Download - Introduction to RF & Wireless - Part 2
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Introduction to RF & Wireless
Two Day Seminar
Module 2
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Introduction to RF & Wireless
Two Day Seminar
Module 2
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Course AgendaDay One
• Morning (Module 1)– Introduction to RF
• Afternoon (Module 2)– RF hardware
Day Two• Morning (Module 3)
– Older systems & mobile telephony
• Afternoon (Module 4)– Newer systems & the future
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Module 2 - RF Hardware
1. Basic Building Blocks
2. Other Components
3. Circuits
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Module 2 - RF Hardware
1. Basic Building Blocks
2. Other Components
3. Circuits
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas
Amplifiers
Filters
Mixers
Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver PreviewAntennas
Amplifiers
Filters
Mixers
Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
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Basics Building Blocks - Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Transmitters & Receivers
Recall
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Transmitter Block Diagram
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Receiver Block Diagram
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver Preview
AntennasAmplifiers
Filters
Mixers
Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antennas
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antennas
Function Turn current on a wire into airborne waves Vice versa
• Most antennas work in both directions
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Antennas
What Act as impedance matching circuits
• From conductor (50 ohms) to free space (377 ohms)
Free space377 ohms
Conductor50 ohms
Antenna
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Antennas
How Conductors that are about ½ wavelength long
begin to radiate RF energy as waves
½ Wavelength
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Wavelengths Wavelength (meters) Application
5,000,000 Electrical wall outlet
152,500 The human voice
566 AM radio
5 VHF television
3 FM radio
0.3 Cellular phones
0.1 PCS phones
0.02 DirectTV
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antennas
Characteristics Active: Requires a power supply Passive: Does not require a power supply Directional: Sends RF energy in one direction Omnidirctional: Sends RF energy in all directions Size: Depends on the wavelength Shape: Depends on the direction of the RF energy
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Pattern
What Is It? An engineering tool that shows a birds-eye view of
the RF energy radiating out of an antenna
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Pattern
Omnidirectional
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Pattern
Directional
20
Beamwidth
Azimuth
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Gain
Two Kinds Power gain
• Comes from an amplifier
• Increases the power
Antenna gain• Directional gain
• No increase in power
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Isotropic Antenna
What Is It? A mythical "point" antenna
• Antenna pattern is a sphere• Minimum power density
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Directional Antenna
Visual Depiction Higher power density
than isotropic
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Gain
Directional Gain A gain in power density NOT power
• Relative to an isotropic antenna
Measured in dBi
Definition dBi = "dB greater than isotropic"
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Gain
For ExampleAn directional antenna with 10 dBi of antenna gain produces an RF signal with TEN TIMES the power density compared to an isotropic antenna
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Gain
Input power = 30 dBm
Output power =10 dBi
30 dBm
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power = 30 dBm + 10 dBi = 40 dBm
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Noise floor -120 dBm
Output power40 dBm
Free space loss
-80 dBm
120 dB
Absorption-90 dBm
10 dB
30 dBS/N
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Noise floor -120 dBm
Effective isotropicradiated power 40 dBm
Free space loss
-80 dBm
120 dB
Absorption-90 dBm
10 dB
30 dBS/N
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Noise floor -120 dBm
Effective isotropicradiated power 40 dBm
Free space loss
-80 dBm
120 dB
Absorption 10 dB
40 dBS/N
Ant gain
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Gain
30 dBm Antenna10 dBi
Antenna10 dBi
FSL-120 dB
Absorb-10 dB
-80 dBm
Noise floor -120 dBm
40 dBS/N
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antenna Gain
Even Omnidirectionals Have Gain 2 - 3 dBi
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Antenna Types
Omnidirectional Dipole: ½ wavelength long Monopole: ¼ wavelength long
Directional Dish Horn Patch Array
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Array Antenna
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Polarization
What Is It? The RF (sine) waves which emanate from an
antenna have an orientation to them• Horizontal
• Vertical
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Polarization
Horizontal Vertical
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Polarization
So What Otherwise identical RF signals can be made
distinct by having different polarizations• Better use of scarce bandwidth
• Polarization diversity
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Smart Antennas
What Are They? Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Smart Antennas
What Are They? Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Smart Antennas
What Are They? Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Smart Antennas
What Are They? Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves
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Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Smart Antennas
How? Switched beam Electronically scanned
Why? More users per area Spatial division multiple access
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas
AmplifiersFilters
Mixers
Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Amplifiers
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Amplifiers
Function Increase the power of RF signals
• "Power gain"
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Amplifiers
Main Types Low noise amplifier (LNA)
• First one in a receiver
High power amplifier (HPA)• Last one in a transmitter
Other• Many different kinds
• "Gain blocks"
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Amplifiers
HPA LNA
Other
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Amplifier Properties
LNA Gain Linearity Noise figure
HPA Gain Linearity Output power
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Gain
Power Gain (Gp) Measured in dB
30 dB
-90 dBm
-60 dBm
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Linearity
Transfer CurveOne dB compression point
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Linearity
Another Measure Third order intercept (Ip3)
Intercept point• Measured in dB
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Output Power
Dictates Amplifier Performance Suppose Psat = 40 dBm
30 dB
20 dBm
50 dBm
HPA
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Output Power
Dictates Amplifier Performance Suppose Psat = 40 dBm
30 dB
20 dBm
50 dBm
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Output Power
Dictates Amplifier Performance Suppose Psat = 40 dBm
30 dB
20 dBm
40 dBm
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Output Power
Dictates Amplifier Performance Suppose Psat = 40 dBm
30 dB
20 dBm
40 dBm
20 dB
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Noise Figure
Definition How much an amplifier decreases the S/N ratio
• Measured in dB
NF=3dB40 dBS/N 37 dBS/N
LNA
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
A Special Amplifier
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) Gain can be made to vary
15 dB
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
A Special Amplifier
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) Gain can be made to vary
30 dB
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas
Amplifiers
FiltersMixers
Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
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Basic Building Blocks - Filters
Filters
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Basic Building Blocks - Filters
Filters
Function Eliminate signals at unwanted frequencies
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Basic Building Blocks - Filters
Filters
Block Diagrams
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Filters
Frequency Response Used to describe a filter's behavior A graph of attenuation vs frequency
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Filters
Types Low pass
• Only signals below a certain frequency can pass
High pass• Only signals above a certain frequency can pass
Band pass• Only signals between two frequencies can pass
Band reject ("Notch")• Only signals outside two frequencies can pass
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Low Pass Filter
Ideal Frequency Response
Pass band
Stop band
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Low Pass Filter
Real Frequency Response
Pass band
Stop band
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Low Pass Filter
Real Frequency Response
Out of band signalsIdealpassband
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High Pass Filter
Frequency Response
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Band Pass Filter
Frequency Response
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Band Reject Filter
Frequency Response
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Special Filters
Duplexer ("Diplexer") Two band pass filters in one package
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Special Filters
Duplexer Frequency Response
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Basic Building Blocks - Filters
Special Filters
SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) Converts RF signals into sound signals Used for low frequency applications
• Typically less than 3 GHz
Very small and low cost• Ideal for use in cell phones
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Basic Building Blocks - Filters
Special Filters
Superconducting Filters Have zero insertion loss in the pass band Have a near-vertical frequency response Require cooling units
• Used primarily in cellular base station receivers
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Basics Building Blocks - Filters
Filters
Interesting Things To Know All devices have a 1 dB compression point -
even passive ones like filters• A function of input power
IL of a passive device is its noise figure
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas
Amplifiers
Filters
MixersSources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
Function To change the frequency of the RF signal
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
How Mixers have two inputs and one output called ports
Input 1
Input 2
Output
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
How One RF signal goes into Input 1 One RF signal goes into Input 2 TWO RF signals come out of the Output
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
How Output signal 1
• Frequency = sum of frequencies of input signals
Output signal 2• Frequency = difference of frequencies of input signals
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
ExampleOne input signal to a mixer has a frequency of 400 MHz while the other has
a frequency of 500 MHz. What is the frequency of the two output signals?
Frequency (signal 1) = 400 MHz + 500 MHz = 900 MHz
Frequency (signal 2) = 500 MHz - 400 MHz = 100 MHz
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Mixers
Example
500 MHz
400 MHz
100 MHz
900 MHz
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
What Mixers can be used to raise OR lower the
frequency of an RF signal• Raise: upconverter and it's in a transmitter
• Lower: downconverter and it's in a receiver
Only one output signal is used The other is eliminated with a filter
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
Characteristics Noise figure Insertion loss called conversion loss (CL) One dB compression point Ports have designations
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
Port Designations
RF
LO
IF
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
Port Designations LO is always one of the inputs
• LO: Local Oscillator
RF/IF can be input or output• IF: Intermediate Frequency• Upconverter (transmitter): RF is output• Downconverter (receiver): RF is input
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
How They're Actually Used Upconverters/Downconverters
• Change the frequency
Phase modulators/demodulators• Impart or detect a phase shift
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Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
Downconverter Superheterodyne
RF Signal900 MHz
Baseband Signal64 KHzIF Signal
70 MHz
From Antenna To Demod
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas
Amplifiers
Filters
Mixers
Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
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Basics Building Blocks - Sources
Sources
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Sources
Function To generate a perfect sine wave at a specified
frequency• It is the "source" of the RF• It is also called an oscillator• It feeds the LO port of a mixer
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Basics Building Blocks - Sources
Sources
How Many materials produce a sine wave when
excited with electrical energy
What The objective is to produce the most perfect
sine wave possible
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Basics Building Blocks - Sources
Sources
Examples
Acronym Oscillator
DRO Dielectric resonator
XO Crystal
YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet
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Basics Building Blocks - Sources
Special Sources
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) The frequency of the sine wave can be made to
vary by means of an external control
Control voltage in
Sine wave out
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Special Sources
Synthesizer "Sophisticated" oscillator
Frequency selector
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RecapAntenna Airborne waves to current
Amplifer Makes signals bigger
Filter Elliminates unwanted frequencies
Mixer Changes a signal’s frequency
Source Produces a perfect sine wave
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1. Basic Building Blocks
Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas
Amplifiers
Filters
Mixers
Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
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Transmitter Block Diagram
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Transmitter Block Diagram
64 Kbps
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Transmitter Block Diagram
64 KHz
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Transmitter Block Diagram
64 KHz
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Transmitter Block Diagram
900 MHz
70 MHz
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Transmitter Block Diagram
900 MHz
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Transmitter Block Diagram
900 MHz
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Transmitter Block Diagram
900 MHz
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Receiver Block Diagram
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Receiver Block Diagram
Signals
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Receiver Block Diagram
Signals
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Receiver Block Diagram
Signals
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Receiver Block Diagram
900 MHz
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Receiver Block Diagram
64 KHz
70 MHz
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Receiver Block Diagram
64 KHz
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Receiver Block Diagram
64 KHz
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Receiver Block Diagram
64 Kbps
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Basic Building Blocks
The end
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Module 2 - RF Hardware
1. Basic Building Blocks
2. Other Components
3. Circuits
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
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2. Other Components
SwitchesAttenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
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Other Components - Switches
Switches
Function Switch an RF signal's path
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Other Components - Switches
Switches
Function Change an RF signal's path
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Other Components - Switches
Switches
Where
Cell phone
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Other Components - Switches
Switches
Where
Cell phone
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Other Components - Switches
Switch Types
Switch Type Characterstics
Solid state FastSmall
Inexpensive
Electromechanical BigSlow
Low insertion loss
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Other Components - Switches
Insertion Loss vs Isolation
Insertion Loss Loss in the closed path
Insertion loss 1 dB
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Other Components - Switches
Insertion Loss vs Isolation
Isolation Loss in the open path
Isolation 30 dB
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
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Other Components - Attenuators
Attenuators
Function To make an RF signal smaller
Heat
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Other Components - Attenuators
Attenuators
Block Diagrams
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Other Components - Attenuators
Attenuator Types
Attenuator Type Characterstics
Fixed Insertion loss has asingle value
Voltage Variable Insertion loss can take anyvalue over a range
Digital Insertion loss can only takecertain values over a range
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Other Components - Attenuators
Digital Attenuator
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Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Saturated Power Suppose Psat = 40 dBm
30 dB
20 dBm
50 dBm
Recall
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Other Components - Attenuators
Attenuators
Where To prevent saturation
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
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Other Components - Dividers
Dividers
Function Break up an RF signal into 2 or more signals
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Other Components - Dividers
Dividers
Function Break up an RF signal into 2 or more signals
30 dBm
1 dB
? dBm
? dBm
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Other Components - Dividers
Dividers
Function Break up an RF signal into 2 or more signals
30 dBm
1 dB
26 dBm
26 dBm
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Other Components - Combiners
Combiners
Function Combine 2 or more RF signals into one
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
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Couplers
Coupler Types Also Called
Directional coupler Coupler
Bi-directional coupler Dual directional coupler
Quad coupler Quadrature couplerQuadrature (Quad) hybrid
HybridLange coupler
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Other Components - Couplers
Directional Couplers
Function To "sample" an RF signal
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Bi-Directional Couplers
Function To sample reflected power also
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Other Components - Couplers
Quad Couplers
Function Splits a signal into 2 with a phase shift
90°
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Other Components - Couplers
Quad Couplers
Where Balanced amplifier
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
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Other Components - Circulators
Circulators
Function Reroutes RF signals
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Other Components - Circulators
Circulators
Function Reroutes RF signals
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Other Components - Circulators
Circulators
Function Reroutes RF signals
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Other Components - Circulators
Circulators
Where
Cell phone
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Other Components - Isolators
Isolators
Function To protect something from reflected power
Load
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Other Components - Isolators
Isolators
Where
Base stationLoad
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
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Other Components - Transformers
Transformers
Function Impedance matching, coupling, and others
RF outRF in
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Other Components - Transformers
75 ohms 50 ohms
Impedance matching circuit
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
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Other Components - Detectors
Detectors
Function To convert RF power to voltage
RF in Voltage out
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2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
![Page 157: Introduction to RF & Wireless - Part 2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061205/54808a0eb4af9ff11c8b49e5/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Other Components - Phase Shifters
Phase Shifters
Function To phase shift the output relative to the input
Input signalPhase shiftedoutput signal
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Other Components - Phase Shifters
BPSK
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Other Components - Phase Shifters
Phase Shifters
Where In modulators
180
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Other Components - Phase Detectors
Phase Detectors
Function To convert a phase difference to a voltage
Where In demodulators
PhaseDetector
RF Input 1
RF Input 2Voltage Output
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RecapSwitch Change an RF signals’ path
Antennuator Makes signals smaller
Divider/Combiner
Splits a signal evenly
Coupler Samples a signal
Quad Coupler Splits a signal with phase shift
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RecapCirculator/
IsolatorReroutes a signal
Transformer Impedance matching, coupling, etc
Detector Converts an RF signal to a voltage
Phase Shifter Imparts a phase shift on a signal
PhaseDetector
Converts a phase diff to a voltage
PhaseDetector
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Other Components
The end
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3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies
Interconnection
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3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies
Interconnection
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Semiconductor MaterialsMaterial Comments
Silicon(Si)
Low costLow frequency
Gallium Aresenide(GaAs)
Higher costHigher frequency
Silicon Germanium(SiGe)
Low costHigh effeciency
Indium Phosphide(InP)
Highest costHighest frequency
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Semiconductor Building BlocksComponent Usage
Diode Switches, AttenuatorsMixers, Detectors
Transistor Amplifers, SwitchesOscillators, Mixers
Integrated Circuit Combine multiplecomponents
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Diodes
Main Structures PIN
• Power
Schottky• Speed
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Diodes
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Transistors
Main Structures Bipolar Junction (BJT)
• Low frequency
• High power
Field Effect (FET)• High frequency
• Low noise
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Materials Silicon
• "Bipolar"
Gallium Arsenide• Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Field Effect Transistors
Materials Silicon
• MOSFET
• LDMOS
Gallium Arsenide• MESFET
• HEMT
• PHEMT
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Transistors
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Integrated Circuits
MMIC Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit
• Si, SiGe or GaAs
• Transistors + other components– Amplifiers
– Switches
– Digital attenuators
– Mixers
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Circuits - Seminconductors
Integrated Circuits
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RecapMaterials
Silicon - Low frequency Gallium Arsenide - Higher frequency Silicon Germanium - High efficiency Indium Phosphide - Highest frequency
Building Blocks Diodes - PIN, Schottky Transistors - BJT, FET Integrated circuits - Combination
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3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies
Interconnection
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Designs
Two Types Lumped element Distributed
Dictated By Frequency
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Designs
Lumped Element Uses discrete ("real")
passive components• Inductors
• Capacitors
• Couplers
• Transformers
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Designs
Distributed Uses metal traces as
passive components• Inductors
• Capacitors
• Couplers
• Transformers
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit ConstructionFour Ways
Discrete Hybrid MMIC Cavity
Dictated By Cost Size Performance
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Construction
Discrete Packaged semiconductors Lumped passives Printed circuit board
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Construction
Hybrid Packaged or bare
chip semiconductors Lumped or
distributed passives Ceramic substrate
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Construction
MMIC Semiconductors
devices Distributed passives On a single piece of
semiconductor
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Construction
Cavity A hollow container Signals move as waves
inside Used for high power
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
RecapCircuit Design
Lumped - Low frequency Distributed - High frequency
Circuit Construction Discrete - High power, quick design time Hybrid - High frequency, best performance MMIC - Small size, high volume Cavity - Very high power
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3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies
Interconnection
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Interconnection
Transmission lines
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Circuits - Interconnection
Interconnection
Transmission Lines Should be 50 ohms (i.e. good match) Have insertion loss Effect system performance Can be made several different ways
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Circuits - Interconnection
Transmission Lines
Can Be Made Using1) Cables - box to box
2) Waveguides - high power box to box
3) Metal traces - low power, inside a box
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Circuits - Interconnection
Cables
Coaxial Cables
Inner conductor
Insulator
Outer shield
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Circuits - Interconnection
Cable Assemblies
Consist Of Coaxial cable Connectors
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Circuits - Interconnection
Cables
Connectors Many families
• Price
• Performance
• Evolution
Many types• Usage
dependent
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Circuits - Interconnection
Cables
How To Interconnect Different Families Adapters
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Circuits - Interconnection
Waveguides
What Rectangular metal
tubing
How Signals travel as
waves
Why Zero insertion loss
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Circuits - Interconnection
Traces
Where On printed circuit boards
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Circuits - Interconnection
Traces
Where In hybrids
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Circuits - Interconnection
Traces
Where As part of MMICs
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Circuits - Interconnection
TracesConstruction
Stripline Microstrip Coplanar waveguide Metal
Substrate
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Circuits - Circuit Technologies
RecapTransmission Lines
Coaxial cables
Waveguide
Traces
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Circuits
The end
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Module 2 -RF Hardware
The end
Dinner