INTRODUCTION
TO
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Hands on workshop developed for field relay techs practical approach
Yellow Brick Road
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITIONS
• PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS
• RATIO SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
• VARIOUS TOPICS
• TEST
Z = V/I --- accurate value of I
DISTANCE ~ Z
INTRODUCTION• IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument
Transformers C57.13
• IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes C37.110
INTRODUCTION• Bushing, internal to Breakers and
Transformers
• Free standing, used with live tank breakers.
• Slipover, mounted externally on breaker/transformers bushings.
• Window or Bar - single primary turn
• Wound Primary
• Optic
MAGNETO-OPTIC CT
• Light polarization passing through an optically active material in the presence of a magnetic field .
• Passive sensor at line voltage is connected to substation equipment by fiber cable.
• Low energy output used for microprocessor relays
• Eliminates heavy support for iron.
DEFINITIONS
• EXCITATION CURVE
• EXCITATION VOLTAGE
• EXCITATION CURRENT
• EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
DEFINITIONS
• EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
• POLARITY
• BURDEN
• TERMINAL VOLTAGE
• CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
DEFINITIONS
• KNEE POINT
• RELAY ACCURACY CLASS
• MULTI-TAPS ACCURACY
• SATURATION ERROR - RATIO/ANGLE
EXCITATION CURVE
f
Ip
Ie Ze
XpRp e Rs
Sec
g
h
c
d
Pri
Is
EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ve = EXCITATION VOLTAGE Vef Ie = CURRENT (read a few values)Ze = IMPEDANCEVt = TERMINAL VOLTAGE VghPOLARITY - next
TYPICAL EXCITATION BBC CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) Ie(amps) Ze(ohms)3.0 0.004 7507.5 0.007 107115 0.011 136442 ------ -----85 ------ -----180 ------ ------310 ------ 3100400 0.25 1600425 ------ ------450 ------ ------500 5.0 100.0520 10.0 52.0
CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) Ie(amps) Ze(ohms)3.0 0.004 7507.5 0.007 107115 0.011 136442 0.02 210085 0.03 2833180 0.05 3600310 0.1 3100400 0.25 1600425 0.5 850450 1.00 450
500 5.0 100.0520 10.0 52.0
N1N2
I1 Ze
Ie
I2Rsec
RB
LB
EXTERNALBURDEN {
Ie+I2
Zint
POLARITY
I1
DEFINITIONS
• EXCITATION CURVE
• EXCITATION VOLTAGE
• EXCITATION CURRENT
• EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
• EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
• BURDEN - NEXT
BURDEN
• The impedances of loads are called BURDEN
• Individual devices or total connected load, including sec impedance of instrument transformer.
• For devices burden expressed in VA at specified current or voltage, the burden impedance Zb is:
• Zb = VA/IxI or VxV/VA
RB
LB
BURDEN=
VA / I² {
EXTERNAL BURDENBurden: 0.27 VA @ 5A = …….. Ohms
2.51 VA @ 15A = …….. Ohms
I2
RB
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohmsLead length = 750 ft # 10 wireRelay burden = 0.05 ohms
QUIZ
DEFINITIONS
• CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
ANSI/IEEE STANDARD FOR CLASSIFICATION T & C
• CLASS T: CTs that have significant leakage flux within the transformer core - class T; wound CTs, with one or more primary-winding turns mechanically encircling the core. Performance determined by test.
CLASS C
• CTs with very minimal leakage flux in the core, such as the through, bar, and bushing types. Performance can be calculated.
KNEE POINT
DEFINITIONS
• KNEE POINT IEEE IEC - effective saturation point
• Quiz- read a few knee point voltages and also at 10 amps Ie.
ANSI/IEEE KNEE POINT
Exc
itat
ion
Vol
ts
Kne
e P
oint
Vol
ts
45° LINE
QUIZ: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
KNEE POINT OR EFFECTIVE POINT OF SATURATION
• ANSI/IEEE: as the intersection of the curve with a 45 tangent line
• IEC defines the knee point as the intersection of straight lines extended from non saturated and saturated parts of the excitation curve.
• IEC knee is higher than ANSI - ANSI more conservative.
IEC KNEE POINT
ANSI/IEE KNEE POINT
EX: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
DEFINITIONS
• EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
• EXCITATION VOLTAGE, CURRENT, IMPEDANCE
• TERMINAL VOLTAGE
• BURDEN
• CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
• EXCITATION CURVE
• KNEE POINT IEEE IEC
• ACCURACY CLASS
CT ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION
The measure of a CT performance is its ability to reproduce accurately the primary current in secondary amperes both is wave shape and in magnitude. There are two parts:
• Performance on symmetrical ac component.• Performance on offset dc component. Go over the
paper
ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY CLASS • ANSI/IEEE CLASS DESIGNATION C200:
INDICATES THE CT WILL DELIVER A SECONDARY TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF 200V
• TO A STANDARD BURDEN B - 2 (2.0 ) AT 20 TIMES THE RATED SECONDARY CURRENT
• WITHOUT EXCEEDING 10% RATIO CORRECTION ERROR. Pure sine wave
Standard defines max error, it does not specify the actual error.
ACCURACY CLASS CSTANDARD BURDEN
• ACCURACY CLASS: C100, C200, C400, & C800 AT POWER FACTOR OF 0.5.
• STANDARD BURDEN B-1, B-2, B-4 AND B-8 THESE CORRESPOND TO 1, 2, 4 AND 8.
• EXAMPLE STANDARD BURDEN FOR C100 IS 1 , FOR C200 IS 2 , FOR C400 IS 4 AND FOR C800 IS 8 .
• ACCURACY CLASS APPLIES TO FULL WINDING, AND ARE REDUCED PROPORTIONALLY WITH LOWER TAPS.
• EFFECTIVE ACCURACY =
TAP USED*C-CLASS/MAX RATIO
AN EXERCISE• 2000/5 MR C800 tap used*c-class/max
ratio
TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY
2000/5 ……………….. ……………...
1500/5 ……………….. ……………...
1100/5 ……………….. ……………...
500/5 ……………….. ……………...
300/5 ……………….. ……………...
AN EXERCISE• 2000/5 MR C800 tap used*c-class/max ratio
TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY
2000/5 590 800
1500/5 390 600
1100/5 120 440 500/5 132 200
300/5 78 120
AN EXERCISE• 2000/5 MR C400 tap used*c-class/max ratio
TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY
2000/5 ……………….. ……………...
1500/5 ……………….. ……………...
1100/5 ……………….. ……………...
500/5 ……………….. ……………...
300/5 ……………….. ……………...
AN EXERCISE• 2000/5 MR C400 tap used*c-class/max ratio
TAPS KNEE POINT EFFECTIVE ACCURACY
2000/5 220 400
1500/5 170 300
1100/5 125 220
500/5 55 100
300/5 32 60
CT SELECTIONACCURACY CLASS
POINT OF SATURATION : KNEE POINT IT IS DESIRABLE TO STAY BELOW OR VERY CLOSE TO KNEE POINT FOR THE AVAILABLE CURRENT.
Recap
ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY CLASS C400
• STANDARD BURDEN FOR C400: (4.0 )• SECONDARY CURRENT RATING 5 A
• 20 TIMES SEC CURRENT: 100 AMPS
• SEC. VOLTAGE DEVELOPED: 400V
• MAXIMUM RATIO ERROR: 10%
• IF BURDEN 2 , FOR 400V, IT CAN SUPPLY MORE THAN 100 AMPS SAY 200 AMPS WITHOUT EXCEECING 10% ERROR.
N1N2
I1 Ze
Ie <10
Isec = 100 Rsec
RB
LB
EXTERNALBURDEN
Ie+Isec
Zint
ACCURACY ACLASS: C200 RATED SEC CURRENT = 5 AEXTERNALBURDEN = STANDARD BURDEN = 2 .0 OHMSVe=200 V Isec = 100 A Ie <10 Amps.
I1
PERFORMANCE
CALCULATIONS
BUTTHE REST OF US
“SHOW US THE DATA”
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
• THE MEASURE OF A CT PERFORMANCE IS ITS ABILITY TO REPRODUCE ACCURATELY THE PRIMARY CURRRENT IN SECONDARY AMPERES - BOTH IN WAVE SHAPE AND MAGNITUDE …. CORRECT RATIO AND ANGLE.
CT SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR PHASE FAULTS
600/5 MR Accuracy class C100 is selected Load Current= 90 AMax 3 phase Fault Current= 2500 AMin. Fault Current=350 A
STEPS: CT Ratio selectionRelay Tap SelectionDetermine Total Burden (Load)CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE StandardCT Performance using Excitation Curve
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS: CT Ratio selectionRelay Tap SelectionDetermine Total Burden (Load)CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE StandardCT Performance using Excitation Curve
STEPS: CT Ratio selection- within short time and continuous current – thermal limits- max load just under 5ALoad Current= 90 ACT ratio selection : 100/5
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Relay Tap SelectionO/C taps – min pickup , higher than the max. load167%, 150% of specified thermal loading.Load Current= 90 A for 100/5 CT ratio = 4.5 A sec.Select tap higher than max load say = 5.0
How much higher – relay characteristics, experience and judgment.
Fault current: min: 350/20 = 17.5Multiple of PU = 17.5/5 = 3.5Multiple of PU = 17.5/6 = 2.9
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Determine Total Burden (Load)
Relay: 2.64 VA @ 5 A and 580 VA @ 100 ALead: 0.4 Ohms
Total to CT terminals:
(2.64/5*5 = 0.106) + 0.4 = 0.506 ohms @ 5A
(580/100*100 = 0.058) + 0.4 = 0.458 ohms @ 100 A
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS: CT Ratio selectionRelay Tap SelectionDetermine Total Burden (Load)CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE StandardCT Performance using Excitation Curve
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
Ip
Ie Ze
XpRp e Rs
Sec
g
h
c
d
Pri
Is
Determine voltage @ max fault current CT must develop across its terminals gh
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance – ANSI/IEEE StandardVgh = 2500/20 * 0.458 = 57.25
600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective accuracy class
(100/600) x 100 = ?
CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts. Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance – ANSI/IEEE Standard
For microprocessor based relay:Burden will change from 0.458 to o.4
Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.4 = 50.0
600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective accuracy class(100/600) x 100 = ?
CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts. Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance – ANSI/IEEE Standard
Alternative: use 400/5 CT tap:Max Load = 90 ARelay Tap = 90/80 = 1.125 Use: 1.5 relay tap.Min Fault Multiples of PU=(350/80=4.38, 4.38/1.5= 2.9)Relay burden at this tap = 1.56 ohmsTotal burden at CT terminals = 1.56 + 0.4 = 1.96Vgh = 2500/80 * 1.96 = 61.25600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 400/5-- effective accuracy class is = (400/600) x 100 = ?CT is capable of developing 66.6 volts. Within CT capability
PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONSTEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve
ANSI/IEEE ratings “ballpark”. Excitation curve method provides relatively exact method. Examine the curve
Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden
Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171
For load current 1.5 A:Vgh = 1.5 * 2.171 = 3.26 V Ie = 0.024Ip = (1.5+0.024) * 80 = 123 A well below the min If = 350 A (350/123=2.84 multiple of pick up)
PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONSTEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve
For max fault currentBurden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burdenBurden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171
Fault current 2500/80 = 31.25 A:
Vgh = 31.25 * 2.171 = 67.84 V Ie = 0.16
Beyond the knee of curve, small amount 0.5% does not significantly decreases the fault current to the relay.
I2
RB
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohmsLead length = 750 ft # 10 wireRelay burden = 0.05 ohms as constantFault current = 12500A/18000ACT CLASS = C400/C8002000/5 MR current transformerCT RATIO = 800/5
TEST
Determine CT performance using Excitation Curve method:
AN EXAMPLE – C400
• CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS
• LEAD RESISTANCE1.5 OHMS
• IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05 OHMS
• FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
• CT RATIO 800/5
• ACCURACY CLASS C400
• supply curves C400/800
CALCULATIONS for 12500 A – C400
• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D - DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
• Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
• Plot on C400
CALCULATIONS for 18000 –C400
• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D - DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
• Ve = 209 VOLTS Plot on curve
• Plot on C400
ANOTHER EXAMPLE C800
• CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS
• LEAD RESISTANCE1.5 OHMS
• IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05 OHMS
• FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
• CT RATIO 800/5
• ACCURACY CLASS C800
• supply curves C400/800
CALCULATIONS for 12500 A – C800
• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D - DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
• Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
• Plot on C800
CALCULATIONS for 18000 A –C800
• BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D - DEVICES)
• Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
• For 18,000 A (Ve =209 V) Plot on curve
• Plot on C800
FAULT CURRENT MAGNITUDES
• 25 -33 KA 8
• 20 - 25 KA 10
• 12.5 -20 KA 46
• 20 - 25 KA 35
• 10 -12.5 KA 35
• <10 KA +150
REFER TO PAGE 6 OF PAPER
RED DELICIOUS
C400
ZONE1
Z = V/A
DISTANCE ~ Z
STANDARD DATA FROM MANUFACTURER
• ACCURACY:– RELAY CLASS C200– METERING CLASS, USE 0.15%– 0.3%, 0.6% & 1.2% AVAIALABLE BUT NOT
RECOMMENDED– 0.15% MEANS +/- 0.15% error at 100%
rated current and 0.30% error at 10% of rated current ( double the error)
STANDARD DATA FROM MANUFACTURER
• CONTINUOUS (Long Term) rating– Primary
– Secondary, 5 Amp ( 1Amp)
– Rating factor (RF) of 2.0 provides Twice Primary and Secondary rating continuous at 30degrees
STANDARD DATA FROM MANUFACTURER
• SHORT TIME TERMINAL RATINGSTransmission Voltage Applications– One Second Rating = 80% Imax Fault, based
on IxIxT=K where T=36 cycles & I=Max fault current
Distribution Voltage Applications
One Second Rating = Maximum Fault Current level
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE DELTA CONNECTD CT’s PRODUCE CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE SECONDARY CURRENTS
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER THAN THE MAXIMUM DESIGN CURRENT RATINGS OF THE ASSOCIATED BREAKERS AND TRANSFORMERS.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO HIGH AS TO REDUCE RELAY SENSITIVITY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AVAILABLE RANGES.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20 TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100 A FOR 5A RATED SECONDARY)
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND PERFORMANCE.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
• FULL WINGING OF MULTI-RATIO CT’s SHOULD BE SELECTED WHENEVER POSSIBLE TO AVOID LOWERING OF THE EFFECTIVE ACCURACY CLASS.
TESTING• Core Demagnetizing
– The core should be demagnetized as the final test before the equipment is put in service. Using the Saturation test circuit, apply enough voltage to the secondary of the CT to saturate the core and produce a cecondary currrent of 3-5 amps. Slowly reduce the voltage to zero before turning off the variac.
TESTING• Saturation
– The saturation point is reached when there is a rise
in the test current but not the voltage.
TESTING• Flashing• This test checks the polarity of the CT
• Ratio
• Insulation test