifies the minimum time required for an entire management.
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PERT CHART
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FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT
Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the development of a system will
organization. A project that is feasible at one point during system develop
might become infeasible at a later point. Thus, systems analysts frequent
evaluate feasibility during the system development project.
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FOUR TESTS TO EVALUATE
FEASIBILITY ARE• Operational Feasibility: Measures how well the proposed information s
will work. Will the users like the new system? Will they use it? Will it m
their requirements? Is it secure?
• Schedule Feasibility: Measures whether the established deadlines for t
project are reasonable. If a deadline is not reasonable, the project lead
might make a new schedule.• Technical Feasibility: Measures whether the organization has or can ob
the hardware, software, and people needed to deliver and then suppo
proposed information system.
• Economic Feasibility: Measures whether the lifetime benefits of the pr
information system will be greater than its lifetime costs.
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DATA AND INFORMATION GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
System analysts and other IT professionals use several techniques to gather data and
information. They review documentation, observe, survey, interview, conduct joint-app
design sessions and research.
• Review Documentation – provides information about the organization such as its op
weaknesses and strengths.
• Observe - observing people helps system analyst understand exactly how they perfo
task.
• Survey – To obtain data and information from a large number of people, system anal
distribute surveys.
• Interview – the interview is the most important data and information gathering tech
the system analyst. It allows the system analyst to clarify response and probe during
face feedback.
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DATA AND INFORMATION GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
• JAD Sessions – instead of a single one-on-one interview, analysts often use the joint
application design session to gather information.
• Research – Newspapers, computer magazines, reference books, trade shows, the We
vendors, and consultants are excellent sources of information. These sources can pro
systems analyst with information such as the latest hardware and software products
explanations of new processes and procedures.
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WHAT INITIATES SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT?
A user may request a new or modified information system for a variety o
reasons. The most obvious reason is to correct a problem such as an inco
calculation or a security breach. Another reason is to improve the inform
system.
Upon completion of the preliminary investigation, the system analyst wri
feasibility report. This report presents the team’s findings to the steering
committee.
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WHAT INITIATES SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT?In some cases, the project team may recommend not to continue the project. If the proteam recommends continuing and the steering committee approves this recommendat
detailed analysis begins.
• Detailed Analysis
• The System Proposal
• Testing and Evaluating Vendor Proposal
• Making a Decision
• Detailed Design
• Prototyping
• Case tools
• Quality Review Techniques
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DETAILED ANALYSIS
Detailed analysis involves three major activities:
• 1. study how the current system works
• 2. determine the users’ wants, needs, and requirements
• 3. recommend a solution
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THE SYSTEM PROPOSAL
After the systems analyst has studied the current system and determined
user requirements, the next step is to communicate possible solutions fo
project in a system proposal.
The system analyst presents the system proposal to the steering committthe steering committee approves the solution, the project enters the des
phase.
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TESTING AND EVALUATING VENDOR
PROPOSALS
Evaluating the proposals and then selecting the best one often is a difficu
System analysts use many techniques to test the various software produc
vendors.
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MAKING A DECISION
Having rated the proposals, the system analyst presents a recommendati
the steering committee. The recommendation could be to award a contra
vendor or to not make any purchases at this time.
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DETAILED DESIGN
The next step is to develop detailed design specifications for the components in the pro
solution. The activities to be performed include developing designs for the databases in
outputs, and programs.
• During database design, the system analyst works closely with the database analyst a
database administrators to identify those data elements that currently exist within th
organization.
• During detailed design of inputs and outputs, the system analyst carefully designs ev
menu screen, and report specified in the requirements.
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DETAILED DESIGN
The systems analyst typically develops two types of designs for each input and output: a mockupchart.
• A mockup is a sample of the input or output that contains actual data. The system analyst sho
to users for their approval
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DETAILED DESIGN
After users approve the mockup, the systems analyst develops a layout chart for the
programmer.
• A layout chart is more technical and contain programming-like notations. Many
database programs provide tools for technical design.
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PROTOTYPING
Many systems analysts today use prototypes during detailed design. A prototype is a wo
model of the proposed system. The systems analyst actually builds a functional for of th
solution during design.
The main advantage of a prototype is users can work with the system before it is complmake sure it meets their needs. As soon as users approve a prototype, system analyst c
implement a solution more quickly than without a prototype
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QUALITY REVIEW TECHNIQUES
Many people should review the detailed design specifications before the
given to the programming team. Reviewers should include users, systems
analyst, managers, IT staff, and members of the system development tea
the steering committee decides, the project still is feasible, which usuallycase, the project enters the implementation phase.
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IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
The purpose of the implementation phase is to construct, or build, the nmodified system and then deliver it to the users. Members of the system
development team perform four major activities in this phase:
1. Develop programs
2. Install and test the new system
3. Train users
4. Convert to the new system
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OPERATION SUPPORT AND
SECURITY PHASE
The purpose of the operation, support and security phase is to provide
ongoing assistance for an information system and its users after the syste
implemented. The support phase consists of three major activities:
1. Perform maintenance activities
2. Monitor system performance
3. Assess system security
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PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Program development consists of series of steps programmers use to build computer pThe system development life cycle guides information technology professionals through
development of an information system. Likewise, the program development life cycle (P
guides computer programmers through the development of a program. The program
development life cycle consists of six steps:
1. Analyze Requirements
2. Design Solution3. Validate Design
4. Implement Design
5. Test Solution
6. Document Solution
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE
1. Planning
2. Analysis
3. Design4.
Implementation
5. Operation,Support, and
Security
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CONTROL STRUCTURES
When programmers are required to design the logic of a program, they ty
use control structure to describe the tasks a program is to preform. A con
structure depicts the logical order of a program instructions.
A sequence control structure shows one or more actions following each
order. Actions include inputs and outputs. All actions must be executed, n
can be skipped.
Action 1 Action 2 Action 3
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IF THEN ELSE CONTROL
STRUCTURE
When a program evaluates the condition in an if-then-else control structure, it yields one of twopossibilities: true or false.
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REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTU
The repetition control structure enables a program to perform one or more actions repeatedly as
certain condition is met. Many programmers refer this construct as a loop.
• Do-while control structure
• Do-until control structure
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DO WHILE CONTROL STRUCTURE
A do-while control structure repeats one or more times as long as a speccondition is true. This control structure tests a condition at the beginning
loop.
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DO UNTIL CONTROL STRUCTURE
The do-until control structure is similar to the do-while but has two major differences: wit tests the condition and when it stops looping. This program stops looping after it proc
the action that it requires to be done.