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IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmenta5ve on-‐farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel.
Malick Ba ICRISAT Niger
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Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., is the staple crop of the dry regions of Africa.
Pearl millet
3/26/15, 2:17 AM
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The millet head miner, Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Noctuidae),
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The millet head miner damage
Ø Damage to the crop is due to larvae that feed on the panicle and prevent grain formaFon.
Ø As the larvae chew between the rachis and flowers, they liJ the destroyed flowers or developing grains, leaving a characterisFc spiral paKern on the millet head.
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Ø Typical yield losses range from 40 to 85%
Ø Almost every year outbreaks of the MHM are observed in the Sahel especially on early-‐planted millet or early maturing material
The millet head miner damage
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Management op5ons • Control with insecFcides is not realisFc for subsistence farmers because of prohibiFve cost and risk to health and the environment.
• Cultural management has limited applicability
• Host Plant Resistance is sFll under invesFgaFon
• EffecFve biocontrol agents are available
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Biological control
• The braconidae parasitoid wasp Habrobracon (=Bracon) hebetor Say naturally inflicted significant mortality to MHM.
• But parasiFsm occurs late in the season when most of the panicle are damaged
H. Hebetor developing on larvae of the MHM
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Augmenta5ve biological control • Colony of H. hebetor are established and maintained in the
laboratory on an alternate host, the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica
• C. cephalonica is reared on a mixture of millet flour and millet grains
• The parasitoids are released in 15 cm × 25 cm jute bags (+200 g of millet grains + 100 g of millet flour + 25 larvae of the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) + two mated H. hebetor females)
• The jute bags are suspended to the ceiling of tradiFonal straw granaries
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How augmenta5ve releases are made?
§ Parasitoid offspring’s escaped through the jute meshes and straw granaries and dispersed to millet fields
• A set of 15 bags are used to cover 5km2 area
• Roughly an iniFal number of 1000 parasitoids are released
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Num
ber o
f parasito
ids e
merging from
the
jute bags
Days aKer confinement
Daily H. hebetor adults emerging from the jute bags
Total: 70 parasitoids Emerging 5me: 8 days
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Effec5veness in controlling the head miner
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Burkina Faso Mali Niger
% parasi5zed larvae
H. hebetor releases villages Control (no releases)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Burkina Faso Mali Niger
% parasi5zed larvae
H. hebetor releases villages Control (no releases)
2007
2008
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Challenges
• Place of deployment of jute bag for communiFes where granaries are made of clay, which could not enable parasitoids to escape?
• The quanFty of millet flour/grain needed for formulaFng the parasitoid bags?
• Thus, we invesFgated: – effects of placing jute bags directly within millet fields on the
parasiFsm of MHM. – Reducing the seize of the jute bag
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Reduc5on of bags size by 80%
0
4
8
12
16
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Num
ber o
f em
ergi
ng H
. heb
etor
per
ba
g
Number of days after confinement within jute bags
15 cmx25cm bags
7 cmx10cm bags
T=57 T=70
Ba et al., 2014 Biocontrol
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Ba et al., 2014 Biocontrol
Type of bag
Number parasitoids emerged (Mean ± SE)
% Parasi5sm C. cephalonica (Mean ± SE)
H. Hebetor development 5me (Mean ± SE)
25 x 15 cm 57.10 ± 5.01 80.77 ± 0.17 12.15 ± 0.34
10 x 7 cm 69.80 ± 5.57 87.19 ± 0.08 11.64 ± 0.31
T= -‐1.69 DF= 38 P= 0.10
T= -‐1.72 DF= 38 P= 0.09
T= -‐1.08 DF=118 P=0.27
Reduc5on of bags size by 80%
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A B
C
a b
c
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
7x10cm jute bags 15x25cm jute bags Control (no parasitoid released)
% M
HM
larv
ae p
aras
itize
d
by H
. heb
etor
Burkina Faso Niger
Ba et al., 2014 Biocontrol
Reduc5on of bags size by 80%
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Displaying bags within millet fields
A
A
B B
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
2011 2012
% M
HM larvae parasi5zed by H. h
ebetor
Years
Parasitoid bags directly placed within millet crop
Control (no parasitoid released)
Ba et al., 2014 Biocontrol
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Completely damaged panicles Saved panicles
Economic advantages Up to 30% grain yield gain
Baoua et al, 2013. J. Appl Ento
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Way Forward
• Establish parasitoid coKage industry
• Use of egg parasitoids for enhancement of the biocontrol program
• Use of pearl millet tolerant varieFes
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Thank you!