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Introduction to Biochemistry (Chapter 16 Chemistry for Changing Times)
Biochemistry is the chemistry of living things and life processes.
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The Circle of Life
Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy
Human and animals cannot produce their own energy. They must obtain such energy by eating plants or other animals that eat plants
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6 CO2+
6 H2O
C6H12O6+6 O2 ADP + Pi
ATP
Photosynthesis Respiration
• carbohydrates • fats • proteins
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6 CO2+
6 H2O
C6H12O6+6 O2 ADP + Pi
ATP
Photosynthesis Respiration
Modified from Biochemistry (Mathews, van Holde, and Ahern)
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Introduction to Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, cellulose)
• Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
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Carbohydrates C6H12O6 = C6(H2O)6
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Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler compounds
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Most monosaccharides actually exist in cyclic form
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Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharide units
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Complex Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Both starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose. The linkages between glucose molecules in starch are alpha (α) linkages, whereas in cellulose they are beta (β) linkages.
Starch
Cellulose
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Lipids: biomolecules that are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents
A primary example: Fats and Fatty acids
Palmitic Acid:
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Triglyceride and its formation
Triglycerides are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids.
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Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
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Amino acids: Building Blocks for Proteins
Amino acids contain both an amine and carboxylate group attached to the same carbon called the alpha carbon.
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The 20 Amino acids
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The Peptide Linkage
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Protein structure
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Primary structure
Glutamate
Glycine
Cysteine
Valine
Lysine
trans orientation
The primary structure of a protein is simply the sequence of amino acids from N-terminal to C-terminal
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Secondary structure How the polypeptide chain folds and coils due to
hydrogen bonding of the backbone amide groups. Examples include the alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet.
α-helix β-sheet:
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α-Helix
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β-Sheet
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Tertiary structure
Tertiary structure: The three-dimensional shape of a protein due to the spatial relationships of groups that are far apart on the protein chain. One example is the protein chain in globular proteins.
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Tertiary structure
Four-helix bundle:
Myohemerythrin
Antiparallel β-barrel:
Immunoglobulin, V2 domain
Parallel β-barrel,
α/β:
Pyruvate kinase, domain 1
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Cofactors (coenzymes)
N
N
N
N1
3
58
O-O
O-O
S
S
Cys
Cys
Fe
dx2-y2
dz2
dxz, dyz
dxy
heme
Iron-sulfur cluster
Metals: Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ni, Co flavin
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Quaternary structure
Quaternary structure: Involves the interaction of more than one peptide chain.
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Structural Interactions in Proteins
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Nucleotides - A Sum of 3 Parts
(T) (A) (G) (C) (U)
(in DNA) (in RNA)
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An Example: AMP
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DNA and RNA are long chains of nucleotides, bonded through phospate groups.
Each is a series of heterocyclic bases attached by a phosphate and sugar backbone.
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DNA structure
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T - A
C - G
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DNA self-replication
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Transcription: DNA to RNA
RNA here is called messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Genetic codes
A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Each codon consists of three nucleotides, usually coding a single amino acid.
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Translation: RNA to protein
For a more detailed instruction, watch this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ynmxwqiv7j8