![Page 1: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Psychology
Brain and Behavior
![Page 2: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Nervous System
CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information to and from the nervous system
![Page 3: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic System: carries messages to and from sense organs and skeletal muscles
Controls voluntary behavior
![Page 4: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System: glands and organs; “automatic functions”
Heartbeat, digestion
![Page 5: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Peripheral Nervous System
Sympathetic: fight or flight; prepares for action
Parasympathetic: quiets the body; lowers arousal
![Page 6: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Neurons
Nerve cells in the brain
Carry messages; activate muscles and glands
100 billion neurons in the brain
![Page 7: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Neuron
Fig. 3.8
![Page 8: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Parts of the Neuron
Dendrites: receives messages from other neurons
Soma: receives messages; sends nerve impulse down the axon
![Page 9: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Parts of the Neuron
Axon: thin fiber leading to the terminal buttons; nerve impulses travel down the axon; carries messages
Myelin sheath: fatty layer covering the axon that helps nerve impulses move faster
![Page 10: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Parts of the Neuron
Synapse: the microscopic space between the neurons over which messages pass
Neurotransmitters travel across the axon
Ions: electrically charged molecules found inside and outside the neuron, with + or - charges
![Page 11: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Resting Potential
Electrical charge of an inactive neuron
-70 mv
Messages from other neurons raise or lower the resting potential
![Page 12: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Threshold
If the charge raises to -50 mv, the neuron reaches its threshold
Threshold=trigger point for firing
Ready to fire
![Page 13: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Neural Firing An action potential (nerve impulse)
sweeps down the axon
Ion channels open and sodium ions rush in
![Page 14: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
After the action potential....
Positive ions flow back out; the neuron becomes negatively charged again
Resting state is restored
After firing, the neuron dips below resting level and is less willing to fire
![Page 15: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Firing...
Firing is an all or nothing event The neuron either fires, or doesn’t
fire
It take 1/1000 of a second for a neuron to fire; on average, they fire between 1-400 times per second
![Page 16: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Neurotransmitters Chemicals that alter activity in the
neurons
Neurotransmitters travel from the terminal buttons across the synapse, and connect to special receptors sites on the dendrites and soma of the next neuron
![Page 17: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit firing
![Page 18: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Types of Neurotransmitters Dopamine: too little=Parkinson’s, too
much=schizophrenia Acetylcholine: activates muscles Serotonin: deficiency associated with
depression/anxiety Neuropeptides: influence memory,
pain, emotion, and mood Endorphins: released by the pituitary
glad; lessens pain
![Page 19: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Brain
Right and Left hemispheres
Lateralization
Divided by the corpus callosum
![Page 20: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Left and Right Hemispheres
Left: Detail oriented Speech and
language Calculating Understands one
word at a time, not the big picture
Right: Non-verbal Face recognition Express/detect
emotion Understanding
speech context/nuances of language
![Page 21: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Brain’s Four Lobes
Fig. 3.7
![Page 22: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Functions of Lobes of the Cortex
Frontal lobes
Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
Involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose
Function in vision
Active role in hearing, language processing, and memory
Parietal lobesRoles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control
![Page 23: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Brain
Recent research:
Both heredity and environment shape the brain
The role of experience and brain plasticity
![Page 24: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dendritic Spreading
Fig. 3.11
![Page 25: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pruning
Changes to the dendrites and synapses Connections are formed and
terminated
![Page 26: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Experience and the Brain Exposure to trauma:
PTSD: reduced size of the hippocampus
Depression: Parts of the brain atrophy over time
Addiction: Changes in neurotransmitters
![Page 27: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Experience and the Brain Mice in deprived vs. enriched
environments: differences in brain weight, neural connections and activity
Children reared in deprived environments have depressed brain activity (i.e. Romanian orphans) Can be reversed; brain plasticity/resilience
![Page 28: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Brain in Adolescence
Adolescent emotions — Areas of the brain involved in emotional
regulation are still growing/changing
Poor self-control; seek rewards and pleasure
Risk taking
Lack of practical experiences; immature
judgment
![Page 29: Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior. Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f345503460f94c521f8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Alcoholism
Alcohol doesn’t “kill” neurons, but damages the dendrites
Affects communication between neurons
Frontal lobe and limbic system Brain may atrophy