Download - Introduction to Astronomy Notes
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Introduction to Astronomy
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The scientific study of the universe
Astronomy:
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Originally suggested the universe had a large stationary Earth in the center, and the sun, moon, and the stars were arranged around the Earth in perfect spheres orbiting in perfect or constant speeds
Original Thoughts:
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As careful mathematical observations were made, they found the Sun, the Moon, and some of the “stars” did not follow paths as thoughts
Original Thoughts
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The “stars” that did not follow the predicted path, rather they “wandered” across the sky, and thus were called “planets”, the Greek word for “wander”
Original Thoughts
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Aristotle’s Theories:• The Earth was in the center, and the Sun,
the Moon, the stars, and the planets
orbited on separate spheres that encased
each other and spun at different rates
• Motion caused by a supernatural being
• Earth was a sphere (could see shadow on
moon during eclipse) and non-moving
(because we could not feel it and falling
objects would not drop straight down)
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Earth centered, model of the Universe
Geocentric Universe:
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Retrograde Motion:A problem with Aristotle’s
theory was that objects
would travel one direction
across, the sky, stop, and
go backwards
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Ptolemy’s Theories:
• Geo-centric
• Each planet was fixed to a
small sphere that was fixed to
a larger sphere
• No changes made for a 1,000
years until the inaccuracies in
predictions became to big to
blame on primitive equipment
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Copernicus’ Theories
• Proposed a sun-centered
universe with the Earth
spinning on its axis once a day
• Orbits were perfect circles
• Did not publish his findings
until his death because it
contradicted the Church’s
beliefs
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Sun-centered universe
Heliocentric Universe:
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Tycho Brahe’s ContributionBuilt a top of line
observatory, gathered and
kept tremendous amounts
of data
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Johannes Kepler’s TheoriesLaws of Planetary Motion:
• Each planet revolves around the Sun in an
elliptical orbit with the sun at one of the
foci
• Planets do not move at a constant
velocity (due to gravity pulling)
• There is a mathematical relationship
between the time it takes a planet to
revolve around the sun and its average
distance from the sun
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Galileo Galilei’s ContributionDeveloped and refined the
telescope for view distant
objects
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Explosion of matter that occurred 14 billion years ago, and thus the universe expanding since that point
Big Bang Theory:
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Universe:The entirety of what we call outer space
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A collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity (ours is the Milky Way Galaxy)
Galaxy
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A collection of planets that revolve around a star (sun)
Solar System
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The average distance between the Earth and the sun; approximately 150 million kilometers
Astronomical Unit:
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The speed of light is 300,000 km/s
Light Speed
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The distance that light can travel in one year (9.46 km x 1012)
Light Year
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All the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic waves (energy)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Notes on the Elec. Spec. • What we see falls into the
visible light spectrum
• Only stars emit visible light, everything else (planets & moons) are reflecting light
• Other instruments can detect the other electromagnetic waves
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An instrument that collects electromagnetic radiation from the sky and concentrates it for better observation
Telescopes
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Telescopes that only collect visible light
Optical Telescopes
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Refracting Telescope: Uses a set lenses to focus light
Reflecting Telescope: Uses a set of mirrors to focus light
Optical Telescopes
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Used to detect radio waves, gamma rays, and infrared rays
Invisible Electromagnetic Radiation Telescopes
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Telescopes that were launched into space to escape obstructive Earth’s atmosphere (Hubble Telescope)
Space Telescopes