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Introduction to the Networked Introduction to the Networked Communications EnvironmentCommunications Environment
Lisa Horner, Global Partners
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Challenges and opportunities for freedom of expression
• Physical layer– Access to hardware and networks.
• Connectivity layer– Interoperability, innovation and literacy.
• Applications layer– ‘Public interest’ navigation and cataloguing.
• Content layer– Diverse, open and ‘public interest’ content.
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Physical Layer: Digital Opportunity• Asian countries lead the world in digital opportunity• But the region also has significant digital divides
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Physical Layer: Digital Divides
Internet users (2002)
Mobile subscribers (2002)
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Television is the most popular source of news
Physical Layer: Trends in Access and Use
Internet users per 100 people
3.19
11.43
6.52
17.39
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2000 2006
year
user
s pe
r 10
0 pe
ople
Asia
World
Internet and mobile phone access and use are increasing rapidly
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Connectivity Layer:
Language onlineMore than 90% of content on the Internet exists in only 12 languages
ICANN is trialling 11 new languages in top level domain names.
Percentage of population who are literate
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Applications Layer: Search engines
• Over half of all searches worldwide use Google
Internet searches, August 2007
Google61%
Yahoo14%
Baidu5%
Microsoft3%
Other17%
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The Content Layer: Regulation
• Relatively high levels of state ownership, intervention and control.
Ownership of the top five television stations - Asia Pacific
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
AustraliaChinaIndia
IndonesiaJ apan
North KoreaSouth Korea
LaoMalaysiaMyanmarP akistan
P hilippinesSingaporeSri Lanka
TaiwanThailandAverage
State
Private
Other
Ownership of the top five newspapers - Asia Pacific
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
AustraliaChinaIndia
IndonesiaJ apan
North KoreaSouth Korea
LaoMalaysiaMyanmarP akistan
P hilippinesSingaporeSri Lanka
TaiwanThailandAverage
State
Private
Other
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Internet Filtering in Asia
Social Political
Tools Conflict
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Drivers of change: Economics
Broadband is approximately 432 times more affordable in high income countries
Percentage of daily income spent on one hour of internet access, 2000-2006(Data source: World Internet Access Project)
Delhi
Karachi
Dhaka
Beijing
London
Jakarta
Manila
Tokyo
Seoul
New York
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2006
But prices are decreasing…
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Conclusions• The regional digital divide is a major
feature of the Asian communications environment.
• States have relatively high levels of control over content and infrastructure.
• The environment is continuing to evolve…what will be the effect of political, economic and regulatory dynamics?