Download - Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking
![Page 1: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
tseng:1
Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking
Perkin’s book: Ch 1 and Ch 2. Some data collected from the Internet
by Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng
![Page 2: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
tseng:2
Model of Operations
![Page 3: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
tseng:3
Assumptions Symmetric Links:
unidirectional links are difficult to dealt with, and sometimes at the verge of failure
Layer-2 Routing: Most protocols are presented in layer-3
routing, but can be easily retooled as a layer-2 ones.
Proactive vs. Reactive Protocols (to be elaborated later)
![Page 4: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
tseng:4
Applications ad hoc conferencing home networking emergency services personal area network (PAN) ubiquitous computing
“computers are all around us, constantly performing mundane tasks to make our lives a litter easier”
“Ubiquitous intelligent internetworking devices that detect their environment, interact with each other, and respond to changing environmental condition will create a future that is as challenging to imagine as a science fiction scenario.”
![Page 5: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
tseng:5
Sensor Dust: a large collection of tiny sensor devices
once situated, the sensors remain stationarylargely homogeneouspower is likely to be a scarce resource, which
determines the lifetime of the network can offer detailed information about terrain or
environmental dangerous conditions. Intelligent Transportation System:
may be integrated with cars, positioning devices, etc.
![Page 6: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
tseng:6
Technical Factors scalability power budget vs. latency protocol deployment and incompatibility
standards “Unless a miracle happens (e.g., the IETF manet working group is able
to promulgate a widely deployed ad hoc networking protocol), ad hoc networks will gain momentum only gradually because users will have to load software or take additional steps to ensure interoperability.
wireless data rate e.g., TCP over multi-hop wireless links
security issues
![Page 7: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
tseng:7
More Extensions (DoD’s Perspective) could be a group of hosts supported by one
or more radios
could across the Internet
![Page 8: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
tseng:8
IEFT MANET Working Group goal:
to standardize an interdomain unicast routing protocol which provides one or more modes of operation, each mode specialized for efficient operation in a given mobile networking “context”, where a context is a predefined set of network characteristics.
a dozen candidate routing protocols have been proposed.
![Page 9: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
tseng:9
Applications of Ad Hoc Networks
![Page 10: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
tseng:10
Network Architectures No Infrastructure (ad hoc networks):
no base stations; no fixed network infrastructure
![Page 11: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
tseng:11
MANET
MANET = Mobile Ad Hoc Networks multi-hop communication needs support of dynamic routing protocols
![Page 12: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
tseng:13
Routing = Ants Searching for Food
?? ?
? ?
??
?
?? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ??
? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?
![Page 14: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
tseng:14
![Page 15: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
tseng:15
Three Main Issues in Ants’ Life Route Discovery:
searching for the places with food
Packet Forwarding: delivering foods back home
Route Maintenance: when foods move to new place
![Page 16: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
tseng:16
Proactive vs. Reactive Routing
Proactive Routing Protocol:continuously evaluate the routesattempt to maintain consistent, up-to-date routing
informationwhen a route is needed, one may be ready immediately
when the network topology changes the protocol responds by propagating updates throughout the
network to maintain a consistent view Reactive Routing Protocol:
on-demand Ex: DSR, AODV
![Page 17: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
tseng:17
Ad hoc routing protocols
AD-HOC MOBILE ROUTING PROTOCOLS
ON-DEMAND-DRIVEN REACTIVE
HYBRIDDSDV
CGSR
TABLE DRIVEN/ PROACTIVE
DSR
AODV
ZRP
![Page 18: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
tseng:18
DSDV Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
Table-driven Based on the distributed Bellman-Ford routing
algorithm Each node maintains a routing table
Routing hops to each destinationSequence number
![Page 19: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
tseng:19
DSDV Problem
A lot of control traffic in the network Solution
two types of route update packets Full dump
All available routing information Incremental
Only information changed since the last full dump
![Page 20: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
tseng:20
Clustering Protocol Cluster Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR)
Table-driven for inter-cluster routing Uses DSDV for intra-cluster routing
C3
M2
C2
C1
![Page 21: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
tseng:21
AODV Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector
On-demand driven Nodes that are not on the selected path do not
maintain routing information Route discovery
The source node broadcasts a route request packet (RREQ)
The destination or an intermediate node with “fresh enough” route to the destination replies a route reply packet (RREP)
![Page 22: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
tseng:22
AODV
N2
N4N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8
Source
Destination
N2
N4N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8
Source
Destination
(a) RREQ
(b) RREP
![Page 23: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
tseng:23
AODV Problem
A node along the route moves Solution
Upstream neighbor notices the move Propagates a link failure notification message
to each of its active upstream neighbors The source node receives the message and re-
initiate route discovery
![Page 24: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
tseng:24
DSR Dynamic Source Routing
On-demand driven Based on the concept of source routing Required to maintain route caches Two major phases
Route discovery Route maintenance
A route error packet
![Page 25: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
tseng:25
DSR
N2
N4N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8
N1
N1
N1-N2
N1-N3-N4
N1-N3-N4
N1-N3-N4-N7
N1-N3-N4-N6N1-N3
N1-N3-N4
N1-N2-N5
N2
N4N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8N1-N2-N5-
N8N1-N2-N5-
N8
N1-N2-N5-N8
![Page 26: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
tseng:26
ZRP Zone Routing Protocol
Hybrid protocolOn-demandProactive
ZRP has three sub-protocolsIntrazone Routing Protocol (IARP)Interzone Routing Protocol (IERP)Bordercast Resolution Protocol (BRP)
![Page 27: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Zone Radius =
r Hops
Zone of Node Y
Zone of Node Y
Node X
Zone of Node X
Node Z
Zone of Node Z
Border Node
Border Node
Bordercasting
![Page 28: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
tseng:28
LAR Location-Aided Routing
Location information via GPS Shortcoming
GPS availability is not yet worldwidePosition information come with deviation
![Page 29: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
tseng:29
LAR
(Xs,Ys)
SRC
Request Zone Expected Zone
DEST
R
(Xd+R, Yd+R)
(Xd,Yd)
![Page 30: Introduction to Ad Hoc Networking](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020309/56814d23550346895dba56b3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
tseng:30
PAR Power-Aware Routing
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
SRCN1 N2
DEST
N4N3