Download - Ionic Bonds Ch 13.2 8th
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Ionic BondsChapter 13 Section 2
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Objectives:
•Explain how ionic bonds form
•Describe how positive ions form
•Describe how negative ions form
•Explain why ionic compounds are neutral
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Forming Ionic Bonds:
•Ionic bond: a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
•One or more valence electrons get transferred
•These bonds form so that the outermost energy level gets filled
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Ionic Bond animation:
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/ionic_bond_animation.gif
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Charged Particles:
•Atoms are neutral (protons = electrons)
•When electrons are transferred, ions form
•Ion = charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons
•Atoms need to be nearby for this to happen
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Forming Positive Ions:
•Ionic bonds form during chemical changes when atoms pull electrons away from other atoms
•If electrons are lost, the atom becomes more positive
•The ion then has a positive charge (protons outnumber electrons)
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Example: Sodium & Chlorine
http://www.revisionworld.com/files/ionic%20bonding.jpg
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Metal Atoms & the Loss of Electrons:•Atoms of most metals have few valence
electrons
•Metals tend to lose their valence electrons and become positive ions
•Sodium in the previous example has a 1+ charge
•The chemical symbol becomes: Na+
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Another example: Aluminum•Can you write the chemical symbol for this ion?
http://images.suite101.com/319550_com_558pxelectron_shell_013_aluminium_svg.png
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The Energy Needed to Lose Electrons:•Energy is needed to pull electrons away
from atoms
•Metals only require a little bit of energy to lose their electrons
•Groups 1 & 2 lose electrons very easily (reactive!)
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Forming Negative Ions:
•These atoms gain electrons
•They have more electrons than protons
•These ions have a negative charge
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Example: Fluorine
http://www.jirvine.co.uk/Chemistry_GCSE/C3A/Fluorine.JPG
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Nonmetal Atoms Gain Electrons:•The outer energy level of a nonmetal is
almost full
•They tend to gain electrons easily
•Oxygen is a good example
•An oxide ion has a charge of 2-
•Negative ions always end in -ide
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Example: Oxygen
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/diag_oxygen_2_ion.gif
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The Energy of Gaining Electrons:• Energy is given off by nonmetal atoms when
they gain electrons
• Atoms of Group 17 give off the most energy when they gain electrons (very reactive!)
• Ionic bonds form between metals & nonmetals
• This bond will form if the nonmetal releases more energy than is needed to take electrons from the metal
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Ionic Compounds:
•The # of electrons lost by the metal atoms = the # gained by the nonmetal atoms
•The ions that bond are charged, but the compound is neutral
•The charges of the ions cancel each other
•They form a 3-D repeating pattern: crystal lattice
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Properties of Ionic Compounds:
•Brittleness
•High melting points
•High boiling points
•Ex: NaCl (table salt)
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NaCl – crystal lattice structure
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/images/nacl.jpg
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Quick Quiz:
•How does an atom develop charge?
•What is a crystal lattice?
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Reference:
•Holt Science and Technology: Physical Science. New York: Henry Holt & Co, 2007. Print.