Download - Introduction to RF & Wireless - Part 3
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Why are 1988 pennies worth more than 1983 pennies?
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Why are 1988 pennies worth more than 1983 pennies?
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Introduction to RF & Wireless
Two Day Seminar
Module 3
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Daily Schedule8:30 am – 10: 00 am Fun
10:00 am – 10:15 am Break
10:15 am – 11:45 am Fun
Noon – 1:00 pm Lunch
1:00 pm – 2:30 pm Fun
2:30 pm – 2:45 pm Break
2:45 pm – 4:15 pm Fun
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Course AgendaDay One
• Morning (Module 1)– Introduction to RF
• Afternoon (Module 2)– RF hardware
Day Two• Morning (Module 3)
– Older systems & mobile telephony
• Afternoon (Module 4)– Newer systems & the future
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Module 3 - Systems I
1. Older Systems
2. Mobile Telephony
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Module 3 - Systems I
1. Older Systems
2. Mobile Telephony
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1. Older Systems
Broadcasting
Radar
Satellites
Point-To-Point Microwave
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1. Older Systems
Broadcasting
Radar
Satellites
Point-To-Point Microwave
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
Aspects One way communication
• Large geographical area
• High power
Frequency allocation• Bands
• Channels
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
US Band Allocations
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
US Channel Allocations
Service Channel Allocatiion
AM Radio 10 KHz
FM Radio 200 KHz
Television 6 MHz
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Broadcasting
Signal Carrier
• 181 MHz
Information• 6 MHz
Carrier
Information
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
Tuner Part of the
receiver
Tunableoscillator
Tunable filter
Fromantenna
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
Before The
Filter
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
After The
Filter
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
After The
Mixer Baseband
0-6 MHz
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Older Systems - Broadcasting
Broadcasting
One Problem Line of sight
• Receiver must be able to "see" transmitter
• Antenna may have to be readjusted
• Tall buildings may cause ghosts
• Earth's curvature is a limitation
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1. Older Systems
Broadcasting
Radar
Satellites
Point-To-Point Microwave
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
RAdio Detecting And Ranging Uses a reflected RF signal to determine
• Distance
• Direction
• Velocity
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Older Systems - Radar
Types & Frequency AllocationRadar Band Frequency Uses
UHF 200 MHz Early warning
VHF 400 MHz Satellite
L-band 1000 MHz Air traffic control
S-band 2 GHz Shipboard
C-band 5 GHz Altimeter
X-band 10 GHz Weather, police
Ku-band 14, 15 GHz Airborne fighter
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
How It Determines Distance
Distance = Velocity x Time
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
How It Determines Direction
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
Beamwidth
Tradeoffs
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Atmospheric
Attenuation
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
More Tradeoffs Power vs size
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
How It Determines Velocity Doppler shift
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
Applications
Altimeter
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Older Systems - Radar
Radar
Applications
Near ObjectDetection (NODS)
AdaptiveCruise Control
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1. Older Systems
Broadcasting
Radar
Satellites
Point-To-Point Microwave
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
Why? Long range
communications
Uplink
Downlink
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
Where Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)
• Approximately 22,000 miles up
• Only at the equator
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO Satellites
Band Frequency Allocation
C-band downlink 3.7 – 4.2 GHz
C-band uplink 5.925 – 6.425 GHz
Ku-band downlink 11.7 – 12. 2 GHz
Ku-band uplink 14.0 – 14. 5 GHz
Ka-band downlink 27.5 –29.5 GHz
Ka-band uplink 29.5 – 31.0 GHz
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO SatellitesFootprint
"Antenna pattern"• CONUS
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO Satellites
3 Topologies Point to point
• Telephony, backhaul
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO Satellites
3 Topologies Point to multipoint
• Direct to home (DTH) TV
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO Satellites
3 Topologies Multipoint to point
• VSAT
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO Satellites
Spacecraft Hardware1) Antennas
2) Transponders
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO Satellites
Spacecraft Antennas Frequency vs size tradeoff
• Ku-band must be CONUS
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Older Systems - Satellites
GEO Satellites
Transponders "Bent pipe"
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
Ground Hardware Dish antennas
• "Funnel reflectors"
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
Dish Antennas Bigger the dish = higher the power
• Transmitting• Receiving
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
GPS Global Positioning System
• Run by DOD
• 24 satellites
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
• Used to determine location
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Older Systems - Satellites
GPS
How It Works
Distance = Velocity x Time
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Older Systems - Satellites
GPS
How It Works
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Older Systems - Satellites
GPS
How It Works
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Older Systems - Satellites
GPS
How It Works
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Older Systems - Satellites
GPS
How It Works
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
LEO Low Earth Orbit
• Low power
• No time delay
• Telephony
• Internet
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Older Systems - Satellites
LEO
How It Works: Approach 1
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Older Systems - Satellites
LEO
How It Works: Approach 1
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Older Systems - Satellites
LEO
How It Works: Approach 1
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Older Systems - Satellites
LEO
How It Works: Approach 2
Local Earth station
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Older Systems - Satellites
LEO Constellations
System # Sats Principal Status
Skybridge 80 Alcatel Delayed
Globalstar 48 Loral Working
Teledesic 288 Lockheed 2005
Iridium 66 Motorola Dead
ICO Global 12* McCaw 2003
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
Next Generation GEO Two way Ka-band
• Spot beams• Internet
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Older Systems - Satellites
Satellites
Next Generation Pluses
• Internet + programming
Minuses• Expensive satellites
• Susceptible to rain fade
• Time delay
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Older Systems - Satellites
Ka Band SatellitesSystem Principal Status
Spaceway Hughes 2003
Astrolink Lockheed 2003
EuroSkyway Alenia (Italy) ???
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1. Older Systems
Broadcasting
Radar
Satellites
Point-To-Point Microwave
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Point To Point Microwave
What Licensed frequency bands "Microwave relay" Uses directional "dish"
antennas
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Point To Point Microwave
Uses Voice backhaul Video backhaul
Limitations Line of sight Fresnel zones Multipath
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Fresnel Zones
What Elliptical areas Contain much of the RF energy Result of using dish antennas Size is a function of
• Distance• Frequency
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Fresnel Zones
Visual Depiction
RF energy
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Fresnel Zones
Visual Depiction
DistanceFresnel zone
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Fresnel Zones
Consequences
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Fresnel Zones
Cure High
antennas
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Multipath
What A result of reflection Transmitted signal can take multiple paths to
receiver Signals may be out of phase
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Multipath
Visual Depiction
Direct path
Reflected path
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Multipath
Cure Signal processing Antenna diversity
• Spatial diversity
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Older Systems - Point To Point Microwave
Diversity Review
Frequency Antenna (spatial) Polarization Temporal (time)
Different Kinds
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Recap
Broadcasting Carrier frequency vsInformation bandwidth frequency
Radar Distance, direction, velocityAntenna size vs frequency
Satellites Three topologiesThree orbits: GEO, MEO, LEO
Point-to Point Fresnel zonesMultipathDiversity
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Older Systems
The end
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Module 3 - Systems I
1. Older Systems
2. Mobile Telephony
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2. Mobile Telephony
Overview Cellular Systems
Air InterfacesCDMA In Depth
Block Diagram The Future
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2. Mobile Telephony
OverviewCellular Systems
Air InterfacesCDMA In Depth
Block Diagram The Future
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Current Worldwide Systems
United States AMPS, D-AMPS, SMR, CDMA, PCS
• 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1900 MHz
Europe NMT, TACS, GSM, DCS
• 450 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz
Japan JTACS, PDC
• 800 MHz, 1500 MHz
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Mobile Telephony - Overview
Differentiators
Frequency Bands Multiple bands Multiple providers per band
Modulation Type Analog and digital
Air Interface Dividing up the bands
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Mobile Telephony - Overview
Generations
1G
2G
2.5G
3G
4G
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Mobile Telephony - Overview
Future Differentiators
Switching Type Circuit vs packet
Offerings Voice through multimedia
Data Rate 14 Kbps to 2 Mbps
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Mobile Telephony - Overview
A Quick Comparison
1G 2G 2.5G 3G
Modulation Analog Digital Digital Digital
Switching Circuit Circuit Circuit/Packet Packet
Offerings Voice Messaging Internet Multimedia
Data Rate - 14 Kbps 144 Kbps 384 Kbs – 2 Mbps
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2. Mobile Telephony
Overview Cellular Systems
Air InterfacesCDMA In Depth
Block Diagram The Future
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Cellular Division Frequency Geography
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
US Frequency Allocations
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
"Full Duplex"
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Band Allocations
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Band Allocations
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Band Allocations
Upstream
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One Upstream Band
Problem Too much bandwidth
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One Upstream Band
Solution Divide up the band
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• An air Interface
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One Upstream Band
Solution Divide up the band
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• An air Interface
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Geography
MetropolitanStatistical Area
(MSA)
RuralStatistical Area
(RSA)
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Cellular Systems
Topology
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Cellular Systems
Cell
Structure
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Cell Structure
Antennapattern
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Cell Structure
Antennapattern
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Typical
Antenna
Pattern
Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3
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Recap
CELLULAR DIVISION
Frequency Upstream & downstream
Streams Bands (different providers)
Bands Individual calls (FDMA)
U.S. MSAs & RSAs
Areas Cells
Cells Sectors
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Unique Aspects1) Frequency reuse
2) Mobility
3) Low power
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Frequency Reuse
What The ability to use the
same frequency more than once, at the same time, in an MSA or RSA
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Frequency Reuse
Cell Spacing Depends on S/N ratio Varies from 4 to 21
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Mobility
What Is It The ability to change the receiver you
communicate with as you move• Handoff
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Handoff
How All basestations periodically transmit a pilot signal
• Cell phone uses power discrimination
Pilot Pilot
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Handoff
How Cell phone requests handoff
• Uses access signal
Access
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Mobility
Handoff
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Mobility
Handoff
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Mobility
Handoff
Maximum data rate depends on speed
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Infrastructure Area Cell Transmitter/Receiver Adding capacity
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Area Infrastructure
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Cell Infrastructure
"Basestation" Sector antennas
Cable
Equipment hut
Power supply Batteries
Receiver
TransmitterTelco
Controller
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cell Infrastructure
Spatial Diversity To overcome multipath
Multiple receiveantennas
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cell Infrastructure
Transmitter Filter after the HPA
Most transmitters Basestation transmitters
Cavity filter
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cell Infrastructure
Receiver Filter before the LNA
Most receivers Basestation receivers
Low-loss filter
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cell Infrastructure
Receiver Filter after the LNA
Most receivers Basestation receivers
Cavity orSuperconducting
filter
Cooled LNA
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Cell Infrastructure
Another Issue
Power supply Batteries
Telco
Controller
Insertion Loss5 dB?
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Cell Infrastructure
A Solution
Power supply Batteries
Telco
Controller
Tower TopSystem
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity1) Within a cell
2) Areas without coverage in an MSA or RSA
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
Within A
Macrocell
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
Microcells
Picocells
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
Areas Without Coverage In buildings In tunnels Obstructed areas Fringe areas Dead spots
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Mobile Telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
Use Repeaters
Macrocell
Repeater
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
Dead Spots
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
1. Repeaters More cells or repeaters
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
Dead Spots
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
2. Superconducting Filters
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
Dead Spots
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Mobile telephony - Cellular Systems
Adding Capacity
3. Smart Antennas
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2. Mobile Telephony
Overview Cellular Systems
Air InterfacesCDMA In Depth
Block Diagram The Future
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Mobile Telephony - Air Interfaces
Air Interfaces
Five FDMA TDMA CDMA SDMA CDPD
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FDMA
Frequency Division
Multiple Access
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Mobile Telephony - Air Interfaces
FDMA
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Mobile Telephony - Aire Interfaces
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access Each frequency is divided into time
slots• 3 - 6 different time slots• Uses buffering
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TDMA + FDMA
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Mobile Telephony - Air Interfaces
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access Conversations share frequencies & are
distinguished by their "address"
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CDMA The envelope gets addressed
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CDMA The envelope gets addressed
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CDMA
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CDMA + FDMA
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Mobile Telephony - Air Interfaces
SDMA
Spatial Division Multiple Access Subdividing cell sectors into subsectors Uses smart antennas
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Mobile telephony - Air Interfaces
SDMA
Smart
Antenna
Pattern
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Mobile Telephony - Air Interfaces
CDPD
Cellular Digital Packet Data Used for data only (no voice) Uses unused frequencies and unused time slots
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Recap
FDMA Divides a frequency band into sub-bands
TDMA Divides a sub-band into time slots
CDMA Overlapping conversations, unique addresses
SDMA Divides an antenna sector into subsectors
CDPD Uses unused frequencies & time slots (data only)
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2. Mobile Telephony
Overview Cellular Systems
Air Interfaces
CDMA In Depth
Block Diagram The Future
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Noise Spectrum Signal Spectrum
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
What Takes the energy contained in a narrowband
signal and spreads it over a larger bandwidth• Spread spectrum
As a consequence, the power level drops• It appears to be noise
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Visually
Narrowbandsignal
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Visually
Spreadsignal
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Graphically
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Graphically
Spectral densityis constant
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Why Spread Spread signals drop down into the noise Noise is noise Up to a point, noise signals can be piled on top
of each other without effecting anything
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
Spreading
Where Does Spreading Occur
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
What Is Spreading Another modulation
• Much higher frequency
• Chipping rate
Data signal
Spreading signal
XOR
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
This Kind Of Spreading Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
XOR
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Spreading Signal Spreading signal is a pseudo random Noise (PN) signal
• Random
• Pseudo
Every user has their own unique PN signal
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Spreading Example
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
De-Spreading
Where Does De-Spreading Occur
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
De-Spreading Example
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
Receiving Someone Else's Signal
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
CDMA
PN Signals One continuous looping signal
• Everyone uses the same looping signal, BUT
• They start at a different point in the loop
Must be synchronized• Basestation to cell phone
• Basestation to basestation
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Mobile Telephony - CDMA
PN Synchronization
How GPS
Voice + Synch + Pilot
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2. Mobile Telephony
Overview Cellular Systems
Air InterfacesCDMA In Depth
Block Diagram The Future
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Mobile Telephony - Block Diagram
Block Diagram
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2. Mobile Telephony
Overview Cellular Systems
Air InterfacesCDMA In Depth
Block Diagram
The Future
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Mobile Telephony - The Future
The Future
Vision For 3G Global standard One frequency Pure packet-based networks Bandwidth on demand (up to 2 Mbps)
• IMT-2000
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Roadmap To 3GAT&T
Cingular
VerizonSprint
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Mobile Telephony - The Future
The Future
Problems On The Road To 3G No global standard Multiple frequencies Ground up vs upgrade Real world vs the lab How to make money
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Mobile Telephony - The Future
The Future
3G To Date 3G services vs 3G networks Asia
• i-Mode in Japan
Europe• Under construction
US• 2003-2007
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Mobile Telephony - The Future
The Future
What About 4G Improved modulation Smart antennas >2 Mbps Video on demand Pure IP 2006 - 2010
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Mobile Telephony
The end
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Module 3 - Systems I
The end