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Investigation of Gas Related Incidents
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Investigation of Gas Related Incidents
David E. BullViaData LP
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Introduction
IncidentsKitchen Works
A case study
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Incident, 191.3Incident means any of the following events:– (1) An event that involves a release of gas from a
pipeline, or of liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, refrigerant gas, or gas from an LNG facility, and that results in one or more of the following consequences:
• (i) A death, or personal injury necessitating in-patient hospitalization;
• (ii) Estimated property damage of $50,000 or more, including loss to the operator and others, or both, but excluding cost of gas lost;
• (iii) Unintentional estimated gas loss of three million cubic feet or more;
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Incident, 191.3
(2) An event that results in an emergency shutdown of an LNG facility. Activation of an emergency shutdown system for reasons other than an actual emergency does not constitute an incident.(3) An event that is significant in the judgment of the operator, even though it did not meet the criteria of paragraphs (1) or (2) of this definition.(I 95 video)
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PHMSA Definitions for Data Analysis
Serious pipeline incident: an event involving a fatality or injury requiring in-patient hospitalization. Significant Incidents: incidents reported by pipeline operators when any of the following conditions are met:
1. fatality or injury requiring in-patient hospitalization2. $50,000 or more in total costs, measured in 1984 dollars3. highly volatile liquid releases of 5 barrels or more or other
liquid releases of 50 barrels or more4. liquid releases resulting in an unintentional fire or explosion
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Purpose of the Investigation
Determine cause– Probable Cause – The likely scenario that
brings together fuel, O2 and ignition sources resulting in fire or explosion
Determine compliance with standard practicesDetermine need to revise standards
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§192.617 Investigation of failures.
Each operator shall establish procedures for analyzing accidents and failures, including the selection of samples of the failed facility or equipment for laboratory examination, where appropriate, for the purpose of determining the causes of the failure and minimizing the possibility of a recurrence.
(GPTC Guidance)(enforcement guide)
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Reporting Incidents
Reportable incident (Lafayette)
National Response Center– 800-424-8802 – Report number, stays in system
Incident report to OPS within 30 days– Supplemental reports
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GPTC Guidelines - Operator
GM 192.617(4)– (a) Determination of the probable cause of the
incident.– (b) Evaluation of the initial response to the
incident.– (c) The need for system improvements if
necessary.– (d) The need for improvements in response,
management and investigation of incidents.
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Initial Response to an Incident
Hazard?Extent?LifeProperty
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“Make Safe” ActionsTo Consider in an Emergency
Implement company emergency planEvacuate buildingsBlock-off areaReroute trafficEliminate sources of ignitionVentilateStop the flow of gasNotify police and fire departments
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Operator Response to an Incident
Deploy supervisory personnel and customer service/maintenance crewsImplement/continue make-safe operationEstablish gas or product migration areaControl gas/product flowInitial Observation of conditions
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Operator Response to an Incident
Establish liaison with public and regulatory officialsInitiate drug/alcohol testing– (drug 32 hr, alc 2 hr/8hr)
Review of actions takenInitiate additional measuresRecommendations
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The Operator’s Investigation Team
LegalLeak surveyPressure/measurement/odorizationSafetyCorrosionCodes and compliance
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Public affairsRisk management/claimsTechnical servicesCustomer serviceConstruction/maintenanceOutside experts
The Operator’s Investigation Team
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Regulatory Preparedness
Training– Regulations– Investigation techniques
Reporting considerations– Visual – photo, video– Written – field notes– Audio – recording
Communications procedures– Radio security– Cell phone
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Regulatory Preparedness
Media relations– Media spokesperson– Prepared statements
Review NTSB reportsReview NFPA 921, "Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations." Additional experts and assistance
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Agencies Involved
Homeland SecurityCoast GuardATF/FBINTSBOPS/PHMSAState regulatory agencyLocal fire marshal
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Properties and Characteristics of Common Combustibles
Properties of gasesSpecific gravityIgnition sources (surveillance video)
Flammable limitsOdorization
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Physical Properties of Gases
Organic
Hydrocarbon
Flammable Limits
Ignition Temperature
BTU Value
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Characteristics of Natural Gas
Non-Toxic
Colorless
Odorless
Specific Gravity
Combustible Range
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Effects of Natural Gas onSoil and Vegetation
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Displaces Soil Atmosphere
Drying Effect
Eliminates Aerobic Bacteria
Reduces Soil Components
Changes PH
Effects of Natural Gas onSoil and Vegetation
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Physical Properties ofVarious Explosive Liquids and Gases
Material Chemical Formula
Specific Gravity Air=1
Ignition TempDeg. F in Air
Lower Expl.Limit (% gas)
Upper Expl.Limit (% gas)
Methane CH4 .55 1193 5.3 15.0
Natural Gas Blend .65 1163 4.5 14.5
Ethane C2H6 1.04 993-1101 3.0 12.5
Propane C3H8 1.56 957-1090 2.2 9.5
Butane C4H10 2.01 912-1056 1.9 8.5
Hexane C6H14 3.0 437 1.1 7.5
Gasoline Blend 3-4.0 632 1.4 7.6
Acetone C3H6O 2.0 869 2.5 12.8
Benzene C6H6 2.8 928 1.2 7.8
Carbon Monoxide CO 1.0 1128 12.5 74.0
Hydrogen H2 .1 932 4.0 75.0
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 1.2 500 4.0 44.0
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Methane
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS: SWAMP GAS
No Ethane
X2
NitrogenResult:Swamp Gas
Barhole Sample
CO2
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CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS: NATURAL GAS
Indicates Natural Gas
Result:Natural Gas
Barhole Sample
Ethane
NitrogenMethane
CO2
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Ethane
No Ethane
NitrogenNatural Gas
Soil Gas
MethaneCO2
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS: COMPARISON
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Natural Gas - Methane, Ethane
Gasoline - C5's and heavy HC's
Soil and Landfill Gas - Methane, CO2
Gases in Sewers - Solvents, Alcohol
Sewer Gas - Methane, CO2, H2S
Sources of Combustible Vapors
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There
is NO
Such Thing
asSewer Gas!
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Factors Which AffectOdorant Quantity
n Odorizer Shut-Downn Contaminants in Odorizern Natural Occurring Sulfursn Distillates in Pipelinen Pipewall Adsorptionn Oxidation in Pipeline
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Factors Which AffectOdor Quality
n Physical Ailmentsn Soil Adsorptionn Maskingn Distraction
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Combustion Explosions
A rapid burning of fuel and production of combustion by-products and heated gases causes elevated pressuresDeflagration – combustion reactions where velocity of the reaction is less than the speed of sound in the fuelDetonation – reaction is greater than the speed of sound
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Combustion Explosions
Flammable gasesVapors of flammable/combustible liquidsDustsLow explosives (deflagration)High explosives (detonation)Smoke, products of incomplete combustion (backdrafts)
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Explosion Pressures
.02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .14 .160
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time in Seconds
PSIA
Methane-Air MixtureLow Order Explosion
Solid ExplosiveHigh Order Explosion
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Explosion Damage
Low order– Walls moved or bulged– Walls laid down– Roofs lifted and set down– Windows moved, glass may not break– Debris, large chunks, thrown short distance
Slow pressure rise
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Explosion Damage
High order (Canada 2)
– Shattering of structure– Pulverized debris– Walls, roofs splintered– Building demolished– Debris thrown great distance
Rapid pressure rise
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Conducting the Investigation
Secure the sceneInitial assessmentDetailed assessmentDetermine originDetermine fuelDetermine ignition sourceEstablish causeTime Line Analysis
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The Six Steps
Preliminary investigation– Secure the Scene– Initial Assessment
Detailed Assessment– Determine Origin– Determine Fuel– Determine Ignition Source
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The Six Steps
Collect data– Records– Sample collection– Documentation
Analyze data– Analysis of facts
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The Six Steps
Develop hypothesis– Establish Cause
Test hypothesis– Time Line Analysis
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The Preliminary Investigation
Perimeter testingTesting of adjacent gas mains and services– Leak survey– Pressure test
Establish when gas not presentOther sources of combustiblesAvoid early opinions of fault
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wh
e
re
is the
gas?
WHERE is the Gas?
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The CureW
H
E
R
E
here is the gas ?
ow much is there?
xtent of hazard (migration)
elation to other structures
valuate/Evacuate
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n Natural Gas -Methane, Ethane
n Gasoline -C5's and heavy HC's
n Soil and Landfill Gas -Methane, CO2
n Gases in Sewers -Solvents, Alchohols
n Sewer Gas -Methane, CO2, H2S
Sources of Combustible Vapors
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The Preliminary Investigation
Expanding techniqueLog of investigationRecord test resultsPhotographic documentationCooperate with public officials
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The Preliminary Investigation
Liaison proceduresWitnessesStatementsDocumentation
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Initial Analysis of Situation
Review and document action takenReview recordsWho to involve
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Initial Analysis of Situation
Outside specialistsFuture investigationOdorant level testAppoint one coordinator for case
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Conducting the Complete Investigation
What was the combustible?Where did it come from?How did it get to the site?Sample collection and analysisNatural gas vs. Other combustibles
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Conducting the Complete Investigation
Sewer systemCombustible liquids and vaporsPrepare drawingsPlot all utilitiesFloor plans
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Conducting the Complete Investigation
Prepare plans for all gas piping and controlsField actions vs. O&M procedures
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Records of an Incident
Maps of areaEstablish workable scaleSecure original reports
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Photographic Record of an Incident
Detailed list of necessary photographs– All sides of structure– All equipment– Start far away, move in– Relative scale, comparison– Watch backgrounds
Overhead photographs if possible
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The Value of Good Documentation
Need for documentationNeed for straightforward reportingA picture is worth a thousand wordsNotes and field sketchesSite drawings for all investigators
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The Value of Good Documentation
Document facts not opinionsIncoming callsService ordersRepair/maintenance recordsLeak control records
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The Value of Good Documentation
Construction recordsCorrosion control records (steel)Odor testsLocating recordsMeter reader records
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Analysis of Facts
Review historical dataWitnesses' statementsObservationsTest resultsLaboratory analysisExperts' reports and evidence gathering
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Time Line Analysis
Pre-incident eventsIncidentPost-incident events
(Too little too late)
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Handling Lab Analysis
SamplesSecurityLocationTimeWitnesses
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Data Prior to Incident
Floor plans, drawings, photos Utility layouts Aerial photos Additional data - (employees /neighbors)
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Handling Statements From Witnesses
Obtain soon after incident Signature/full address
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The Use of Outside Experts
Choose them in advanceKnow their areas of expertiseLawyers familiar with gas distributionMore than one for availability
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Demonstrations, Test Procedures and Instruments
ModelsMaps, charts, diagramsSewer examinations
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Security of Evidence
Preserving the sceneSecuring the evidenceChain of custody documentationSecure storage areaDocumentation
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Accident Response Kit
Gas detection equipment (CGI)Plunger barSample collection equipmentSafety gear, ID cardLatex glovesCompany manualsCall out lists
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Accident Response Kit
Report forms (all types)Camera and filmRuler/measuring tapeDrawing toolsPaper, pens, pencilsTape recorderMarking flags/paintBatteriesFlashlight Power strip inverter
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Wrap-up
ConclusionsSession evaluations