Download - Introduction to brain anatomy
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Introduction to brain anatomy
The brain
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The brain in FSLview
coronal sagittal
axial
ACPC
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Rostral/anterior
caudal/posterior
Dorsal/superior
Ventral/inferior
Left?
Right?
Terminology
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Left Right Right Left
Posterior PosteriorCaudalCaudal
Superior/Dorsal surface Inferior/Ventral surface
Rostral RostralAnterior Anterior
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The brain is full of neurons. These are organised into two types of “tissues”: - Grey Matter - White Matter
Grey Matter
White Matter
MRIPost-Mortem
Neurons
Constituent Tissues
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Parts of the Brain
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The human brain is big and most of it is cortex
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Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex
• Makes up the bulk of the brain in humans• Newest part of the brain (in evolutionary terms)• Does thinking• Also most adaptable and variable part of brain
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Two major modulatory systems
cerebellum basal ganglia
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Principle of organization:The cortex has sub-regions with different functions
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Lateral surface Medial surface
Central sulcus
Sylvian fissure
frontal .
The cortex can be divided into 4 lobes
parietalparietal
occipitaltemporal
occipital
frontal
You should memorize these!
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Lateral surface Medial surface
Central sulcus
Sylvian fissure
The cortex can be divided into 4 lobes
parietalparietal
occipitaltemporal
occipital
frontal
You should memorize these!
frontal
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Brodmann’s areas –(1909) • Divides cortex into 52 areas
• Based on cytoarchitecture (which types of cells are present?)
• Largely symmetrical (across two cerebral hemispheres)
Don’t try to memorize these!
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Modern cytoarchitectonics – Jülich atlas
• Based on 10 brains• Registered into MNI space (affine)• Available in FSLview (atlas tools)
• Disadvantage – subjects have to be dead
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Gross anatomical features(sulci and gyri)
e.g. Harvard-Oxford atlas in FSLview
Problem – gyri do not correspond to functional regions
Even if we could work out correspondence in one person,gyrification differs between individuals
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Principle of organization:Function and connectivity are linked
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Function and connectivity are linked
Johansen-Berg et al (2004) PNAS 101(36):13335-40
• SMA and pre SMA
• No obvious anatomical boundary
• Different functional regions (top row) – for finger tapping and counting backwards in 3’s
• Connectivity (DTI) based parcellation (bottom row)
• Structure and function same dividing line between SMA and pre SMA
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Naming brain regionsA number of different systems are in use, most are arcaneMany areas will have a number of roughly-corresponding names
1. Brodmann areas (but only some of these are in common use)2. Descriptive anatomical names e.g. dlPFC
Decoding: dl PF C
… but beware, some of these anatomical descriptions relate to the monkey brain!!!
3. Descriptive names (often in Latin, e.g. cingulate)4. Functional names, e.g. visual cortex
d=dorsal, v=ventrall=lateral, m=medial
prefrontal
cortex
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Monkey brain areas may have homologues in the human brain
Not quite that simple…
Humans ≠ monkeys
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Principle of organization:The brain contains maps of the outside world
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Sereno et al 1995
• Size of representation proportional to sensory/motor acuity• Adjacent parts of body are generally adjacent
The brain contains maps of the outside world1. Somatotopy
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The brain contains maps of the outside world2. Retinotopy
Dougherty et al (2003), Journal of Vision 3(10):586-598
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What about sub-cortical brain areas?
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What about the sub-cortical brain structures?Some software only shows the cortex
Freesurfer Caret
Advantage: can do cortical flattening,easier to compare
cortical surface
Disadvantage: gets rid of sub-cortical systems
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Two major modulatory systems• Both interact heavily with cortex• Not just involved in motor system
cerebellum basal ganglia
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Basal ganglia Pharmacological diversity
Many neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
Imbalance linked to psychiatric disorders
Two antagonistic pathwaysDirect and indirect
Imbalance leads to disorders of movement and cognition
Parkinson’s diseaseHuntington’s disease
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CerebellumExtremely regular micro circuitryContains 50% of brain’s neuronsImportant for motor coordination but not only that
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Principle of organization:Parallel circuits between cortex
& subcortical structures
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Subcortical-cortical loops1. Thalamus
• Correspondence between cortical regions and thalamic nuclei• They have reciprocal connections (thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic)• Thalamus also relays information from senses, basal ganglia and cerebellum to cortex
Behrens et al (2003). Nat Neurosci. 6(7):750-7.
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Subcortical-cortical loops2. Basal ganglia
Draganski et al (2008) J Neurosci. 28(28):7143-52
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Subcortical-cortical loops3. Cerebellum
Lobules of the cerebellum connect to different cortical regions
Dum and Strick (2003) J. Neurophysiology
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Principle of organization:Loops between cortex & subcortical structures
• Each subcortical structure has a different contribution to information processing
• This information processing function may be applied to many cortical areas
• We can see many of the same principles of organization (functional localization, somatotopy) in subcortical structures
• The corresponding bits of cortex & subcortical structures are interconnected in parallel & integrative loops
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Top tips for finding your wayaround the brain
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How to identify brain structures:1. Use a brain atlas
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How to identify brain structures:
2. Use the atlas toolbars in FSLview
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How to identify brain structures:
3. Use a neuroscientist
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Using a brain atlas
These generally have axial, sagittal and coronal views
Some structures are easier to identify in one view than another
There are specialized atlases for some structures e.g. cerebellum and brainstem
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Central sulcus
Find the central sulcus in the axial view
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Find the intra- parietal sulcus in the coronal view
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The end!
The brain