Download - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICS
INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICSGENETICS
GeneGene The hereditary determinant of a specified difference The hereditary determinant of a specified difference
between individualbetween individual The basic unit of heredityThe basic unit of heredity The unit which passed from generation to generation The unit which passed from generation to generation
following simple Mendelian inheritancefollowing simple Mendelian inheritance A segment of DNA which encodes protein synthesisA segment of DNA which encodes protein synthesis Any of the units occurring at specific points on the Any of the units occurring at specific points on the
chromosomes, by which hereditary characters are chromosomes, by which hereditary characters are transmitted and determined, and each is regarded as a transmitted and determined, and each is regarded as a particular state of organization of the chromatin in the particular state of organization of the chromatin in the chromosome, consisting primarily DNA and proteinchromosome, consisting primarily DNA and protein
GeneticsGenetics The study of heredityThe study of heredity The study of how differences between The study of how differences between
individuals are transmitted from one individuals are transmitted from one generation to the nextgeneration to the next
The study of how information in the genes The study of how information in the genes is used in the development and is used in the development and functioning of the adult organismfunctioning of the adult organism
Three Major Areas of GeneticsThree Major Areas of Genetics
Classical Classical GeneticsGenetics
(Transmission)(Transmission)
Molecular Molecular GeneticsGenetics
Evolutionary Evolutionary GeneticsGenetics
Mendel’s PrinciplesMendel’s Principles GenomGenom Quantitative Quantitative GeneticsGenetics
Meiosis + mitosisMeiosis + mitosis DNA structureDNA structure Population GeneticsPopulation Genetics
Sex determinationSex determination Chemistry of DNAChemistry of DNA EvolutionEvolution
Sex linkageSex linkage TranscriptionTranscription SpeciationSpeciation
Chromosomal Chromosomal mappingmapping
TranslationTranslation
Cytogenetics Cytogenetics Control of gene Control of gene expressionexpression
DNA cloningDNA cloning
Major Subdisciplines of GeneticsMajor Subdisciplines of Genetics
Transmission Genetics: Transmission Genetics: focuses on the focuses on the transmission of genes and chromosomes in transmission of genes and chromosomes in individuals from generation to generation.individuals from generation to generation.
Molecular Genetics:Molecular Genetics: focuses on the structure focuses on the structure and function of genes at the molecular level.and function of genes at the molecular level.
Population Genetics:Population Genetics: focuses on heredity in focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by groups of individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes.one or only a few genes.
Quantitative Genetics:Quantitative Genetics: focuses on heredity focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined in groups of individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously.by many genes simultaneously.
Molecular Genetics ?Molecular Genetics ?Understanding the molecular basis of biological
processes through studies on the gene
Study of gene structure, function and regulation – below the organism level
Study of genes and how they are expressed
The Molecular Basis of Genetics
Molecular Biology?
Study of molecules in cells
Two broad approachesTwo broad approaches
Classical:
Reverse:
biologicalprocess
genein hand
identifymutants
createmutants phenotype? biological
process
findthe gene
biochemicalfunction
Classical Classical Method Method
GenotypeGenotype PhenotypePhenotype• Discover new phenotypeDiscover new phenotype• Prove that it has genetic basis (i.e. that you Prove that it has genetic basis (i.e. that you
discovered a new mutation)discovered a new mutation)• Find the gene that has mutatedFind the gene that has mutated• Understand what and how the wild type gene doesUnderstand what and how the wild type gene does
ClassicalClassical Method Method
Genotype Genotype PhenotypePhenotype• Discover new phenotypeDiscover new phenotype• Prove that it has genetic basis (i.e. that you Prove that it has genetic basis (i.e. that you
discovered a new mutation)discovered a new mutation)• Find the gene that has mutatedFind the gene that has mutated• Understand what and how the wild type gene doesUnderstand what and how the wild type gene does
Reverse geneticsReverse genetics
Genotype Genotype PhenotypePhenotype• Change something in a known geneChange something in a known gene• Observe phenotypic effectObserve phenotypic effect• Find out why you see what you seeFind out why you see what you see• Understand what and how the wild type gene doesUnderstand what and how the wild type gene does
Reverse geneticsReverse genetics
Genotype Genotype PhenotypePhenotype• Change something in a known geneChange something in a known gene• Observe phenotypic effectObserve phenotypic effect• Find out why you see what you seeFind out why you see what you see• Understand what and how the wild type gene Understand what and how the wild type gene
doesdoes
Genetics Biochemistry
Gene products are studied in vivo through the genes that encode them
Gene products are purified and studied in vitro
Genetic analysis tells you that the product has a role in the process
It doesn’t tell you how direct the role is
Biochemistry tells you what a protein can do in vitro
It doesn’t tell you whether it really does it in vivo
INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICSGENETICS
GenomeGenome Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)
DNA structureDNA structure Chemistry of DNA Chemistry of DNA
Transcription and translationTranscription and translation Control of gene expressionControl of gene expression
Molecular toolMolecular tool DNA cloningDNA cloning
Grading systemGrading system
Grade : 0 – 100Grade : 0 – 100
A > 80A > 80 B – DB – D → 45 – 80 (Normal distribution)→ 45 – 80 (Normal distribution)
E E < 45< 45
Grade composition
Home workHome work :: 3030
Mid-termMid-term :: 3030
Final ExamFinal Exam :: 4040