Download - Introduction to Grid Computing
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Introduction to Grid Computing
Concurrent and Distributed Programming course
Mark Silberstein, CS,Technion
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 2
Electric Power Grid analogyA little bit of history
• Beginning of the XX century– Electric power
• Know how to generate and how to use.• Problem for wide adoption: Generators• Solution: Electric power grid – INFRASTRUCTURE for
power distribution and interface standardization• Integration of resources opens NEW opportunities
• Beginning of the XXI century– Computational power
• Know how to produce and how to use• Problem for high performance applications: High-end
resources• Solution: Computational grid – INFRASTRUCTURE for
pervasive and inexpensive access to high-end resource
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 3
Grid Computing Vision
• Typical Grid usage scenario
1. Plug your PC into Computation Grid
– Infinite power (CPU/Storage/etc…)
2. Start application – You don’t care where
it is running
3. Get results– Output is waiting for
you locally
• Electric Power Grid usage scenario1. Plug in your Teapot
(many)– Infinite electric power
capacity
2. Turn it on– You don’t care WHO
supplies the power
3. Drink your tea– Water is inside the
teapot
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 4
What is Grid Computing?
• Computational Grid is a collection of distributed (geographically/administrative domains), heterogeneous resourcesresources which can be used as an ensemble to execute large-scale applications
• Metacomputer – Virtualization of widely distributed resources
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 5
PACI Grid
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 6
Is it really that NEW idea?
• People connected computers together and used them long before Grid was introduced
• BUT! Everything was done manually:– I need to run simulation – Pre-Grid HOWTO Guide:
• Call admin at the remote site to open account• Stage your application and data to remote site
– Meanwhile storage is full, need to ask to remove old stuff– Different protocols
• Reserve (another call to admin) CPU• Run job and pray that nothing fails• If everything is fine – stage back output• Call admin and pay• Do it for every site and with different protocols
• Grid should provide AUTOMATION
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 7
Scientific Grid Computing
• Collaboration - “Virtual Organizations”– “I have CPU, you produce Data, she has Storage”– “I have X CPUs (Storage), you have Y CPUs (Storage). Use
mine and I’ll use yours”– “I have Super Computer, but she has Visualization Cave. ”
• On-Demand computing– “My experiment requires many CPUs/Disk/anything. Let me use
your resources for 2 days.”• Better resource utilization
– “My computers are never used at night. You may use them when they are idle”
• Sharing of Experimental Results– CERN collider will produce PBytes of results. Researches all
over the world want to analyze them
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 8
Why Grid? Grid Applications
• Distributed Supercomputing– Distributed Supercomputing applications
couple multiple computational resources – supercomputers/clusters/workstations over inter/intra net
– Examples include:• SFExpress (large-scale modeling of battle entities
with complex interactive behavior for distributed interactive simulation)
• Climate Modeling (high resolution, long time scales, complex models)
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 9
Why Grid? Grid Applications
• High-Throughput Applications– Grid used to schedule large numbers of
independent or loosely coupled tasks with the goal of putting unused cycles to work
– High-throughput applications include RSA keycracking, Seti@home (detection of extra-terrestrial intelligence), MCell (Bioinformatics)
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 10
Why Grid? Grid Applications
• Data-Intensive Applications – Focus is on synthesizing new information
from large amounts of physically distributed data (TERA/PETA bytes)
– Examples include NILE (distributed system for high energy physics experiments using data from CLEO), SAR/SRB applications, digital library applications, CERN
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 11
Grid Computing Challenges
• Grid is yet anotheryet another computing platform: META computer
• Unusable without specialized software, just like any other conventional computer
• What makes our computer usable?– Operating System + Drivers– Management Software– Applications
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 12
Layered View of Computer Architecture
Applications
HardwareCPU
Memory
Peripherals
Buses
Core ServicesVMSecurity
I/OH/W
Abstraction
Layer Scheduling
High-level Services and ToolsSystem
utilitiesUser libraries
OS Internal Object Management
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 13
Zoom on Core Services
Core ServicesVMSecurity
I/OH/W
Abstraction
LayerScheduling
OS Internal Object Management
Authentication,Authorization
Resources Access Protocols
IPC, Communication,
File System
Access to shared
resources
Allocation policy
NamingGlobal Information
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 14
Grids vs. “PC” ;))• Different administration domains
– Security
• Geographical distribution– Communication, Scheduler, Object Management
• No global knowledge– Resource management, Naming
• No centralized control– Resource management, Allocation policy,
• Heterogeneity– Resource access protocols, Resource Management
• Scale– And all this for millions of resources!!
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 15
Layered View of Grid ArchitectureApplications
Local Services
LSF
Condor
PBS
TCP
AIXLinux
UDP
Core Services
Metacomputing Directory
Remote process management Security
High performance I/O
Access to remote storage Reservation
Synchronization
Accounting
High-level Services and ToolsHigh level communication
Data Replication
Resource Managers and Schedulers
Grid Programming LibrariesGrid Utilities
Grid Compilers
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 16
What is Grid Computing?
• Computational Grid is a collection of distributed (geographically/administrative domains), heterogeneous resources, resources, implementing open Grid implementing open Grid protocols to enable protocols to enable their use as part of their use as part of metacomputer(s)metacomputer(s)
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 17
Agenda
• Core services– Globus architecture
• High Level services and tools– Condor-G
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 18
Globus Toolkit Components
Core Services == Globus
Metacomputing Directory
Remote process management SecurityHigh performance I/O
Access to remote storage
Grid Security Infrastructure
Grid Resource Allocation Manager
Grid Access to Secondary Storage MetaData Service
Globus I/O
GridFTP
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 19
Globus ToolkitGrid Core Services
• Provides Core Grid Services– GSI – security infrastructure– GRAM, DUROC – generic interface for resource allocation– GASS + GridFTP – data transfer and secondary storage access– MDS: GRIS/GIIS – Meta Data service– Replica Management – Data replication and management
• Provides C/Java/(Python soon) API to use and extend the services
• Provides command-line utilities• MPICH-G2 – Grid enabled MPI• Supports numerous architectures (no M$ yet)
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 20
Security Terminology
• Authentication: Establishing identity• Authorization: Establishing rights• Accounting• Message protection
– Message integrity– Message confidentiality
• Digital signature• Public/private key • Certificate• Certificate Authority (CA)
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 21
Public Key Based Authentication
• User sends certificate over the wire• Other end sends user a challenge string• User encodes the challenge string with private key
– Possession of private key means you can authenticate as subject in certificate
• Public key is used to decode the challenge.– If you can decode it, you know the subject
• Treat your private key carefully!!– Private key is stored only in well-guarded places, and only in
encrypted form
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 22
Grid Security Requirements
• Single sign-on– User should authenticate only once
• Delegation of authority– Simultaneous access to large pool of resources
• Site autonomy– Respect and not override local site security
• Authentication and Authorization – One-to-one identification and user specific policy
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 23
Globus Security Infrastructure
• Provides public key-based security system that layers on top of local site security– User identified to system using X.509 certificate (same as
certificates used for Web) containing info about the duration of permissions, public key, signature of certificate authority
– Each user has a Grid User ID, private key, certificate signed by a Certificate Authority (CA)
• GSI allows for delegation of authority and single sign on – certificate chaining with certificate proxy– Proxy is another certificate, signed by user private key
– Allows remote process to act on behalf of user, without password exposure
• Site autonomy: Grid User ID should have mapping to local user at the resource in order to “log in”
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 24
Mutual authentication
• User and resources generates certificate and gets it signed by trusted CA one time– Certificate contains user’s name and public key– Grid coordinating authority operates CA
• User and resources each maintain list of trusted CA certificates– This enables mutual authentication (process by
which a subject proves its identity to a requestor, typically through the use of a credential.)
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 25
Globus GSI• General scenario: User wants to execute on remote resources• How this happens securely:
– User is authenticated by a CA – one time only– To achieve a single logon effect, user creates a temporary user proxy
credential • User proxy has limited lifetime which user specifies
– User proxy credential sent to gatekeeper of each desired resource – Gatekeeper sends copy of its certificate to user– Mutual Authentication - user checks gatekeeper’s certificate signature
against trusted certificates; gatekeeper checks user signature against CA’s trusted certificates
– Gatekeeper checks to see if user has permission to execute on that machine
– If user has permission, then job is submitted to local job scheduler and job is started on remote machine
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 26
Site A(Kerberos)
Site B (Unix)
Site C(Kerberos)
Computer
User
Single sign-on via “grid-id”& generation of proxy cred.
Or: retrieval of proxy cred.from online repository
User ProxyProxy
credential
Computer
Storagesystem
Communication*
GSI-enabledFTP server
AuthorizeMap to local idAccess file
Remote fileaccess request*
GSI-enabledgatekeeper
GSI-enabledgatekeeper
Remote processcreation requests*
* With mutual authentication
Process
Kerberosticket
Restrictedproxy
Process
Restrictedproxy
Local id Local id
AuthorizeMap to local idCreate processGenerate credentials
Ditto
GSI in Action“Create Processes at A and B that Communicate & Access Files at C”
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 27
Globus Resource Allocation Manager
• Resource Management services provide mechanism for remote job submission and management
• 3 low level services: – GRAM (Globus Resource Allocation Manager)
• Provides remote job submission, monitoring and management
– DUROC (Dynamically Updated Request Online Co-allocator)
• Provides simultaneous job submission and barrier• Layers on top of GRAM
– RSL ( Resource specification language)
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 28
GRAM Requirements
• Reliable invocation and cancellation– Only-once semantics
• Monitoring and event notification– Process failure should propagate to the submission
site– Deferred process invocation – state transitions
• Reliable job manager– Job may keep running, but remote monitoring agent
may fail• Heterogeneity of platforms
– Generic interface to any local resource manager• Send-boxing
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 29
GRAM Components
Job Manager
Create
RSL Library
Parse
RequestAllocate &
create processes
Process
Process
Process
Monitor &control
Site boundary
Client
Gatekeeper
Local Resource ManagerEvent NotificationControl requests
1
2
3
4
Opaque https contact string
5
Grid SecurityInfrastructure
6Resource allocation request and
process creation
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 30
Grid Information Infrastructure
• Requirements – Resource discovery
• All grid resources are registered– Resource selection
• Should contain specific resource information
• Challenges– Any information is always “already old”– Scalability– Fault-tolerance– Unknown information structure– Consistency– Access control
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 31
Globus Information Infrastructure
• MDS (Metacomputing Directory Service)– MDS stores information about entry = some type
of object (organization, person, network, computer, etc.)
– Object class associated with each entry describes a set of entry attributes
– Every entry is tagged with creation time and TTL
– LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) used to store information about resources
• LDAP = hierarchical, tree-structured information model defining form and character of information
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 32
MDS object
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 33
Information Infrastructure Components
• Information providers: Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS)– Run close to information source– Generate data in required format and store it in the Local
Information Directory– Queries
• Speak GRid Information Protocol (GRIP)– Perform soft-registration into Information Registries
• Speak GRid Registration Protocol (GRRP)
• Information Registries: Grid Index Information Service (GIIS) – Aggregates Info for Virtual Organization– Aggregate information about existing GRISes in VO– Provide hierarchical naming– May itself serve as GRIS for upper hierarchies– Forward all search requests to the low level GRISes
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 34
How it all works
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
Periodically invokes
scripts to obtain
information
CPU=PIIIFreeRAM=4GBCreated=20.2.2003:14.00TTL=10min
GIIS
VO A
Periodically registers(Soft registration) GIIS
VO B
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
GIIS
VO C
Host1: Vo-BHost2: Vo-BHost3: Vo-B
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
CPU, disk,
…
GRIS
Query
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 35
GASS/GridFTP
• Grid Access to Secondary Storage– GASS Cache– Provides transparent access to remote files
• open(“ftp://..)
– Lazy copy– Utilities to enforce consistency
• FTP – open standard– Problem: low performance– GridFTP – FTP with high performance enhancements
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 36
Globus Toolkit Componentsjust to remind what we learnt
Core Services == Globus
Metacomputing Directory
Remote process management SecurityHigh performance I/O
Access to remote storage
Grid Security Infrastructure
Grid Resource Allocation Manager
Grid Access to Secondary Storage MetaData Service
Globus I/O
GridFTP
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 37
Grid resource management
• Raw grid infrastructure is useless without resource manager
• Resource manager requirements– Resource discovery– Resource selection– Optimal job placement – Scheduling– ….
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 38
GRAM GRAM GRAM
Condor Linux PBS
Application
RSL
Information Service
Localresourcemanagers
Queries & Info
Global view of job invocation
Data and executableStaging
Resource Manager
Simple ground RSL
Runtime monitoring
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 39
Condor-G – Condor gateway into grid
• Manual job invocation using Globus services is difficult– Manual data staging– No job restart after failure– Security issues– No queuing– High load on invocation machine
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 40
Globus Universe
• Run a job on a Grid resource• Features
– Job management– Fault tolerance– Credential management
• User specifies grid resources in submission file
• Jobs are queued locally and then are executed on grid resource
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 41
How It Works
ScheddSchedd GRAMGRAM
PBSPBS
Condor-G Grid Resource
User JobUser JobGridManagerGridManager
600 Globusjobs
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 42
Condor-G: problems
• No resource selection
• Job monitoring is restricted by GRAM
• Can not use checkpointing and remote system calls
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 43
GlideIn
• Run the Condor daemons on Grid resources as user jobs
• Create your own personal Condor pool from temporarily-acquired Grid resources
• Brings the full power of Condor to the Grid
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 44
Globus Grid
PBS LSF
Condor
Condor-G
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 45
Globus Grid
PBS LSF
Condor
600 Condorjobs
Condor-G
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 46
Condor-G
Globus Grid
PBS LSF
Condor
600 Condorjobs
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 47
Condor-G
Globus Grid
PBS LSF
Condor glide-ins
600 Condorjobs
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 48
Condor-G
Globus Grid
PBS LSF
Condor glide-ins
600 Condorjobs
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 49
Condor-G
Globus Grid
PBS LSF
Condor glide-ins
600 Condorjobs
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 50
Condor-G
Globus Grid
PBS LSF
Condor glide-ins
600 Condorjobs
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 51
Summary
• We talked about– Grid computing in general– Globus– Condor-G
• We did not talk about– Grid brokers and schedulers– Data grid– OGSI/OGSA
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21/5/03 Mark Silberstein, CDP, Technion 52
References
• www.globus.org
• www.buyya.com
• The Grid Book by Foster and Kesselman
• New Grid Book by Berman et al
• grail.sdsc.edu
• www.cs.wisc.edu/condor