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Issues and challenges inDecentralized/Distributed Generation
V V N KishoreProfessor & Head, Department of Energy and Environment
TERI University, New Delhi1-2 January 2010
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Distributed Generation
The developing country perspective
The developed country perspective
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MW level Windfarm in Karnataka
Battery charger (1-10kW)
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Wind Turbines
Scale Rotor Diameter Power ratingScale Rotor Diameter Power rating
Micro < 3 m 50 W to 2 kW
Small 3 m to 12 m 2 kW to 40 kW
Medium 12 m to 45 m 40 kW to 999 kW
Large 46 m and larger more than 1 MW
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SPV systems
SPV pump system
Stand alone system Grid connected systems
With battery storage
Without battery storage
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Building integrated photovoltaic
• Energy can be produced using untilised roof area.• Solar PV modules become part of building thereby reduce the
‘add on’ cost of the system • Promoted in many countries for grid feed type systems
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PTC plant diagram
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Solar Tower technology
• 1,926 sun-tracking heliostats (mirrors) • molten salt thermal storage system • tower (300 ft) with central receiver • conventional steam driven turbine and generator • produces about 10 MWe, enough power to serve 10,000 homes with
electricity • costs about 40 million US$
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Solar dish – Stirling engine
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Salinity gradient solar pond
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Solar chimney
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Nuvera fuel cell power plant schematic
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Schematic of integration of Solar Water Preheater and Gasifier-Boiler at SEC
Gasifier operated fire tube boiler
Water Preheater
Steam
Solar field
Cold water Hot water
Oil
Condenser
Hot water from water
preheater
Existing Feed water pumps
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Gasifier
MainBurner
Furnace
High temperatureBoiler
Steam
Turbine
Condensater
Alternator
Power output
Hopper Lid
Charge Hopper
Flare Burner
I D Fan
FD 3
FD-1FD-2
Hot Air
Baffle-3
Baffle-1
Fluegas
BucketElevator
Lid
Baffle-2
Heat Exchanger
V2 V3
V1
5V
V4
Baffle-4
Manometer
Pre-Heater
Solar Field
Ther
mic
flui
d Feed pump
ShakerGrate
M1
M2 M3
M4
M5
Air Header
Cyclone filter
Solar-Biomass Hybrid , RE Power Plant.
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Hybrid (solar thermal+biomass gasifier)Hybrid (solar thermal+biomass gasifier)renewable energy power plantrenewable energy power plant
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Basic layout ofbiomass gasifier based power plant
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DTU-Viking two stage gasifier• pyrolysis & gasification in
two separate reactors withhigh temperature intermediate tar cracking zone
• <25 mg/Nm3 tar content even in raw gas without cleaning
Pyrolysis zone:• biomass heated to 600 c using
engine exhaust (BRT 30-60 min)Partial oxidation zone:• maintained at 1200-1400 C
to crack tars: 99% tar eliminationCoke bed:Glowing coke bed at 600-700 C furtherreduces tar through gasification below 25 mg/Nm3
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Other feasible options
• Bio-diesel (based on Jatropha etc.) generators
• Generation based on biogas produced from organic wastes (animal dung, agro-wastes, MSW etc.)
• Hybrids such as wind-biodiesel, wind-pv-battery, wind-biogas etc.
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Social issues
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Present
VEC
DG
systemConsumers
Weak Link
Power forself use
Money forMaintenance etc
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• Remote villages do not have cash
economics
• VECs are quick-fix work solutions
• High expectations of unlimited power
at subsidized tariffs or free power
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Suggested
Economicactivities
(shops, cold storage, IT kiosks, STD booths, etc)
DG System+
Business hub
Grass root NGO
Consumers
Some power for self use
Money from higher tariffs
Power for enterprises
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LIBERA
Livelihood Improvement through
BiomassEnergy inRuralAreas
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4
Availability Actual availability per system
Field performance of some gasifier based power generation units
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1 2 3 4
Load level
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Off-grid Access Systems for South Asia (OASys SA)
Financed by EPSRC-DfID
A collaborative project of CEPMLP (Dundee), TERI, TERI University, Manchester and Edinburgh Napier
University
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Call specifics
• Joint EPSRC-DfID call• Specifically for
– decentralised off-grid option– South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
• Collaborative initiative– With at least one partner in the beneficiary
region• Includes a demonstration component
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Proposed Research
• Knowledge gap– Research so far considered technical aspects
and general cost-effectiveness– Two main gaps
• Business Models and institutional arrangements for delivery rarely considered
• Limited project scale-up and project sustainability experience
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2 main Research questions
• Are there cost-effective, secure and reliable local off-grid electricity supply solutions that can meet the present and future needs and are socially acceptable, institutionally viable and environmentally desirable?
• Do these local solutions have the scaling-up and replication potentials and can these solutions be brought to the mainstream for wider electricity access in the developing world?
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THANK YOU