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IT 10103 IT 10103 Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology
CHAPTER 07 - StorageCHAPTER 07 - Storage
STORAGESTORAGE
What is Storage?What is Storage?Holds data, instructions, and information for Holds data, instructions, and information for
future use.future use.
STORAGESTORAGE
Every computer uses storage to hold Every computer uses storage to hold system software and application software.system software and application software.
STORAGESTORAGE
Storage Medium (media)Storage Medium (media)The physical material on which a computer The physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and information.keeps data, instructions, and information.
STORAGESTORAGE
Storage CapacityStorage Capacity
TermTerm UnitUnit Decimal NumberDecimal Number
Kilobyte (KB)Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand1 thousand 1,0241,024
Megabyte (MB)Megabyte (MB) 1 million1 million 1,048,5761,048,576
Gigabyte (GB)Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion1 billion 1,073,741,8241,073,741,824
Terabyte (TB)Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion1 trillion 1,099,511,627,7761,099,511,627,776
Petabyte (PB)Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion1 quadrillion 1,125,899,906,842,6241,125,899,906,842,624
Exabyte (EB)Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion1 quintillion 1,152,921,504,606,846,9761,152,921,504,606,846,976
Zettabyte (ZB)Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion1 sextillion 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,4241,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
Yottabyte (YB)Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion1 septillion 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,1761,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
STORAGESTORAGE
Recording and Retrieving from Storage is Recording and Retrieving from Storage is called:called:
Writing and ReadingWriting and Reading
STORAGESTORAGE
Access TimeAccess TimeThe time it takes to locate an item on The time it takes to locate an item on
storage media plus the time required to storage media plus the time required to deliver that item to memory and then to the deliver that item to memory and then to the
processorprocessor
STORAGESTORAGEFraction of Time MeasurementsFraction of Time Measurements
Fractions of a secondFractions of a second EnglishEnglish MetricMetric AbbrAbbr
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 yoctosecondyoctosecond ysys
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 zeptosecondzeptosecond zszs
0.000 000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 000 001 attosecondattosecond asas
0.000 000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 000 001 femtosecondfemtosecond fsfs
0.000 000 000 0010.000 000 000 001 trillionthtrillionth picosecondpicosecond psps
0.000 000 0010.000 000 001 billionthbillionth nanosecondnanosecond nsns
0.000 0010.000 001 millionthmillionth microsecondmicrosecond µsµs
0.0010.001 thousandththousandth millisecondmillisecond msms
0.010.01 hundredthhundredth centisecondcentisecond cscs
1.001.00 secondsecond ss
STORAGESTORAGE
Access TimeAccess TimeMemory = Billionth/Sec (Nanoseconds)Memory = Billionth/Sec (Nanoseconds)
Storage = Thousandth/Sec (Milliseconds)Storage = Thousandth/Sec (Milliseconds)
STORAGESTORAGE
Zip Disk Drives 100 MB – 750 MBZip Disk Drives 100 MB – 750 MB
Hard Drives (HD)Hard Drives (HD)
The primary storage device in a computer systemThe primary storage device in a computer system
STORAGESTORAGE
Invented in 1950’sInvented in 1950’s
Also called:Also called:
Fixed DisksFixed Disks
Hard DisksHard Disks
Primary StoragePrimary Storage
STORAGESTORAGE
Common Capacities:Common Capacities:
20 GB 30 GB 40 GB20 GB 30 GB 40 GB
60 GB 80 GB 100 GB60 GB 80 GB 100 GB
120 GB 160 GB 200 GB 300 GB120 GB 160 GB 200 GB 300 GB
400 GB 500 GB 750 GB400 GB 500 GB 750 GB
STORAGESTORAGE
Data is stored as FilesData is stored as Files
Files are collections of BytesFiles are collections of Bytes
STORAGESTORAGE
Files are simply strings of bytes stored on the Files are simply strings of bytes stored on the hard drivehard drive
STORAGESTORAGE
Files are fetched into Memory by the CPU one Files are fetched into Memory by the CPU one byte at a time, and stored on the HD one byte at byte at a time, and stored on the HD one byte at
a timea time
STORAGESTORAGE
The time to retrieve data is measured in two The time to retrieve data is measured in two ways:ways:
Data RateData Rate
Seek TimeSeek Time
STORAGESTORAGE
Data Rate:Data Rate:
The data rate is the number of bytes per second The data rate is the number of bytes per second that the drive can deliver to the CPU. Rates that the drive can deliver to the CPU. Rates
between 5 and 160 megabytes per second are between 5 and 160 megabytes per second are common. common.
STORAGESTORAGE
Seek Time:Seek Time:
The seek time is the amount of time between The seek time is the amount of time between when the CPU requests a file and when the first when the CPU requests a file and when the first
byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times between byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times between 8 and 20 milliseconds are common.8 and 20 milliseconds are common.
STORAGESTORAGE
View of aView of a
TypicalTypical
Internal Hard Internal Hard DriveDrive
STORAGESTORAGE
Inside aInside a
Hard DriveHard Drive
STORAGESTORAGE
Platters:Platters:
Typically spin at 3,600 to 10,000 RPM when Typically spin at 3,600 to 10,000 RPM when the drive is operating. These platters are the drive is operating. These platters are
manufactured to amazing tolerances and are manufactured to amazing tolerances and are mirror-smooth.mirror-smooth.
STORAGESTORAGE
Read/Write Read/Write HeadsHeads
PlattersPlatters
STORAGESTORAGE
Data is stored on the surface of a platter in Data is stored on the surface of a platter in sectorssectors and and trackstracks. .
STORAGESTORAGE
Tracks Tracks are concentric are concentric circlescircles(Yellow)(Yellow)
SectorsSectors are pie-shaped are pie-shaped wedges on a trackwedges on a track
(Blue)(Blue)
STORAGESTORAGE
Low-Level formatting a drive establishes the Low-Level formatting a drive establishes the tracks and sectors on the platter.tracks and sectors on the platter.
This is done at the factory.This is done at the factory.
STORAGESTORAGE
Partitioning a Hard DrivePartitioning a Hard Drive
Separates the Hard Drive into Logical PiecesSeparates the Hard Drive into Logical Pieces
STORAGESTORAGE
Partitioning a Hard DrivePartitioning a Hard Drive
Drive C: Drive C:
is always the first Logical drive partition of the first is always the first Logical drive partition of the first Hard Drive registered in the systemHard Drive registered in the system
STORAGESTORAGE
Partitioning Example:Partitioning Example:
80 GB
One Primary Partition
Drive C:
STORAGESTORAGE
Partitioning Example:Partitioning Example:
20 GB 20 GB 20 GB 20 GB
Primary
C:
Logical
D:
Logical
E:
Logical
F:
STORAGESTORAGE
High-level formatting writes the file-storage High-level formatting writes the file-storage structures, like the file-allocation table, into the structures, like the file-allocation table, into the
sectors. This process prepares the drive to hold sectors. This process prepares the drive to hold files. files.
STORAGESTORAGE
Head CrashHead Crash
Causes Physical Damage to the Hard Drive Causes Physical Damage to the Hard Drive PlattersPlatters
CatastrophicCatastrophic
Data Not Usually RecoverableData Not Usually Recoverable
STORAGESTORAGE
Hard Drive InterfacesHard Drive Interfaces
SATA – Serial Advanced Technology AttachmentSATA – Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
Newest Interface for PC’sNewest Interface for PC’s
Capable of 150 MBps Capable of 150 MBps up to 300 MBpsup to 300 MBps
Serial InterfaceSerial Interface
STORAGESTORAGE
Hard Drive InterfacesHard Drive Interfaces
EIDE – Enhanced Integrated Drive ElectronicsEIDE – Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
Most common type today, but slowly replaced by Most common type today, but slowly replaced by SATASATA
Capable of 133 MBpsCapable of 133 MBps
Parallel InterfaceParallel Interface
STORAGESTORAGE
Hard Drive InterfacesHard Drive Interfaces
SCSI – Small Computer Systems InterfaceSCSI – Small Computer Systems Interface
Parallel Interface from 10 MBps – 320 MBpsParallel Interface from 10 MBps – 320 MBps
STORAGESTORAGE
SCSI Cont’dSCSI Cont’d
STORAGESTORAGE
Standard-Defined Bus
Speed
Common Signaling
Speed Name
Clock Speed (MHz)
ClockingTransfer Rate (Mtransfers/s
)
Throughput (MB/s)
Narrow (8-bit)
Wide (16-bit)
SCSI-1 "Regular" 5 Single 5 5 --
Fast "Fast" 10 Single 10 10 20
Fast-20 "Ultra" 20 Single 20 20 40
Fast-40 "Ultra2" 40 Single 40 40 80
Fast-80(DT)"Ultra3" or "Ultra160"
40 Double 80 -- 160
Fast-160(DT) "Ultra320" 80 Double 160 -- 320
Compact Disc (CD)Compact Disc (CD)
Developed in the 1980’sDeveloped in the 1980’s
Utilizes Lasers to Read data stored on a plastic Utilizes Lasers to Read data stored on a plastic circular disccircular disc
STORAGESTORAGE
CD’s are created in a CD’s are created in a spiral track from the spiral track from the
inside hub to the outside inside hub to the outside edgeedge
STORAGESTORAGE
The tracks are made up of Pits & Lands The tracks are made up of Pits & Lands representing 1’s & 0’srepresenting 1’s & 0’s
Pit = 0 Land = 1
STORAGESTORAGE
PC CD-ROMPC CD-ROM
Compact Disc created for use on a Personal Compact Disc created for use on a Personal ComputerComputer
99% of current software is shipped on CDs99% of current software is shipped on CDs
STORAGESTORAGE
CD Storage CapacityCD Storage Capacity
750 MB750 MB
800 MB800 MB
900 MB900 MB
1.3 GB – HD Burn1.3 GB – HD Burn
STORAGESTORAGE
CD, CD-R, CD-RWCD, CD-R, CD-RW
CD – Read OnlyCD – Read Only
CD-R – Read & Write OnceCD-R – Read & Write Once
CD-RW – Read & Write & Re-writeCD-RW – Read & Write & Re-write
STORAGESTORAGE
CD-ROMCD-ROM
Read Only – Common SpeedsRead Only – Common Speeds
1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 16x1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 16x
24x, 32x, 40x, 48x, 52x24x, 32x, 40x, 48x, 52x
STORAGESTORAGE
Read SpeedsRead Speeds1x = 150 Kb/Sec 1x = 150 Kb/Sec (Audio Standard)(Audio Standard)
24x = 150 x 24 or 3600 Kb/Sec24x = 150 x 24 or 3600 Kb/Sec
52x = 150 x 52 or 7800 Kb/Sec52x = 150 x 52 or 7800 Kb/Sec
STORAGESTORAGE
CD-RWCD-RW
Read & Write & Re-Write Read & Write & Re-Write
Common SpeedsCommon Speeds
8x/2x/12x, 12x/4x/24x8x/2x/12x, 12x/4x/24x
24x/8x/32x, 32x/12x/40x24x/8x/32x, 32x/12x/40x
48x/16x/48x, 52x/24x/52x48x/16x/48x, 52x/24x/52x
52x/48x/52x52x/48x/52x
STORAGESTORAGE
DVDDVD - Digital Versatile Disc - Digital Versatile Disc
STORAGESTORAGE
DVDDVD - Digital Versatile Disc - Digital Versatile Disc
STORAGESTORAGE
DVD-ROMDVD-ROM
Read Only FormatRead Only Format
Format Capacity Approx. Movie Time
Single-sided/single-layer 4.38 GB 2 hours
Single-sided/double-layer 7.95 GB 4 hours
Double-sided/single-layer 8.75 GB 4.5 hours
Double-sided/double-layer
15.9 GB Over 8 hours
STORAGESTORAGE
DVD-RDVD-R = DVD minus R = DVD minus R
A writeable formatA writeable format
The first DVD recording formatThe first DVD recording format
released that was compatible withreleased that was compatible with
standalone DVD Players standalone DVD Players
STORAGESTORAGE
DVD+RDVD+R = DVD plus R = DVD plus R
A writeable formatA writeable format
The second DVD recording formatThe second DVD recording format
released by the DVD+RW Alliance released by the DVD+RW Alliance
STORAGESTORAGE
DVD + or - R Dual-LayerDVD + or - R Dual-Layer
A writeable format that allows for writing to a dual-A writeable format that allows for writing to a dual-layer DVD. This type of disk holds approximately layer DVD. This type of disk holds approximately
8 GB.8 GB.
STORAGESTORAGE
Common DVD Drive SpeedsCommon DVD Drive Speeds
1x = 1385Kb/Sec1x = 1385Kb/Sec
5x, 10x, 12x, 16x Reading5x, 10x, 12x, 16x Reading
1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x, 18x Recording1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x, 18x Recording
1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x Re-Writing1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x Re-Writing
1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x Dual-Layer Writing1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x Dual-Layer Writing
STORAGESTORAGE
Optical Drives are necessary to be able to install Optical Drives are necessary to be able to install 99% of the software released today99% of the software released today
Every computer should have as a minimum a Every computer should have as a minimum a
CD DriveCD Drive(CD-RW drives are standard on most new computers today)(CD-RW drives are standard on most new computers today)
STORAGESTORAGE
Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices
STORAGESTORAGE
CompactFlash™
Physical Size: 36.3mm x 42.9mm x 3.3mm
Number of pins: 50
Most common uses: Digital cameras, PDAs, MP3 players
Distinguishing Characteristics: CompactFlash cards have the highest capacity and are the most rugged of the flash cards.
Cross-Compatibility: CompactFlash cards can be used in a PCMCIA slot if you have an adaptor. Also, some devices have slots for both CompactFlash and SmartMedia. Otherwise, you need to have a device with a CompactFlash Type I slot in order to use a CompactFlash card
Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices
STORAGESTORAGE
SmartMedia
Physical Size: 37mm x 45mm x .76mm
Number of pins: 22
Most common uses: Digital cameras, PDAs, MP3 players
Distinguishing Characteristics: SmartMedia cards have a flat contact surface that is different from the pins used on other flash cards. This is part of the reason why they can be so thin.
Cross-Compatibility: Some devices have slots for both SmartMedia and CompactFlash. Otherwise, you need to have a SmartMedia slot in order to use a SmartMedia card
Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices
STORAGESTORAGE
MultiMediaCard (MMC)
Physical Size: 24mm x 32mm x 1.4mm
Number of pins: 7
Most common uses: PDAs, MP3 players, cell phones, digital video cameras
Distinguishing Characteristics: MultiMediaCards are just like SD cards, except that they lack some of the SD file protection and encryption abilities.
Cross-Compatibility: Devices that use Secure Digital cards will also accept MultiMediaCards. Devices that use MultiMediaCards may also accept Secure Digital cards.
Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices
STORAGESTORAGE
Secure Digital (SD)
Physical Size: 24mm x 32mm x 2.1mm
Number of pins: 9
Most common uses: PDAs, MP3 players, cell phones, digital video cameras
Distinguishing Characteristics: SD cards are MultiMediaCards with special encryption capabilities to prevent unauthorized copying of data. SD cards also have a write protection feature similar to what you would find on a floppy disk.
Cross-Compatibility: Devices that use Secure Digital cards will also accept MultiMediaCards. Devices that use MultiMediaCards may also accept Secure Digital cards.
Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices
STORAGESTORAGE
Memory Stick®
Physical Size: 36.4mm x 42.8mm x 3.3mm
Number of pins: 10
Most common uses:Digital Cameras, digital music players, digital voice recorders, Sony MP3 audio recorder, video cameras, and computers with a Memory Stick slot.
Distinguishing Characteristics: Though smaller than a stick of chewing gum, Memory Stick packs big performance. Additionally, it's compact, rugged, reliable, and comes equipped with built-in erasure-prevention.
Cross-Compatibility: The Micro Vault USB Storage Media allows users to share and transport data via their computer’s USB port. All of Crucial's multi-port card readers are compatible with the Memory Stick.
Other Storage DevicesOther Storage Devices
STORAGESTORAGE
xD
Physical Size: 24.6mm x 24.9mm x 1.7mm
Number of pins: 18
Most common uses:Digital Still Cameras. There are plans to adapt the xD card for PDAs, audio players, and other IT appliances are underway.
Distinguishing Characteristics: In addition to offering compatibility with any manufacturer's xD-compatible device, the Olympus xD card is the only card that supports the Panorama function found on most Olympus digital cameras. The xD-Picture Card boasts the smallest form factor of any digital memory card, making it exceptionally portablexD cards can be used in a CompactFlash slot if you have an adaptor. Also, some devices have slots for both xD and SmartMedia. Otherwise, you need to have a device with an xD slot in order to use an xD-Picture card.
Cross-Compatibility: xD cards can be used in a CompactFlash slot if you have an adaptor. Also, some devices have slots for both xD and SmartMedia. Otherwise, you need to have a device with an xD slot in order to use an xD-Picture card.
Card ComparisonCard Comparison
STORAGESTORAGE
Questions?Questions?
STORAGESTORAGE
Assignment 05Assignment 05
Page 395Page 395
Case Study 4 – ResearchCase Study 4 – Research
Prepare a Report OnlyPrepare a Report Only
STORAGESTORAGE