![Page 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Plant Reproduction
23.1
![Page 2: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
–Joining of an egg and sperm
Asexual reproduction
–A single organism replicating its genetic material to split into two identical organisms.
![Page 3: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Vegitative Reproduction A form of asexual reproduction where
a new plant grows from parts of an existing plant.
Fast reproduction Examples:
– Strawberry runners– Moss fragmentation– Potato eyes and buds
![Page 4: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Alteration of Generations
![Page 5: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Alteration of GenerationsOf Nonseed Nonvascular Plants
![Page 6: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Alteration of GenerationsOf Nonseed Vascular Plants
![Page 7: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Alteration of GenerationsOf Naked Seed Vascular Plants
![Page 8: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Alteration of GenerationsOf Flowering Seed Vascular Plants
![Page 9: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Alteration of Generations
Fertilization: Nonvascular plants- Need a film of
water for the sperm to reach the egg.
Vascular plants- Do not need water for the sperm to reach the egg.
![Page 10: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Alteration of Generations
As plants evolved, the sporophyte generation became larger:
Nonvascular plants- Sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for support and nutrition.
Vascular plants- Sporophyte lives independent of the gametophyte.
![Page 11: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Moss reproductive cycle Gametophyte dominant
– Male= Antheridium
– Female= Archegonium
ArchegoniumAntheridium
![Page 12: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Moss reproductive cycle Antheridium- Male produces
flagellated sperm that need water to get to the archegonium.
Chemotaxis- Female archegonium produces chemicals that attract/direct the sperm.
![Page 13: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Moss reproductive cycle
![Page 14: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Moss reproductive cycle Sporophyte- Depends on the
gametophyte for support and
nutrition. Protonema- Spores that land in a
favorable spot develop into a protonema (gametophyte
generation).
![Page 15: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fern reproductive cycle Sporophyte dominant Frond- feathery stems of a fern Sorus- underneath the frond
–Produces spores
![Page 16: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fern reproductive cycle Prothallus
– The fern spore grows into a prothallus when it lands on damp, rich soil.
– Heart shaped
– Contains Antheridia
& Archegonium
![Page 17: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Conifer reproductive cycle
Sporophyte dominant Heterosporous- Produces two kinds
of spores that develop into male and female cones.
– Female cones
–Made of many scales
–2 ovules at the base of each scale
–Each ovule produces a Megaspore which develops into the female archegonia.
![Page 19: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Conifer reproductive cycle
– Male cones
–Made of small scales that form microspores
–4 microspores develop into a single pollen grain
–Pollen grains are the
male gametophyte that
are transported on air
currents
![Page 20: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Chapter 23.2
Flowers
![Page 22: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Parts of a Flower
• Most flowers have four parts:
• sepals,• petals,• stamens,• Carpels (pistils)
![Page 23: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The parts of a flower• Sepals protect the
bud until it opens.• Petals attract
insects.• Stamens make
pollen.• Pistils (carpel)
grow into fruits which contain the seeds.
![Page 24: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Stamen (male)
• Anther: pollen grains grow in the anther.
• When the grains are fully grown, the anther splits open.
• Filament: holds the anther
![Page 26: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pistil (female)
• Stigma• Style• Ovary
Stigma – sticky place for pollen to attachStyle – where pollen nuclei travels to reach the eggOvary – where egg is located
![Page 27: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Modifications in Flowers Complete flowers – have all four
organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils)– M orning glory and tiger lily
Incomplete flowers – lacks one or more of the four organs– Squash and corn
![Page 28: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tiger Lily – a complete flower
![Page 29: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Female Squash Flower Male Squash Flower
Incomplete Flowers
![Page 30: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Modifications in Flowers P erfect flowers- Have both stamens
and pistils (E x: Lily) Imperfect flowers- E ither have a
functioning stamen or pistil, but not bothE x : Cucumber, Squash
![Page 31: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pollination Mechanisms Animal pollination
– hummingbirds & bees transfer pollen from plant to plant
– Flowers are brightly colored or highly scented
Wind pollination– lightweight and are carried by wind– Small flowers with little color or scent
Self pollination– Able to pollinate flowers on same plant– Have both pistel and stamen
![Page 32: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Pollinators
![Page 33: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
PHOTOPERIODICITY Plants flower based
on the number of hours of darkness they are exposed to
Short-day plants -
flower when days are short (fall, winter, spring)
Ex: Pansy,
Poinsettias
![Page 34: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
PHOTOPERIODICITY Long-day plants -
flower when days are long (summer)
Examples:
– Potatoes
– Clover
– Spinach
![Page 35: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
PHOTOPERIODICITY Intermediate-day
plants- Grow when darkness is about equal to daylight.E x : Sugar Cane
![Page 36: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
PHOTOPERIODICITY Day-neutral plants-
Hours of darkness does not effect flowering, as long as there is enough daylight to perform photosynthesis.
E x: Corn, tomatoes, cotton, roses
![Page 37: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Chapter 23.3
Flowering P lants
![Page 38: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Flowering Plant reproductive cycle
Sporophyte dominant Ovary- produces 4 megaspores, but 3
disintegrate and only one remains. Double fertilization – requires 2 sperm
to fertilize the egg and make a seed. Seed – embryo (cotyledons),
endosperm (food for embryo), seed coat (protect seed)
![Page 39: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Flowering Plant Reproduction
![Page 40: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
4 kinds of fruit
1. Simple Fleshy fruits- contain one or more seeds.
Ex: Apples, Peach, grape, tomato, pumpkin
![Page 41: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
4 Kinds of fruit
2. Aggregate fruit- Most berries. Many female parts fuse to form one fruit.
Ex: Blackberries, strawberries, raspberries
![Page 42: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4 Kinds of fruit
3. Multiple fruit- Flowers fuse to form one fruit.
Ex: Pineapples, figs
![Page 43: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
4 Kinds of fruit
4.. Dry fruit- Fruits that are dry.
Ex: Nuts, grains, seed pods
![Page 44: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Seed Dispersal Water
– Coconuts Wind
– Dandelions Animals
– Fruits attract animals that will eat the seeds so that the seeds can be carried far away where it won’t have to compete with its parent.
![Page 45: Introduction to Plant Reproduction 23.1. Reproduction Sexual reproduction –Joining of an egg and sperm Asexual reproduction –A single organism replicating](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf9c1a28abf838c93657/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Seed Germination Requires:
– Water (swells and breaks seed coat)– Oxygen (cell respiration as seed grows)– Optimal Temperature (each plant requires
a certain temperature to begin growth)
Seeds will lie dormant in their hard seed coats waiting for optimal conditions.