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Introduction to Heredity
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What is Heredity?
• Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Genetics is the study of heredity
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Gregor Mendel
• Known as the
“Father of Genetics”• Austrian Monk• Born in 1822
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Mendel’s Work • Experimented with “True Breeding” pea plants in his garden
• True Breeding – Plants that produce
identical offspring when allowed to self pollinate
– AKA “Purebred”
• Discovered how traits are passed from parent to offspring in sexual reproduction
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What is a Trait?
• A trait is a notable feature or quality in a person
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/tour_trait.html
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TraitsInherited vs. Acquired
Inherited Acquired
•Received from biological parent
–Eye color–Height –Blood Type
•Acquired during lifetime; not inherited
–Ability to ride a bike–Scars–Pierced ears
Some traits can be both!
Skin ColorReceived genes for skin color from both parents
Amount of time in the sun affects skin color
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Genes
• A gene is a unit of heredity
• Occupies a specific location on a chromosome
• Codes for or determines a specific trait– Most traits are not
coded for by just one gene
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Genes and Chromosomes
• Genes are located on chromosomes
• Chromosomes come in pairs– Each pair is called a
homolog
• On each homolog are sites where specific genes are located
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Alleles
• Alleles are various forms of the same gene.
• Example 1: – Gene: Eye Color– Alleles: Brown, Blue,
Hazel
• Example 2: – Gene: Seed Color– Alleles: Green, white,
yellow
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Mendel’s Work, continued
• Mendel also performed experiments with hybrid plants– Hybrids - Plants that were
produced by parents with different traits
• In these experiments, he discovered that traits are inherited by parents passing alleles to their offspring
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Mendel’s Conclusions(Principles of Heredity)
• Individuals carry two alleles for each trait, but only pass down one to their offspring
• One allele is dominant over another
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Heredity Day 2
Questions to ask yourself…..
+ How do alleles interact to produce traits?
+ How does my combination of traits make me unique?
+ How do my traits connect me to other people?
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Alleles determine traits
• An organism’s traits are controlled by the alleles it inherits from its parents
• Mendel discovered that there are two types of alleles: – Dominant – Recessive
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Dominant Alleles
• Dominant Allele: an allele whose trait is always shows up in the organism when the allele is present– Expressed if only one
is present– Example: Brown Eye
Color
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Recessive Alleles
• Recessive Allele: an allele whose trait is hidden whenever the dominant one is present– Can only be
expressed if two are present
– Example: Blue Eye Color
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Alleles are represented by symbols
Dominant
Represented by a capital letter
Recessive Represented by the lower case letter
W w
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Alleles interact to produce traits
• Each parent contributes ONE allele for a given trait
• The combination of alleles from parents can result in varying traits in their offspring
Alleles for widows peak
chromosomes
W
w
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Genetic Terminology
• Genotype: An organisms genetic makeup, or alleles an organism has for a trait is its genotype– Ww, Bb, bb, ww, etc
• Phenotype: An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits is its phenotype. – Widow’s peak, brown eyes, blue eyes, straight
hairline, etc
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Example: Flower ColorGenotype
Pp
Alleles for flower color
Phenotype
Physical appearance
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Genetic Terminology
• Terms used to describe an organisms genotype– Heterozygous – an organism that has two
different alleles for a trait is said to be heterozygous
• Example: Ww, Bb
– Homozygous – An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be homozygous
• Example: WW, ww, BB, bb
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Using Genetic Terminology
Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
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Using Genetic Terminology
Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
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Using Genetic Terminology
Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
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Using Genetic Terminology
Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
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Using Genetic Terminology
Homozygous Recessive
Homozygous Dominant
Heterozygous
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Can you determine an organism’s genotype just by looking at it?
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Traits in a population
• Observable characteristics we inherit from our parents
• Some traits are common in a population, while others are not
• Every person has a different overall combination of traits that make them unique